Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions

Research Overview

LBNL Physics Division

21 May 2010

Joseph H. EtoCERTS Program Office

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Electric Grid Problems are Costly

Blackouts – 2003 Northeast Blackout cost $5-10 billion

Congestion

• Annual cost estimated to be several billion dollars

• DOE’s 2006 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study indicated that “transmission congestion always has a cost.”

Market Dysfunction – 2001 California electricity crises cost California consumers billions of dollars

Power Quality and Reliability – Inadequate power quality and reliability costs businesses $50 to $100 billion annually

Market Inefficiency – Higher LMP, redispatch, and market power result in higher consumer costs

Need Transmission Investments – Upgrade Existing Grid, Expand Infrastructure, Research and Demonstrate New Technologies, and

Modernize Grid with Monitoring, Visualization, and Digital Technologies

Need Transmission Investments – Upgrade Existing Grid, Expand Infrastructure, Research and Demonstrate New Technologies, and

Modernize Grid with Monitoring, Visualization, and Digital Technologies

In 2004, LBNL Estimated That Power Interruptions Cost the Nation ~$79 B/yr

Yet, LBNL Also Found Significant Uncertainties in the Data

$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

$140

$160

LBNL

Base-Case

Estimate

Regional

Data

SAIDI, SAIFI,

MAIFI

Increased

by 1

Standard

Deviation

SAIDI, SAIFI,

MAIFI

Decreased

by 1

Standard

Deviation

All Outages

Valued

Using

Costs for a

Summer

Weekday

Afternoon

All Outages

Valued

Using

Costs for a

Summer

Weekend

Night

C&I

Customers

Experience

Fewer,

Shorter

Outages

Bill

ions-

$

Momentary Interruptions

Sustained Interruptions

$79 B

$135 B

$22 B

$119 B

$23 B$26 B

$90 B

Residential2%

Commercial72%

Industrial26%

$1.5 Billion

$20.4 Billion

$56.8 Billion

U.S. Total: $79 Billion

Source: Hamachi-LaCommare, K, and J. Eto. Understanding the Cost of Power Interruptions to U.S. Electricity Customers. July, 2004. LBNL-55718 http://certs.lbl.gov/certs-rtina-pubs.html

Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions

CERTS was organized in 1999 as a partnership among universities, the private sector, and Department of Energy national labs. Consortium includes four labs (Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, Pacific Northwest), Power Systems Engineering Research Center (consortium of universities led by Arizona State), and Electric Power Group.

CERTS Industry Advisory Board includes ISOs, utilities, regulators, generators.

CERTS research leverages public and private resources, includingfunding by the Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Transmission Reliability Program, and the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program.

CERTS research is focused on addressing gaps in tools, technologies, systems, market rules, and management processes needed to managethe reliability of the electric grid and efficient market operations.

Grid Solutions Framework and CERTS Research Focus

CERTSRESEARCHFOCUS –

“SMART GRID”

Low

$

Investment

High

$$$$$

High

Time

Grid Solutions Framework

Transformers Substations

Capacitors Automation

New Lines

New ROW

New Smart Grid Technologies

Operations Reliability Markets Security

FACTS Technologies

Power Electronics

Advanced Conductors

– Composite

– Superconductor

Grid Upgrades New Grid Infrastructure

Grid Upgrades

Grid Monitoring and Control Technologies

Grid Management & Smart Grid Technology Integration

Market Design Load Control Distributed Generation Storage – Central & Distrib.

Research Focus 1:Reliability Metrics and Compliance

Monitoring Tools

INFRASTRUCTUREDESIGN

WIDE-AREAMONITORING

FORENSICANALYSIS

COMPLIANCEMONITORING

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

VISUAL-IZATION

• 1999 Low Frequency Events on Eastern Interconnection

• Declining System Performance

• Frequency Excursions

Wide-areavisualizationinfrastructure

• Relationaltime-seriesdatabase

Wide-areareal timeACE-Frequencymonitoring tool

• Suppliersperformance forAGC andfrequencyresponse

Interchange Error (AIE) Monitoring

• Wide-area Inadvertent Monitoring

Performancestandardsresearch,validation, fieldtrials

• Resourcesadequacy load-generationanalysis andassessment

CPS-BAALmonitoring andanalysis

• Research forsituationalawareness forresourceadequacy

Visualization, Compliance, Monitoring, Infrastructure, Real Time Wide-Area Standards Compliance and Situational Awareness

Layer 3 – Wide-Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based

Real-TimeACE-Frequency,CPS-BAAL, AIE

Monitoring

Real-TimeSuppliers

PerformanceFor AGC and FR

Voltage SecurityMonitoring and

Assessment

Real TimeDynamicsMonitoring

System (RTDMS)

RESEARCH FORFUTURE

SITUATIONALAWARENESS

APPLICATIONS

Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability

Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API)

Layer 4 – Wide-Area Visualization Solutions

Geo-Graphic Multi-View Multi-Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards

Long Term Archiving DatabaseWith PI -Type Tagging

Characteristics for HistoricalData Analysis and Assessment

Real Time Intelligent Alarm,Event and Disturbance Processor

and Services

Real Time Data Quality andPerformance Metrics

Reporting and Notification

Layer 3 – Wide-Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based

Real-TimeACE-Frequency,CPS-BAAL, AIE

Monitoring

Real-TimeSuppliers

PerformanceFor AGC and FR

Voltage SecurityMonitoring and

Assessment

Real TimeDynamicsMonitoring

System (RTDMS)

RESEARCH FORFUTURE

SITUATIONALAWARENESS

APPLICATIONS

Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability

Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API)

Layer 4 – Wide-Area Visualization Solutions

Geo-Graphic Multi-View Multi-Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards

Layer 4 – Wide-Area Visualization Solutions

Geo-Graphic Multi-View Multi-Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards

Long Term Archiving DatabaseWith PI -Type Tagging

Characteristics for HistoricalData Analysis and Assessment

Real Time Intelligent Alarm,Event and Disturbance Processor

and Services

Real Time Data Quality andPerformance Metrics

Reporting and Notification

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0 - 11 - 22 - 33 - 44 - 55 - 66 - 77 - 88 - 99 - 1010 - 1111 - 1212 - 1313 - 1414 - 1515 - 1616 - 1717 - 1818 - 1919 - 2020 - 2121 - 2222 - 2323 - 24

COUNT OF FREQUENCY DISTURBANCES > 28 mHz BY MONTH, BY HOUR OF DAY

0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32

Count of Events by Month

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.05

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z, N

ega

tiv

e <

-0.

05

0 H

z)

High Low Total

Applications Architecture

NERC Applications

And Web Server

123 CONTROL AREAS

SEND DATA THROUGH

NERC-NET

NERC Ethernet (Princeton)

XML

Reliability Coordinators

And Other

Applications Users

Early Alarms

Notification

• DATA COLLECTED AT NERC ICCP AND

CONCENTRATED IN DATABASE

SERVER

• DATA PROCESSED FOR NERC-CERTS

WIDE-AREA REAL TIME APPLICATIONS

NERC Secure,

Redundant

Database Server

REAL TIME

MONITORING DATA

BROADCAST OVER

INTERNET-EVERY

60 SECONDS

(3) INTELLIGENT REAL

TIME ALERTS AND

ALARMS

(4) MONITORING AND TRACKING

USING MULTI-VIEW GEO-GRAPHIC

WIDE-AREA G3P VISUALIZATION

(1) DATA ACQUISITION

(2) DATA VALIDATION AND ARCHIVING AT PRINCETON

Typical Use for Root Cause Identification –ACE-Frequency Application

AAct on Early Warning

Intelligent Alarms

BSelect Jurisdiction (s)Violating PerformanceMetric Threshold Now

CIdentify Control Areas

Contributing to Jurisdiction Violation

Now in Last 30-Minutes

DZoom-In and Evaluate

Magnitude and Durationof Problem For Worst

Control AreasSubject Line

High Frequency Trigger Limit Violation 60.055 Hz

Message

FTL HIGH: -EAST 8/23/2005 11:34:00 PM (EDT)Frequency has reached/or exceeded FTL of 60.05 Hz. for more than 5 minutes.

Load-Generation resources under inadequate balance.

Typical Use for Root Cause Identification –ACE-Frequency Application

AAct on Early Warning

Intelligent Alarms

BSelect Jurisdiction (s)Violating PerformanceMetric Threshold Now

CIdentify Control Areas

Contributing to Jurisdiction Violation

Now in Last 30-Minutes

DZoom-In and Evaluate

Magnitude and Durationof Problem For Worst

Control AreasSubject Line

High Frequency Trigger Limit Violation 60.055 Hz

Message

FTL HIGH: -EAST 8/23/2005 11:34:00 PM (EDT)Frequency has reached/or exceeded FTL of 60.05 Hz. for more than 5 minutes.

Load-Generation resources under inadequate balance.

Research Focus 2:North American SynchroPhasor Initiative

INFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENT

FORENSIC ANALYSIS/

BASELINING APPLICATIONSINDUSTRYADOPTION

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

VISUALIZATIONFOR WIDE-AREA

SITUATIONALAWARENESS

• 1996 Western Interconnection Blackouts

• 2003 Northeast Blackout

TVA Super PDC

IEEE 37.118

NIST SynchroLab

• Real Time Dynamics Monitoring System

• CAISO Operating Engineers Workstation

• BaseliningStatic Angles in East

• Small Signal Stability Monitoring

Intelligent Alarming

State Estimation

Adaptive Islands

EIPP ->NASPI

WECC WAMTF

Research Roadmap

Phasor Measurements, Real Time Wide-Area Situational Awareness, Visualization, Infrastructure, Monitoring, Alarming, and Control

Cleveland

Inaccurate Dynamic Models were a Cause of the WECC 1996 Breakup

Lack of Wide-Area Visibility Was a Cause of the EI Aug 14th, 2003 Blackout

Source: www.nerc.comAngles are based on data from blackout analysis.Angle reference is Browns Ferry.

ATTRIBUTE Traditional Grid Monitoring (SCADA)

PHASOR Technologies

Resolution1 sample every 2-4 seconds

10-120 samples per second

Measured Quantities Magnitude Only Magnitude & Phase Angle

Time Synchronization No Yes

FocusControl Area (Local) monitoring & control

Wide area (interconnection) monitoring & control

Observability Steady state onlySteady state, dynamic and transients

Monitoring Angles, Damping, Frequency Response, & Other Metrics

No Yes

Oscillation Detection No Yes

Phasor technology is NOT a replacement for SCADA,

rather it complements existing SCADA systems

Phasor technology is NOT a replacement for SCADA,

rather it complements existing SCADA systems

Phasor Technologies Give Operators MRI-like Visibility of Power Systems

Slide 13

WESTERN INTERCONNECTION – EXISTING PMUs

– NEW & PROPOSED PMUs

GOAL – ALL 500 KV SUBSTATIONS, RENEWABLES AND KNOWN CONGESTION POINTS

Visualization Tiers – Dashboard, Interconnection, Reliability Coordinator, Local Area

Visualization – “Dashboard” DisplayReal Time Alarms within

ALLRTDMS Client Applications

Research Focus 3: Science-Based Analysis of Market Designs

and Real-Time Market Monitoring Tools

MARKETANALYSIS

INFRASTRUCTURE

INCORPORATINGNETWORK

PROPERTIES

MARKETMONITORING

TOOLS

COMPLETE OPTIMI-ZATION OF MARKET

DESIGNPROBLEM

IDENTIFICATION

MARKETDESIGN

EVALUATION

• Eastern ISO Price Spikes 1999

• Western Market Meltdown 2000-2001

Experimental economics power system market simulation platform

Auction design evaluations

Effects of demand response

VAR and real power markets

Co-optimization of real and reserve power markets

Revenue sensitivity

Real-time market monitoring prototype tool

Super OPF design studies

Engineering Design Tools, Market Simulation, Real-Time Market Monitoring Tools

Tools that optimally dispatch and correctly price:

• Real energy• VArs• Real power

reserves• Dynamic

reactive reserves

• Voltage

Science-Based Analysis of Electricity Market Designs and Operation

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8035

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80Session 20

Trading Period

Generator 1 Generator 2 Generator 3 Generator 4 Generator 5 Generator 6 Competitive Avg

Research Focus 4: Demand Response or Load As A Resource

• Price Spikes

• Supplier Market Power

• Inelastic Demand

NERC Policy 10 revisions to allow for demand response

WECC CMOPS and MORCWG policy changes

Program design and evaluations for leading ISO demand response program (NYISO, ISO NE, PJM)

Provision of spinning reserve with aggregated demand-side resources

Quantify unique system values of Demand Response –speed of response, geographic targetingMarket power mitigation

Capability Building, Demonstrations, Policy Changes, Enhanced Values

TECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTS

DEMON-STRATIONS

EFFICIENTDEMAND-SIDE

MARKETPARTICIPATION

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

TECHNICAL SUPPORT/

CAPABILITY BUILDING

INSTITUTIONALCHANGE

Technology review

Ancillary services review

59.90

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60.04

5:50 6:00 6:10 6:20 6:30

TIME (pm)

FR

EQ

UE

NC

Y (

Hz)

2600-MWGeneration

Lost AGC RESPONSE

GOVERNOR RESPONSE

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MWh Accepted

2001 2002

1314

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30-Jul

14-Aug0

100

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MW

Hour Beginning

Interfacing Electricity and Transportation Networks

There Are Five Basic Types of Responsive Load

1. Energy Efficiency programs reduce overall electricity consumption, generally also at times of peak demand

2. Price Response programs move consumption from times of high prices to times of lower prices (real time pricing or time of use)

3. Peak Shaving programs require more response during peak hours and focus on reducing peaks on high-system load days

4. Reliability Response (contingency response) requires the fastest, shortest duration response. Response is only required during power system “events.” – This is new and slowly developing.

5. Regulation Response continuously follows minute-to-minute commands from the grid in order to balance the aggregate system load and generation – This is also very new and appears to be very promising for certain loads.

Contingency Reserves Restore System Frequency

Immediately After Loss of Generation

59.90

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5:50 6:00 6:10 6:20 6:30

TIME (pm)

FR

EQ

UE

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Y (

Hz)

2600-MWGeneration

Lost AGC RESPONSE

GOVERNOR RESPONSE

2009 PG&E Test System

PG&E Real Time Display

Research Focus 5: Distributed Energy Resource Microgrids

CONCEPTUALDESIGN

FULL-SCALETEST BED

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

PROOF OF CONCEPT

Tool Development, Simulation, Bench-Scale Testing, Full-Scale Test Bed, and Value Engineering

STANDARDIZEDENGINEERING

DESIGNS

ANALYTICTOOL

DEVELOPMENT

• Customer demand for reliability and power quality

• Grid integration concerns

MicrogridConcept

muGrid

DER-Customer Adoption Model

American Electric Power Test Bed

IEEE 1547.4

Lower cost of key components

Simulation analysis

Laboratory bench-scale tests

Test bed design

DR

DR

DR

Microgrids vs. CERTS Microgrids

“A microgrid is an integrated energy system consisting of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources which as an integrated system can operate in parallel with the grid or inan intentional island mode”

Microgrids Research Assessment prepared by Navigant Consulting for DOE and CEC. May 2006

Distinguishing features of the CERTS Microgrid Concept• Seamless islanding and reconnection via single PCC• Peer-to-peer, autonomous coordination among micro-

sources• Plug-and-play - no custom engineering

Distinguishing features of the CERTS Microgrid Test Bed Demonstration• Small sources (<100 kW each)• No stand-alone storage (yet)• No power flow onto the grid

25

AEP/CERTS Microgrid test site

Static Switch

Loads

60 kWSources

Research Focus 6: Reliability Technology Issues and

Needs Assessment

Technology Scoping, Analytical Studies, DOE Analysis Support

• Blackouts, Declining Reliability

• Increased Transmission Congestion

• Inadequate Transmission Investment

•Grid of the Future White Papers

•Real-time tools assessment

•Grid metrics

•Cost of power interruptions to US

•Review of US congestion costs

•Transmission cost allocation

• 2002 National Transmission Grid Study

• 2006 and 2009 DOE Congestion Studies

• 1999 Power Outage Study Team

• 2003 Blackout Investigation

• Renewable operational integration

•Transmission planning R&D needs

• Event reporting

BLACKOUT INVESTIGATION

ECONOMICASSESSMENT

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

NATIONALPOLICY STUDIES

TECHNOLOGYSCOPING

TECHNICALASSESSMENT

Residential

2%

Commercial

72%

Industrial

26%$1.5 Billion

$20.4 Billion

$56.8 Billion

U.S. Total:

$79 Billion

Momentary

Interruptions

67%

Sustained

Interruptions

33%

U.S. Total:

$79 Billion

$52.3 Billion

$26.3 Billion

Renewable Resource Production

Summer Day 2010

0.0

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ctio

n (

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Geothermal Biomass Small Hydro Solar Wind

Renewable Electricity Generation Resources Are Sometimes Located Far From Load Centers

Source: DOE National Electric Transmission Congestion Study

28

Wind is an Intermittent Resource; However, It Is Also a Predictable Resource

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

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!Average

Each Day is a different color.

!Day 29

!Day 5!Day 26

!Day 9

Tehachapi Wind Generation in April – 2005 Source: CAISO