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Language of Computers?

System Software Operating Sytems

◦ Proprietary Windows Mac OS

◦ Open source Linux

System Software Interface Engine—a software program

designed to simplify the creation of management of interfaces between applications systems (Altis, 2004)

A HL7 interface engine is an interface or integration engine built specifically for the healthcare industry. It connects legacy systems by using a standard messaging protocol. Because hospitals and other healthcare providers usually have different systems for different aspects of services, they are often unable to communicate with each other. HL7 gets around that problem by providing the framework for the exchange, integration, sharing and retrieval of electronic health information. These standards and the most commonly used throughout the world.

HL7 Interface Engine

Data Management and Access Relational Databases

◦ Relational Database Management System (RDMS)◦ Applications have three layers

Interface Data manipulation Tables

A relational database is a database that has a collection of tables of data items, all of which is formally described and organized according to the relational model.

Relational Database

The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969 by Edgar F. Codd. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database.

Relational Model

Data Management and Access Object-oriented Database

◦ Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)

◦ Object-Relational Database management system (ORDBMS)

An object database (also object-oriented database management system) is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-oriented. Object-relational databases are a hybrid of both approaches.

Object Datase

Data Management and Access Data dictionaries—document data

definitions Clinical data repositories—large databases

that include data from a variety of sources

A data dictionary, or metadata repository, as defined in the IBM Dictionary of Computing, is a "centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format

Data Dictionary

Data Management and Access Data Warehouse and Data Mart

◦ Non-relational structure to facilitate “drill down” retrieval

Data mining—discovering patterns in data

Networks and Data Communications Network Communication protocols Network Types and Configurations Network Media and Bandwidths Network Communication Devices

Network Communication protocols Needed for communication among

networked computers an devices Open Standards Interconnection (OSI)

◦ Seven Layers◦ Conceptual model, not a set of actual

specifications

Network Communication protocols Internet Model—Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)◦ Layered model◦ Represents a set of actual protocol specifications

at each layer

Network Communication protocols Other protocols

◦ Ethernet—Local Area Networks◦ Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)—fast

transmission speeds◦ Bluetooth—wireless devices◦ IEEE 802.11b & g (Wi-Fi)—popular for wireless

computers

Network Types & Configurations Local Area Network (LAN) vs. Wide Area

Network (WAN)◦ LAN—devices are under the control of one

organization in the same geographic area◦ WAN—an network that extends beyond a LAN

Network Types & Configurations Topology

◦ Physical Topology Bus Ring Star

◦ Logical Topology Bus—Ethernet Ring—IBM Token Ring

Network Media Common Types

◦ Twisted pair wire (Category 1 – 5)◦ Coaxial cable (older)◦ Fiber optic cable◦ Wireless

Terrestrial Satellite microwave Spread spectrum

Network Media Communications across WAN require a

service carrier◦ POTS◦ Leased line◦ Integrated services digital network (ISDN)◦ Purchased T-1 (or other) line

Network Bandwidth Bandwidth = Capacity of the transmission

media Greater capacity = greater speed Rates expressed as bits per second (bps)

Network Communication Devices Hub—device in which data from the network

come together Bridge—connects neworks at the data link

layer; networks with the same protocols Router—operates at the network layer; help

determine the destination of data

Network Communication Devices Gateway—connects networks with different

protocols; operates at or above the transport level

Switch—may be a gateway or a router; all switches rout data to their destinations

Distribution Schemes Terminal to Host—dumb terminal interacts

with host computer File Server—application and database are

on one computer; user’s computer gets data files from file server

Client/server—multiple servers with specialized functions; client runs application & server has data

Internet Every computer or device has a unique

Internet Protocol (IP) address Use changed dramatically with the

introduction of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) and the World Wide Web (www)

Internet WWW

◦ Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Example-- http://www.josseybass.com

◦ Web Browser◦ Plug-ins◦ Mark up languages

HTML XML

Internet Other Protocols

◦ E-mail (smtp, pop3, imap)◦ File Transfer (ftp)◦ Internet telephoning (VoIP)

Intranets & Extranets Intranets

◦ Secure computer network that uses Internet technologies, but is internal to an organization

Extranets◦ Similar to intranets, but includes business

partners or the organization

Decision Support Decision Support Systems (DSS) Artificial Intelligence

Decision Support Three steps of Decision Making

◦ Intelligence◦ Design◦ Choice

Problems are ◦ Structured◦ Unstructured◦ semistructured

Decision Support Transaction based systems use for

structured problems DSS is needed for semi and un- structured

problems

Decision Support System Stand alone generally has three

components◦ Data Management Module—database, data

warehouse, clinical data repository◦ Model Management Module—user selects model

to be applied to problem◦ Dialog Module—the user interface (Oz, 2004)

Artificial Intelligence A branch of computer science that is

devoted to emulating the human mind◦ Example: Google◦ Multiple types

Expert systems Natural language processing Neural networks Fuzzy logic

An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert

Expert System

Natural language processing (NLP) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages.

Natural Language Processing

Artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by animal central nervous systems (in particular the brain) that are capable of machine learning and pattern recognition.

Neural Networks

Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact

Fuzzy Logic

User Interactions Input Devices Output Devices External Storage Devices Mobile Personal Computing Devices

Input Devices Standard—mouse & keyboard Other

◦ Trackball or trackpad◦ Touch screens◦ Source data input devices, such as bar coding◦ Document Imaging◦ Speech Recognition

Output Devices Computer Monitor Printer Speech

External Storage Devices Sequential

◦ Magnetic tape Direct Access

◦ Magnetic disks◦ Floppy disks◦ Zip drives◦ RAID◦ CDs & DVDs◦ Optical tape◦ Flash memory

Mobile Personal Computing Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) Pocket PCs Laptop computer Tablet computer Cellular phone combinations

Information System Architecture The coming together of an information

system is guided by the IS architecture Consists of concepts, strategies, and

principles Platforms are specific vendors and

technologies Infrastructure generally refers to networks

and network applications

Architecture It is important for health care organizations

to have thoughtful architecture discussions

Summary System Software Data Management and Access Networks and

Data Communications◦ Network Communication protocols◦ Network Types & Configurations◦ Network Media & Bandwidth◦ Network Communication Devices

Summary (cont.) Distribution Schemes Internet Intranets & Extranets Decision Support

◦ Decision Support System◦ Artificial Intelligence

Summary (cont.) User Interactions

◦ Input Devices◦ Output Devices◦ External Storage Devices◦ Mobile Personal Computing

Information System Architecture