1001 Inventions - The Enduring Legacy Of Muslim Civilisation English Version

8/11/2019 1001 Inventions - The Enduring Legacy Of Muslim Civilisation English Version

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CONTENTSorword 6 ntoduon 8 ap o aor ontrbuon n ulim iviliation 14

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6 1 IN NN: T N DU R NG O MM C V \TON

FOREWOR

ln I gave a lectre at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studes called "slam andthe Wes, in which addressed the dangeros level of msunderstanding betweenthese two worlds and dew attention to the joint scientic and cltal hertage that n

fact links s together.

Today, in times when these nks matte more than ever, am deghted to see thesccess of the initiative called 1 nnin which presents ad celebrates themany scientic technological and hmantarian developments shared by the slamicworld and the West For whie the West stggled in a period oen called the DarkAges, enormos intellectual and cltral developments were taking place in Msimcivilization from the seveth century oward In scence, astronomy, mathematicsalgebra (itself an Arabc word) law history, medicne phamacology, opticsagricltre architectue, theology msc - a Golden Age of discovey wasorishing i the slamic world which wod contribute enormosly to the EuropeanRenaissance

t is a matter of great pride that, athogh gobal in its otreach and operation 11nvnin is n fact an nitiative of a Bitshbased team suppoted by a network ofacademics arond the world he 11 nvnin exhibitions, books and lms haveachieved sigicant success in poplarzing pblc nderstanding of the ctual ootsof science and thereby encoaging ntercultural respect and appreciation

hs book now n ts third edition and published by the National Geographic Society,ntrodces the ascinating egacy of the Goden Age to a new adience. lt is pat of aglobal eort to increase nderstandng of how men and women o many dieentfaiths and ethncities iving under the umbrela of slim Cvilization madeextraodnary advances dring this period and how these advances toch evey par ofsociety today

can ony pray that the whole concept o 11 nvnin and especialy this book,will nspe fure generations of scentsts and scholars, men and women, slmsand nonusms alike, to bid a bette word fo their felow man whatever theircreed or color look forward to the further sccess and expansion of this importantand mchneeded initiative

s hss h s



An il luion om AlJi e wlede eiu Mhl eviedepi o bo h eve dink The wiin ih deibe ho he devie ok

ORX'ORD



8 N[NON N DU RN G;CY F MUSIM CVILZiTION

ROCIO

he evelomet o thi boo tel a iteretig tory 195 Lor owe the riia at the tme o the Uierity o Maheter

Iiute o Siee a Tehology or UMST beame aiate by the

maer i whih the Mulim maage a omai that trehe rom Chia

to Sai or o may eturie artiuar iteret wa how they troue

the oet o "ieatio i ombatig iatio whih wa ramat i the

Roma Emire He aoue i the Houe o Lo that i orer to guie the

Ute Kigom eoomy the rie with iato we houl ear rom

the Muim eeriee a oier the eoomi riie ai ow ome

1400 year ago i the Qura a reeae to the Prohet Muhamma (buh)*

od Bowdn up h nu for h Hor

of Mum Sn Thnoog d o

rrung d w proor fro UMIST

nd h or nr of Mnhr, nd w

wr gnd w dgr Ahogh

h dd no h or og g h

opporu o no orn d hor

od m ngnng dp nd or g

nn rd o m h rgh g

o hr gnorn of h do nd bf of

ohr uur Lord Bowd pd w 989

d wh h wn h nu

Thn n 1993 roor Dond rdw hd

of h Dpr o Hor of Sn nd h

oog d h fondr o h Mum of S

nd dr Mh prnd wh

hng. Muh h pr o Lord Bowd h

d o m S ou hod b now know h

r hon r mg fro h hor o

ngnrg pod w h Drk Ag. Mo

of h mg knowdg ond n Arb

mnup ng h r of mn fmou

brr You r dnguhd proor of

ngnng prgou ur nd ou

know h Arb ngug Thfor ou r

b d o do omhng bo ng h gp

h wkp pro d o foow n

of nqur h n hgd h

w whn h o of h ook gn

fo kg h h g, how ookd

up o book nd or ppr d on

d umrou frnd Book fr boo journ

fr urn pod o h ndb gp

k, fo nn p popu book h

Scintt an Inntor h Popl Who

Ma chnology fom Ealiet Time to Pnt

Day Anhon d nd Pr ord pub-

hd 1979 Th uho xpn h h ook

g n honoog o hn n

d hoog prog om h no o

mob p o h do of pn h

n o h g nor o who h do

hor hp oow n hronoog od

pdo r 490430 BC.) Dmoru

46030 Hppor 460377 B.C.) Ar-

o (3833 BC. Ahmd (81 C* I ue te tem u me ee e im/e t idite te eet id Mulim t te etMummd d te et ilud Jeu M Me d



.

l The ir ses by bn Bkhtihu how rom Am sA 1thentury illutrtnl d Alexnder the GretAot e n

NRON



INVETIOS: Ti rDURINC1 (l\Y OF IIL/IO

Johnn Gnbg (400468 followd by

oh h D Vn

Th mbl jmp of 600 y om h

m of Ahmd o Gnbg w mng nd

oblng h dng of oh boo d

h h whol pod 049 n f pd

o h D Ag Th pod ogh

gnod f n nd lon on-

nd md oly mdl g n n

mdy pod nfom blo lg n

d mo onng of n ob m

Som boo nld b mo on h Romn b

l lp o o hond y Mo dqng

w h gp hool boo nd oh o

of lnng whh om h w nd ppon of

ppl on oh l d fom h own

h m y on ob 99 I

nd n npng l by HRH n

hl h Shldonn h fod d

Ilm nd h W Addng gly of

mnn ho n on o h onghold of o-

lm h ph w l n y

woo. h yopnng blow nfod

my nng

there is much misunderstanding in the West

about the nature of Islam, there is als o much igno·

rane about the debt our own culture and civiliza

tion owe to the Islamic world. t is a failure, which

stems, I think, om the strait-acket ofhist which

we have inherited The medieval Islamic world,

from central Asia to the shores of the Atlantic, was

a world where scholars and men of learning our·

ished But because we have tended to see Islam as

the enemy of he West, as an alien culture, socie,

and system of belie we have tended to ignore or

erase its grea relevance to our own hist

All dn n o hn ly; y

wn fd wh h dn of n n

op hy old hng ppd f by m-

l l on dng h Rnn. T d

og Do nnon nd dlopmn

h l h o o hmny ny n

now do no pp by n onny n

dmn plly n h bh nd of h

n lmo o n ry oh ld o d

A opl of y l nd j bfo p-

ng wy ofo dwl ngd fo m

o g pnon h md Ly

nd hloophl Soy ld h Mlm

onbo o Sn nd Thnoogy. h

mon of mmn nd p pd

by h dn on h l hd o y n

fod h on o n hl om

hn on whn d on h op fl

l onyd mn mog h blnd. p

xmn w h fon of yong pop

n h bj of nowng wh o pn

lon m fom

h mbon o w boo on h bj

w phd d by h dmnd of bng

poo o f mhnl ngnng n

y wold n by m o wh l h

p of lng hng pblhng

ndng dmnon n nnng wo

onlng ompn h pl olon

w o h hon nd n ndg

poj on h l onon of nn

mhn Th ogh wh h ppo o

mndd dm nd pofonl w h

mgn of h ondon o S n h

nology nd lon o ST Th woldb

boo nd bgn o hp h fom

of wb MlmHgom whh

d ln pwd pp fom

nown w nd h

Vy qly h wb bm h d

non nd o of nomon o mny n

on o f lnng hoo md gop nd yong

popl om ll o h glhpg wold

now mo hn 50000 dy pg w

h pogh ll on lonhp bwn

h Mlm wold nd h W mmdly



th / trroist attaks on pmbr 00

on Nw Yorks World ad Cnt and th P

tagon Qit amang was a daing sph gvn

js two wks latr b bsinsswomn and his

torian Carl Forina hi tv or a t

tim o HwlttPaad Copoatio At a mt-

ing o al h orporaton's worldwid managrs

on ptmbr 6 00, Carl Fiona annond

here wa once a cvzaton that wa the

greatet n the word. It wa abe to create a

contnenta per-tate that tretched rom

ocean to ocean and rom northern cme t

topc and deert Wthn t domn on ved

hndred o mon o peope o derent

creed and ethnc orgn

One o t angage became the nvera

angage o mch o the word, the brdge

between the peope o a hndred and

It arme were made p o peope o many

natona te, and t mtary protecton

aowed a degree o pea ce and property

that had never been known he reach o

th cvzaton' commerce extended rom

Latn Amerca to Chna, and everywhere

n between

And th cvza on wa drven more than

anythng by nvent on. It archtect degned

b dng that deed gravty It mathemat

can created the ageba and agorthm that

wod enabe the b dng o compter, and

the creat on o encrypton t doctor exam

ned the hman body, and ond new cre

or deae It atronomer ooked nto the

heaven, named the tar, and paved the way

or pace trave and exporaton t wrter

created thoand o tore Store o cor

age, romance, and magc. It poet wrote o

ove, when other beore them were too teeped

n ear to thnk o ch thng

When other naton were aad o dea, th

cvzaton thrved on them and kept them av

TRODN

When cenor threatened to wpe ot know

edge rom pat cvzaton th cvzaton

kept the knowedge ave and paed t on

to other

Whe modern Wetern cv zaton hare

many o thee trat, the cvzaton Im tak

ng abot wa the Iamc word rom the year

to whch ncded the Ottoman

mpre and the cort o Baghdad, Dama

c and Caro, and enghtened rer ke

Seyman the Magncent

thogh we are oten naware o or

ndebtedne to th other cvzaton, t

gt are very mch a part oor hertage he

techno ogy ndtry wod not ext wthot

the contrbton oArab mathematc an.

A nmbr o ollags wl stabsh i th

sbt bgan a ltring ampaign in Britain

rop and abroad A larg nmbr o popl

rom all walks o i drivd pasr and ispi

raton rom this knowldg Prsntatons to th

ong gnratio spall th ons gav to

th Yoth NOs a th Eropa Palamt n

Brsss spakd noros intrs in si

and thnolog an spal in th livs o

Msm pionrs i hmis phsis md-

i boog algba nginrig ahitt

a agiltr and in nmros manaring

indstrs wo hav impad so postv o o

modr ivliatio was ar this rapp-

iatd sbjt was nall oming of ag

006 C lanhd th 001 Invnions ini

tiativ and sin thn pbli intrst in th sti

ahivmnts o Msim ivlation has inasd

ponntiall Or rst hibition was sponsord

b nmros Unitd Kingdom govrnmnt sin

ti and aadmi stablishms and hartabl

organiaions. tord British sin msms

or two ars and sbsqntl visitd t Brit

s Hoss o Parliamt and th Unitd ations

h st wo dtos o h Inventon boks



1 0 N VN N S: I - F N D U R N G tY ,S C Z A N

sold ore tha 1 opies_ Howeer is was

jst he sar o wat wold e a geate ow-

ering o internationa interest o work, aong-

sde inreased daloge abot the ltral roots of

siene and new opportnities to proote soial

ohesion and itertral respet and appreiation

In 21 thanks to the generos sponsorship

of the Jaeel Fondation (later AJCI), C

lanhed a h larger stateoftheart ehbtion,

whih ebarked pon a global tor strig at

the worldrenowned iene Mse n London

As part of the ehibitions prodtion proess , the

iene Mse retained an independent pael

of epert historians to ondt a oplee reiew

Pfeo Sli S l-Hni deone enil ineive e 00 nvenion exibiion duin i un in nbul, Tukey Te pofeoi e ief edio of Innn: ndrnLay f Mulm latoe opnion volueo e exibi

of the ontet to ensre the highest standards o

historial ara were aintained.

he pbli deand for he ehbition n on-

don ar eeeded epetaios attratig ore

than 4, istorsfor ties he epeted

berin e onhs , an of who had neer

isited the iene Mse before A few onts

after lanh, Trkish prie inister eep Taip

Erdogan took tie ot fro his state isit to



Briain o s h hibiion for himslf.

insisd ha h n n on or lobal o r b

Isanb bfor i ban s Norh Amra

hs, h hib ion aso had a r wl rd

snwk rsdn in rk

A h Isanbl lanh n h prim minisr

prssd his dp appriaion of or iniiai

1001 Inventions relives the 1,000ea-long adven

tue of science and technology in Muslim civili

zation {and] pvides a positive message fo ou

youth, fo the Muslim wold, and for humanit .

Exhibits displayed hee about the histo of medi

cine, astonomy, mathematics, geomet chemis

tY and so on, still manage to amae us even toda.

t is ou common esponsibili to make sur

we do not foget, o let be fogotten, these impo

tant undeppeciated scientists fom Muslim

civiliation n that sense the 100 nventions ini

tiative has a ve impotant and popitious tas.

I congatulate each and eve individual involved

in the ceation of this exhibition and I am opti

mistic this ehibition will povide a bnd-new

pespective on ou mode scientific wol.

h pop of sanbl rspondd wih simi-

lar nhsiasm, wih mor han 45 walkin

hroh h doors o prn or bilinal rk-

ishnlish hbion sad in h i's hisor

lanahm qar, n o h aia oa and h

B Mosq h rkish mdia was nanimos in

is pras, and h sini a from h Ooman

priod rsonad sronl wih or rkish adi-

n. his srd as a manin ropan snd

of for h Norh rian or ha wold followA h im of his wriin, h hibiion has

so far nod a war rpion in Nw York Ci

whr i was dspa a h Hall of in an s

rrnl arain mor han 5, vsors a wk

a h California i Cnr in Los Ans.

W ar r rafl for h sppor w ha

rid from world ladrs, iplomas, and

RD

daion sablshmns Mor saisn s h

nhsiasm of h millions of popl, man of m

nars and on popl, who ha nad

wih or daona books and bons, as wll

as onlin and ro soial mia hannls

An inra par of h hibion is a shor d-

aiona lm, sarrn Osarwinnin aor ir Bn

Kinsl, ild 100 Inentin nd th Li f

Secet whih is aailabl for fr ia or wbsi.

h moi was a raon Downloadd mor han

n million ims, wn on o win mor han 2

inrnaional lm awars, inldin Bs Film r

onion a Canns and h Nw York Film Fsial

h momn w rad onins o

row and w ha ambiios plans for h fr

An Arabilana rsion of h hibiion

ban orin h Middl as in amn 2 1

brinin 11 I nnions o a nw adin ha

s hnr for a rar ndrsandin of hr own

sini hisor h oriinal hbiion arrs

in Washinon, DC., h smmr of 22 Frhr

mor, w innd o pro mor daonal lms

and domnars, and nw daional marial

and ranslaions of h 11 nnions hibiion,

in ohr Asian and ropan lanas

his book is s on of h mh abord or

fris of h 11 nnions iniiai s painsakin

ompon is an aimn of no snl indid

al, b of al hos mnond on h Aknowld

mns pa h book ins n an njoabl,

asorad forma asps of or modrn lis

ha ar linkd wh innions from Mslim iilia

ion is or hop ha hroh hs pas w an

nhan inrra rsp whil a h sam im

inspir on pop from boh Mslim and non-Mslim bakronds o d arr rol modls in

sin, hnoo, ninrin, and mahmais

Professo Salim T. S. al-Hassani

Chie Edit nd Chin FTC

lOOinventions.comMumHeritage.com



Ma f Majr Ctributin in Mu lim Cvilizatina al sam, o the usim world stet hed ove thee vast on tinents, om Toledo in pain, th!ouh Aaiaand ndonesa to hna and as ar south as ast Aia t reahed ts pea in the 2th entu_ nde theAasids. tes n the idde ast and pain beame obal enters o utue tade, and eann. Theiatmosphere o toerane and eativt stimuated roundeain advanes in mediine, eneern phoso

ph mathematis astronom and ahitetue pore the map elow to see what happened, whereand when

Gothic Rib Vauting(1000)he othi ibs o the Toedo and Cdoba Mosquevaults nspired European archtects and thei patons toadopt them n the Romanesue and Gothic movementspae 99

Surgical Instruments

A-Zahrawi (9361013)Cuttinede sueon AZahraw ntrodued more

than 200 suical tools that revoutionized medicalsence hese instuments would not look out ofplace in todas 21st-centu hosptals.

London

Paris

Toedo

Cdoba Ganada

�

------

-------

.Tangi r

xploration

Fez

pae 58]

Ibn Battuta (1301368/70)bn Battuta traveed more than75000 mes n 29 easthrouh more than 0 modencountes, compin one o thebest eewitness accounts of theustoms and pactices of themedeval word[pae 250]

Blood Crculation

Foundation of Socoogy and Economics

Ibn Khadun (332406)his man taced the ise and fal o humansocetes n a siene o vizaton,recordin it al in his famousAI-Muqaddimah o ntroductio to a Hstoryof the World whih orms the basis osocolog and economic theor

pae 262]

uns

bn aNas (20288) Pointed Arch(nnth centu) bn aaytham (965039)

World Map

Aldrs (109966)lds was mmssioned b theNoman kn of Si, oer I tomae a map He produed an atlasof maps called the Book o Roger,shown that the Earh was ound,which was a common notion held bMusim scholas.[pae 236]

Horseshoe Arch

(715)

Istanbul

esemblin a hoseshoe, this ah wasfst used in the Umaad GeatMosque of amascus n itan, it isnown as the Mooish a and was

popula in Victorian tmes; t was oenused in rawa staton entancespae 95]

ANuri ospital

(156)Hospitals povided ree heath cae toal Iuri was an immense andsophstiated hospta where dustsbabes, orhopedsts ocuists, andphsicians wee al examined b"maet inspectos to mae sue themet the hihest standards[pae 54]

Casts

(2th entur)

Ibn a-as o pt rst descibedpulmona ciculation o venousblood passin into the hear andluns via the venticles, thusbecomn oxenated and arteablood He was nal accredtedwth ths dscove n 1957[pae 166]

he pointed arch concept on whichGothc arhitectue is based came toEuope fom Ept's beautiful Ibnulun Mosue of Cao va Sici withAmatan merchants t enabedEuropean achtets to overcomepoblems n Romanesque valtn.[page 196]

In a darkened oom (qamara inAabi) Ibn aHatham obsevedlht comin throuh a smal hole inthe window shutters poducin anupsidedown imae on the opposewal Ths eal pnhole amea hased to the cameras o toda[pae 56]

The nvnible desn of the castand Jerusalem were tated n ands wth e eatues ie rou�arow sits babcans machicolpaapets and battlements[pae 210



WerRisig Mcie

Ajzri ely 3 cenury-i' gee egcy e pplicionof e crnk nd connecing-rod yewc n rory oion no ineoon. H cne were le o riege on of wer wo nyonelng ngepge 11]

Khwarizm

Bgdd

Kf

Moc

Coee

eig cenury

Agebr

Chemisry

(722-8)T w peiod wen cecl inuennd procee for e bi of odycey were creed nd deeloped jbiribn yyn dicoered y pon cdike lfrc nrc nd noric cdwe -Ri e p odern looydeignng d ng oe n 0 nrenike e crucibe nd llpge go]

Trick Devices

nin cenryTee oer e Bnu M broe weregre eicin wo fnded ernon of Geek cenic ee eyo nened fuou ic deice oey e precor o eecuie oypge 5]

Hose of Wisdom

eg-foureen cenuryTi ene cenifc cdey w eincld of fou geneion of cip wo

drew ogee e cre of Muli co Iw n nried cener fo e dy ofunie nd fo cience were egree collecion of wodly knowledge wccled nd deeoped.pge 72]

AKhwimi (78o85o)-Kwrizi inoduced e begnning oflge en deeoped no for ied ody y ny wo ed er i.pge 84]

id e go erde noiced excile

nil d een ed errie wic ed oe ely ric drin alqahwa. oeedrnkng louried co e Mword n e 1500 nd pred o Europeroug de in 63.pge 36

Lnd encoped y Mulczon io e froe een ceny onwrd

Crypoogy

AKindi 80873 )Second Wold Wr poe oe crred one coderekng rdon r wren buby poly ind fo Bgdd wen edeced equency nyi nd lid efoundo of cypogrpy[pge :8]

Dsiion

bir ib Hyy (72281)Jir bn Hyyn perfeced e dlonproce ng e ebc l wic illed ody. Te Mui word produced oewer eenl oi nd pure cool foedc ue ody dillon gen prodc ngng fo plic o goine[pge 92]

non

hmpooig

ke De Mohmed 8 cenuySpooing w nodced o Bin Brgon by Ske Den Moed foPn Ind wo ece e Spoong Sgeon o King eorge IV nd KngWll V[pge 51





8 01 NV TON N D U R I j O HJS /.

0 1 THE GOLE E

h volume loo at the iet legay o Mulim ivlzatioromthe theore veto eve roee a ea rt oeiveto the overe aote eveloe a rea urg the age o

Mulim holarh. I eve hater Home Shool Hota MaretTow orl a vere the boo am to uover the ultural root oiee to ehae terultual reet a areato our worl toa

Home

In h o haptr o will nont th

hosandarold nntions that stil shap

dail lif. Fro hss to aras todas ho

lif is pakd with obts innd b arl

Msi iiation.

Chss a to th Prsian or ia ndia

i th nnth ntr and sprad aross Msl i

iliat ion Toda w rtain th word that nds

a hss ath hkat whih os fro

th Prsian phras hahma aning th kng

is dfatd."

Msli pain was on of th sors of a nw

tnd to at thrors as thr w idas

fro Ms i iiiaion inldd nw ashions

highl prid arpts and ingnios dis lk

th fontain pn. Inrdibl hanial loks

wr js on tp of di invntd b 1th-

nt nginr AlJaar

As arl as th 4th t arg qantits

of spis a to Erop fro Egpt and ria

And drinking of orishd aross th Msli

world for ars bfor it sprad throgh trad into

Erop n h 1th ntr.

Schoo

Th hoo haptr tls th sor of th onsidr-

abl inn of Msi iiliation on th dvl-

opnt and sprad of knowldg Mathatis

sin arts langags whatvr sbt intr-

sts o ost disovr its inks with th disan

past and h popl lik nnthntr nirsit

patron Faia alihri and at ighthntr

hst Jabir bn aan whos innoaions

liv on toda

Earl hists distilld fragrans fro plants

and owrs in h ighth and ninth ntris a

prati that sprad to Erop along with othr

dlopnts in hstr Mahatiians

dopd th onpt of r o and h sst of

dial ath w s toda; th also spottd intr

at gorial dsgns in th pattrns of owrs

and shlls whih in trn innd haratrisi

dsigns n arhittr and dorativ ars

Th os of Wisdo a prstigios aad

and librar was fondd a thosand ars ago in

aghdad Thr Msli Christian and Jwish

sholars oopratd in ranslating knowldg

fling siti dbat and disovr.

hoos and nvrsiis sprang p in towns

and itis ro Cairo to Tibkt and on

gnrosspiritd woa ald atia alFihri

ondd a nivrsi for hr oit in F

Moroo sing hr ow ortn AQarawiin

oda is known as th worlds oldst nivrsit

ontinng to gant dgrs to stdnts

Maret

Th Markt hapr pors th was in whih

inntia das fro Msli iviliation sprad

arond th world Aross thr otinns a

bing ntwork of rad and travl dvopd



CHAPTR ONE

{We ought not to be ashamed of appreciating thetruth and of obtaining it wherever it comes from)even if it comes from races distant and nations

dieren from us.Al -KIND!, NNTHCENURY MUSLM SCOLAR WO SUDID N BAGHDAD RAQ

•

THE STORY BEGINSTHE GOLDEN AE

TIME LNE OF DEVEOPMNT IN MUSLIM CIVIZATION

fR NTURIS FTR TH FLL F NINT M, SINTII RGRSS IN

westen Euope slowed almost to a standstll In the developng Muslm wold howeve

a golden age of dscovey floushed fom the seventh centuy untl the sxteenth cen

tuy ung ths eod n the Muslm wold scholas of vaous faths and cultues bult

and mpoved upon the knowedge of ancent Egyt ancent Mesopotama Pesa hna

Inda and of the Geeks and Romans mak ng beakthoughs that helped pave the way fo

the Euopean Renassance

Geat men and women of the astmathematcans astonomes chemsts physcans ach

tects engnees economsts socologsts atsts asans hstoans geogaphes and educatosepessed the fath by makng benecal contbutons to socety and humanty hey dd

so wth oenmndedness and n many nstances n collaboaton wth peole of othe faths

cultues and backgounds

Now you can uncove the stoes of the talented men and women who lved n the golden

age of Mu slm cvlzaton and ds cove the ways n whch the nventons shaped the

way we lve t oday

OOS AJazari desined a waepowered Eephan Cok in he h enu, reonsrued for he 00 nvenions exhibiion



and grw from t igt ntr noragng a

rati ang of idas for spping ng

growing food and proding goods man o

wi ar familar toda

As trad pandd so did nowldg and

prosprit. rans rlrs and pilgrims tra-

ld btwn itis in Afria Asia and rop

taing wit tm walt and nw das Si

oad strtd tosands o mls ining Cna

wi iddl as and rop

Sa trad flowd trog triing ports n

laga and Alandria n bs mars trad-

rs dalt in broad from rat arpts from

Damass and frit from Spain rants

rlrs and pilgrims trad btwn iis n

Afria Asa and rop rsing at araansars

aong popar rots. B offring fr sr,

food, and somtims nrtainmnt ts s-

lim aritabl fondations lpd promot trad

Alasdi, a tntntr sim gogra-

pr, tralr and istorian rordd a boom in

Ao Ben Kinsey pays a myseious iba ian in anawadwinnin s ho m ied Innn and brary f Sr. n he movie Kinsey akes shoohiden on a jouey o mee pioneein sieniss and

eninee s fom Musim iviizaion. The ibaian iseeaed o be 1h-enuy poymah AJazai

food prodtion in arl slim iiliation as

rops and t nowldg to grow tm sprad

ar and wdnldng growng pas ar-

gins and orangs in Span rafting and rop

roaon addd o arms' prodtiit and dr-

sit, wi irrigation am asir wi t watr

pmps latr dlopd b 1tntr Ottoman

ngnr aqi alDin ibn arof

• Hosita

n ospia aptr o wi s man

was n w mdia nowldg and rat

mnt from slim iiation innd t

mdiin w prin oda T alt ar

sstm ta dlopd in ar slim soitis

offrd pionring srgr, ospia ar and an



:\U Of Sl1

ireasin varey o drs and medines deve

oed rom anien nolede and ne resear.

Paiens early Mslm soieies mh

have aen pills pas iles syrps and poders;nderone srery or even have had a aara

removed In he ninh enry deailed dia

rams o he eye ere proded y shoars

sh as nayn n Ishaq a Nesoan Chrisan

hhy respeed y his Mslm peers his

nolede as deveoped o a remendos

een y n aayham in he 1h enry

vin a sol id ondaion or mahemaial and

pysoloial opis

AlZahrai a enhenry sreo developed many sial nsrmens e si l se oday

Taned gudes pa haaes m he hs sene and nenn dun he 00 Inennsba ehbn u

It is admittd with dicuty that a

nat ion in majori of nomads coud

hav had known any form of agricu

tura tchniqus othr than sowing

what and bary If w took th

bothr to opn up and consut

th od manuscripts so many viws

wi b changd

A. HR EAU RASATR

he 11henry door and philosopher Inina ah dely on mediine philosophy and

nara sienes e also developed mehods o

rean rared ones ha doors sill adhere

o oday Medial oos rien y hese men and



othr sholars in Msi iiliation nnd

Eropan diin or ntris

• Town

Th Town haptr pors h shard hritag

o arhittr btwn th odrn world and

Msli iiliaton os als arhs and

towrs Th arhittr o Msli ilation

donstratd a hg arity o nw idas any

o whih wr rsd and adapd all or th

world Th lasting gay o th intrhang o

arhittral and dorati idas btwn ast

and Wst or hndrds o yars is lar

Mastr arhitt inan bilt th arthqak

rsista dod yaniy Mosq in th-

ntry stanbl dsigning h intrior with a

ltr roo to lans sok ro th plld air

and ollt th soot or aking ik

Towns o a thosand yars ago ntrd arond

pbli with th osq arkt and pbli

baths ntrally plad srrondd by rsidnial

aras Disor how towns o Msli iiiation

wr srprisingly adand with pad roads

The 00 Ieo s ehbo bgs o lfe a fogoepeod hso usg models, eae aesdeo, e, a d magey

littr olltion ord swrs and sots

strt lighting

• Wor

n th World haptr yo will disor how gog-

raphrs naigatos plorrs and sholars in

Msli iiliation nnd apaking and

th way w s th world today n thir orts

to xplain rainbows asr th Ea rths r

rn and dtrin how ontains or

sholars ro a thosand yars ago ad hg

laps o intiion and insight in thir sarh to

ndrstand or plant.Exraordinary tralrs gi a aor o this ag o

dsory lik bn Battta who l ho in 12 to

pror a pilgriag to Ma and rtrnd thr

dads lar haing xplord th iits o Msli

lands Or Zhng H a Chins Msli nay adi-

ral who d sn oyags o disory in th th

nry aboard giat woodn ships



.0 1 E D U R k lUS ! / \

Yo an also epore te maps le o s b pio

nees o ts peiod ke te gobal map drawn b

Moroan sholar Adrsi wo eated it enres

befoe Maro Polo or Combs and the oldest

srviing detailed map showing the Ameias drawn

b thentr Trksh naal aptain Piri eis

• Unirs

Fnall the nierse hape eamnes how

astronomers natral philosohers and nstr-

men makes i Mslm iaton epaded or

knowedge o f the nierse Asronoma insr

ments were rened and made b raftspeople ike

Merriam alIliah who onstrted astrolabes for

the rler of Aleppo in northern Sria in the tenth

entr B the 1th entr astronomer Taqi al

Din was sing hge ersions of stargaing ools

like adrants and setans to inrease the a-

ra of measrements

The st argesale obserat n the Ms-

lim word was hat bl b Stan Maliksah in

Isfahan in the late 11th entr The inential

tentr Maragha Obseraor in an was

a sient instittion where astronomers hal

lenged reeied wisdom abot the nierse and

deeloped new mathematia models on whih

enassane sholars relied

B biding on knowledge that had ome

before and adding new obseations and insight

Mslim soars left s wit a ri shared eritage

of astronom from East and West ommemorated

toda in the reek and Arabi names of man

sts and onstelations

• Musim Ciiization Whr an Whn?

After Prophet Mhammad ded in the ear 2

te alips who ame after him bilt a empre

tat strethed fom sotern Spain throgh North

Afria and the Middle East to India and China

and b the th enr as far as Indonesia and

eastern rope. eneral toerant to the faths

te fond n e lands he red te aps

oesaw an nredble epansion of knowedge

and prosper

As trade orished so did knowledge and new

deas Sholars worked to translate the writings

of anent tinkers ike Brahmagpa Arisote

Eli Ptolem and Hpporates into Arabi to

alow debate and deelopment of mathematis

astronom hemistr medine and engineering

I was a golden age of thogh deelopment and

wealh reaton

How did sh an enightened era ome to an

end his is a qestion man hae tried to answer

and is beond the remit of this book. Howeer

b the earl h enr Mslim iiiation had

eperened attaks both from Crsaders' am-

paigns in Spain, Trke and Palestine and the

Mongol inasion o Persa raq and Sria The

famos libaes and leanng of the Msm word

ame nder atastoph eat dring these tmes

of onit When Bagdad was inaded n 28

the attaking Mongo armies destroed ontless

mansripts while in Crdoba the ast maori

o the it's slami books were destroed

b rsading naders.

Haing lost Spain and Siil the Msim

world then sffered the onslaght of Timr the

Lame known as Tamerlane These deastatons

together started the deline and eena fall of

slami iation, and the end of this bright

period of lassial Msim sholarshp This was

ompaned b the rse of the West after the

isoer of the New World with a ll the wealth

it broght to Erope and the eenta demise of

the Silk oad along whih knowedge had owed

hrogh aios ltes

A te same time the Msim world was

weakened b e rise of new inwardlookng

deas tat defeted interest awa rom phi-

losoph logi an d the translation o f faith into

deeds to benefit soiet And so the Mslim



world disintratd into nros indpn-

dnt nationstats, an of whih sbsqt

xprind olonation or wnt t o war with

ah othr, vn aftr indpndn Nithrth popls of ths stats nor thir olonial

rlrs had paid h attntion to dation or

soioonoi rfor lavin ths ontris

in a lo srl for idntit and srvival in a

fasovin odr world

Bt as his book shows, th kowd of t

sholars o f Msli iviliation was far fo lost.

Thosands of hos prios donts of th

past, writtn ainl n Arabi, l th arhvs

of th Brtish Librar Brlin's Staatsbiblothk,Paris's Bblioth National, and an othrs.

In Todo's ahdral arhv toda o a still

s aot , of t srvvi ansrpts ha

soars ranslatd fro Arabi to atn An i

was ths Lati traslations tat fd th sini

and philosophial rvoltion of h 1s and kp

th a of knowld alv

he Cafna Sene Cene n Ls ngees,hden enj a mue-ased game ha eesnenns n he hme The game s a f he awadwnnng 00 nenns eh n

rat sintifi inds ik obrt Bo,

Ednd al, John Wals, and Johanns v-

lis, who wr th arl pionrs of th oal

Soit took rat ntrs in traslatin and lar-

in fro Arab ansipts A rn xhibition,

Arabik oots, oranid o lbrat th th

annivrsar of h oal Soit, notd that Kin

Charls askd th Lvant Copan to snd ho

a ansript on vr ship rtrnin to Enland

fro th astToda, th infln of th thosandar

Msli iviliation is lar to sin din

and asroo, arttr and ninrin,

athas and isr, istor and o-

raph, as wll as in odas stos, fasions,

and tasts Throh nvnins o an now

xplor this la for orslf



T M E L I N E O E V E L O M E N T I N M L M I V I L I Z T O N

637sm srds to

Prs Plstn SyLnon nd Irq nd

tr to Egyt

ca 635ASf s ontd thrst fml hath nd sfty

mnsr by mr scondclh n th cy of dn

nd thn n Bsh

Fo moe than a thouand yea fom the eventh cenuy onwad, the Mum

wod tetched fom outhern Span a fa a Chna. Durng th peod

choa mae and femae and of many beef woked coaboatvey to budand mpove upon ancent knowedge. They made beakthough that ed to an

ncedbe expanon of knowedge and popety-a goden age of cvzaton

Foow the tme ne beow to tace the poge of mathematc cenceachtectue expoaton educaton and medcne dung Mum cvzaton

And ee how dea and knowedge mgated om the Eat pavng the way fothe Renaanceanothe geat age of deveopment.

654Is m hs srd to ll o

North AfrcDme f he k sue

· · · · ·· · · · · 691Buldng bgns of

t om of th Rockosqu n rusm

J . IT

632Prot ummd

ds nd Ab Bkrcoms st clh or

slm rur 644A wndml owrng

mllston s bul n Prs.

medeal wndmll

661Th myyd dynsty

rus th clht frommscus.

((There can

be no education

without bo oks.ARAI PRVER

711sm rcs Sn

Old see n Cdba Span



l: J I.)jy

�t.J;iY'4 1

£

Distillation

ca 722

Jbr bn Hyyn i bonHe is conidered the"fther o chemsty

• MUSLIM VENTS

• EUROPEAN EVNTS

Astolabe

ca 777

Astrolbe mke ndstronome Al-Fri des

787

Buildng begins of the GretMosque o Crdob

786

Clph Hun l-Rhidestblishes the House of

Wisdom i Bghdad

GoldMacus

785 .. . . . . . . . . . .. �

King Of mints GoldMncus coi imitng the

gold din o CiphMsur. 813Ciph Al-M'mun exp

the House of Wisdom;the trnsto moemen

intesie.

. 1 1l

l

i L

J

T I I

750Abbsids overthrow the

Umyds nd n 762 build new cptl in Bghdd Spn

s rued by n Umyydfmy descedt

780

Mthemticin AlKhwizmi s born Hs

book Agebr wa Muqabaadeeloped mdern lgebr

lf he {the teacher] is indeedwise he does not bid you e nter

the h ouse of hi s wisdom, but

rather eads yo u t o the threshod

ofyour own mind.KHAL L GIBRAN I N HIS BO OK TE PPET

795

Frst metion of ppe

mill i Bghdd

Boo

Cliph Hrun -Rshidpresets C hremgne

with clock tht strkesthe hour

828

Abu Mnu opens

Al-ShmmsiyhObevto ne gh

801 · . .

Al-idi is bor Hews mthemticin,philosopher phyicitchemit nd musicin

Al-Kidi



ARazi, kow as ippoaes of he Aabs"

850Bnu u broherublih her Book ofeious eies

858Aronomer Al-Bni

i born He deerminedronom meuemen

wih ury.

859Al-Qarawiyin Universiy

in Fez is completed

by Fatima aFihri.

.. . . .. .. .. . . .

864AlRzi (Rze) i born

A hyiin, hemi, ndmedil eher he i

onidered he "fher olinil n exerimenl

mediine H wiing wereer rnled ino Lin

8 2Ahmd ibn oloun, Abbid

governor of Egy eblihe hoil in Ciro know o be her o inlude dermen for

men diee.

Abbas ib Fiass ih•

88 :Abb ibn Firn, ioneer

of unowered igh, die inCrdob

880Phyiin nd ineor of

Bghdd oil Snn i bnThbi bn Qurr i bor n He

ed mobile oi eriefor rurl nd Bedouin re

895In l-r -Qyrwni

(Aljir) i born He wroe her indeenden book on

edir nd oil ediri:Risaah iyasa asibya waTadbiihim A Teaise o faad Chid Cae ad Teame

900Fimid rule Egy nNorh Afri hen nine

yer ler, Siily

93Abbid Cih Al-uqder iue

he r lien ing reguion formedi rie He eblihed

he hol of Al-uqdir n Bb-Sm in Bghdd h moher

eblhed ASyyid Hoil inSouq ehi in Bghdd

936Surgeon Al-Zhrwi Albui)

i born in Crdob He renedhe iene of urgery neneddoen of urgil inrumen

nd wroe he r illuredurgil book

AZahawi



' " � V

�� C

1.u•.

e

�

;

\

A mbabah, ancestor o the violin

950

AlFrbi from Bgdd dies Aphiosopher nd musician, e

invented te ncestor of the violin

957

Cartogrpher nd writer Al

Msudi descries his visitto the oi elds of Bku

965

Pysicist In -Hythmis born His discoveries and

theories revolutionized optics.

Ibn Sina's Cnon

. . .

A-Azhar Univesity

973

1009

uThe World is a

book, and those

who do not trave

read on ly a pageST. AUGUSINE,

CHRSTIAN PHILOSOPHR

AlBiruni is born Thepolymt astronomer

mathematicn andgeographer mesured the

circumferene o EarthAstronomer Ibn . . . ... . .

972 . .

Al-Azhr University isfounded by the Fatimids

in Ciro

970

Lan mthematicin andscientist is ppoined private

secretry to the mayyadcaiph AlHkim in Crdoba

980

Prince of physicins

Ibn Sin (Avicenna)is born H e wrote the

inuentil Cnon

ofMedicine.

987

Sutit l-Mhaml, amathemtician and expertwitness in courts dies in

Baghdd

999 . . ..,

Building begins of BabMrdum Mosque in Toedo,

which uses a unique formof rib vuting

Yuns dies in Cairoleving thousands

of ccurte reords,

including 40 planetaryconjunctions and 30lunr ecipses

(Seek knowledge

from the cradle

to the grave"MUSM PROVERB

Mapping the s uns position

1050

Constantine the Africn

moves from unisi toSaerno initiating te transfof slmic medicine to urop

DE CO NSRVAB O NA V ALETD l,

Lb Scho: Salritan.

DE N J. T R T , mtud;J q ifd. gn4lib

CA P Y / \ a or i

crb f ola tO•

�s_ , � n m , 1sr

q e

dct

I

3 �

r

_i

. �

·

Constantine the Aican



Te So ry of Hy n Yqzn

10The Normn Conqe ofEnglnd egin ow oflim mof nd ide

ino h conr

105The Nzmiy mdr

he r chool n Bghddi elied Nzm

lk e Seljkmnier who oined

diinghed iloohernd eologn Al-Ghl

rofeo

1085Crin ke Toledo A cener

Toedo i elihed rnlngAric ook ino in

In Bl guuereolionize rmng He i rom

Toledo Sin

1091A wn in Zh r

Aenzo orn He oneer of exermen

rge nd co-hor wn Rd (Aeroe ofn originl enccloedic

medic ex Hi wodger ecme docor

109The Crde egin

1110n T! o

of Ha n Yaqzan,i orn

112In R d (Aerroe i rnHe wroe n exenie cor

of hiloohy in which heed gncn heorien eiemolog nrl

looh nd meyicAn ccomihed ycnhe wroe e fmo reeKua a known in

Lin he ge

1099 . . ,Al-Idri on He

rodced wold mfor Normn king Roger

of Sic il

ho so eer treats people

wi thot know ledge of medicine)

becomes iable"PROP MAMMAD ARRA

B A ·B KARI AND MSIM

(

Khwazm

1143Roer of Cheer rnle

he Qn nd wok ofA-hwizm

1140Dniel of ole re o

Crdo o lern mhemcnd ronom rerning o

lece Oxford

1145i in Ah inen noeion nrmenknown e oqueum,

mecnicl dece o conereween hec

coodne yem

1154Nr Dn ngi elie

A-Nri Hoil nDmc lrgeeching hoil



. . . .

ai I a-ayari r i laga

He wre a famupharmacpeia

Saa a-i al-Ayyi

Saadi) regai JeraemHe ealied ANairi

Hpia i Cair.

Quee aia Kai r i Alepp, SyriaShe wa e daugher-i-

law Saladiad a upprer

ciece ad learig

5emple Churc i uil id y he Templar

imiaig he me fhe Rck i Jerualem

22

Leard Pia , kwa Fiacci irduceAraic umeral ad

maemaic Eurpei hi k Liber Abaci

2AlJaari cmplee

i Book oeiousMecaical evices

2I al-Na i r He waa chlar f uriprudecead dcr wh wa r dicver pulmary

circulai He wre Al-Seera al-Kamilia refuige idea f I Tuayl'

vel a ib Yaqa he ee exiece

22Rer Greee wh

udied i Crda,ecme r chacellrf Oxrd iveriy He

wa eleced ihp fLicl i

Boaical speiesb b alBaa

233I al-Quf i r A

Criia rge adaur e ciued Al-

Zarawi er develpurgery a a ciece ad

idepede medicalpecialy He wre Kiab

almda al-iraa (TeMai illars of Sure.

radiioal carpes

255Quee Elear Cailiaride f ig Edward

rig Adaluia carpe Eglad i er dwry

254Kig Alf el Saiealihe Lai ad

Araic cllege i Sevillead cmmii he

ralai Araic ex

2Rger ac plihe

Secres ofAr ad Naurpraiig iuece f

ulim clar.

25

I ai al-aaial-Halai wie icmpreheive chlarl

25 ad illuraed wrk eye dieae Al-Ka

al-Kul Te Book ofSuie Kowlede i

Mamluk luseware

amluk dyay ule Egypaer he Ayyuid ad lae

defea he glpalmolo

25

gl devaaead rule aghdad ad

cque Syia

And th lavs o f th tr

w for th haling and th

rstoration of th nationsE LE EVELAO



23h st pap mill

usi slami Spain np is stalish

in Bna

2

a l stas his a un

24Alansui Hspital in

ai is mplt aftmnhs f nstuin

b Baua

. . . . . . . 325In Batu ta lavs ani

n his a un

3

h mnal unilf Vinn is tstalish shs f

Aai an Islami stuisat nivsitis in aisOxf Blna an

Salamana

L ua

({Be auty of stye and

harmony and grae an

good rhythm depen d o

simpicity

PLA REE PHLPER

35Safin Saunlu is

n An Ottman sunh ntinu th wk f

Alahawi an n aQuf witin an inpnn

sual txtk

h qaimahb Ib Khaldu

33hmist aam

alanatih is inQaawiin unisia

332In Kh aln th "fath

f si is n

33

Gis paintin annaan hi uss a, ansf Aai insiptns

whih mak al amnsan th txtis fm t

usim w

1347

h Blak D ath ahsAlxania an aifm up

354mi hamm V uilsth Lin Fun tain a wa

pw lk in thAlhama

. . . . . . .. . . . . . 45

hn H stats his svpi sa vas fm hIn th last wn

th wl ha sn hstalish hina as a la

pw in h Inian Oauht ak xti sp

lik th iaf an wtit fm man natin



3luh Be pulihe hi

ta atal

32In ai i n in Aaia.He wa a mate naviatan i ai t have uie

Va a Gama fm SuthAfia t Inia

52

ena a Vini i nHe wa a ma ntiut the funatin f

the enaiane

(The erth i like

beutiful

bide who need no

mn-mde

jewel to heighten

her loveline" BN EBNESE WITE

2hitphe umu lan

in the New W

Ka ima Sinan i nA enwne ahiet, he

uilt ukey Seimiye anSuleymanie mque a

well as many others.

Dail o ii eiss map

53ii e i ntu the

ealiet knwn maphwin Ameia

. 53

Venie pulihe atanlatin fAl-Tasi

Aahawi Bael anOxf fw ui

ilau peni

puihe De Revoluioibusawin n the wk fNai alDin alui an

In aShati

Leado da ici



If ayo travls

o a road sarch

of koldg) Allah ll

caus hm to travl o oof th roads of Parads

PRPHE MUHAMMADARRAED AU ADARDAH

54Gaile Galilei is br

55

he st Germa aprbably urpea

bservatry is buil i Kassel

5haes Kepler is br e

rew the wr f

b aayham i hi s wrk ptis

5Istabul bsevaty f aqial-Di is fue t wl lse

a few years latr, i

Lai traslaio ofa

53

The ao f Ib Sia isprite i me a, al

with Alawi by Alaibemes a staar exi the urpea meia

rriulm

4Ewar ke i s br

e spe ve years iAlepp eari Arabi

he als traslate a baqza, a preursr t

bis ruse

Emu astell is br

e leture the use fAviea's meia wrkr mre tha years hempil a itiary fseve Asa aaes

lish astrmer

haes evelius is brI he rispiee f hisSloraphia Gask

67), he epite b aayham as symblii

kwee thru h reasa Gaile Galilei as

symblii kweethruh the seses

h Wallis is br

A rewe mahemaiiaa member he ya

Siey i L heraslate a leture the wrk f Arabi

mathematiias e iueAl-usi's wrk i is pera

Mahemaca

2

be yle, Elasms amus hemist, isbr e suh Arabi

mausripts a hathem raslae



aai asa Cbi's ok ih•

1634K hes I eqests

tht the evt mpyse hme A

mspts evey shpet t El

1633 . .: s ee esthe st me et

ve the sp s.

1642Is Newt s eept py f the t

tst f yhm's Book o pis

hs y

kse · · · . ffee t thete Km

•

664At the eqest f evels,the Ryl Sety ees ttslte the stmlmsp f lh e

fm es t Lt ts etety

656

Setst stmeEm ey s etslte A etsf Gee mthemts

esehe sevtsf Att.

1678h Geeves pshes

ppe the RylSey hsphl

Tasaios Eypts se f

le ves t hththss f he

es t tme.

The Cow-Pok" b ames illa•

1729pl mss E ssem

A wtes t thewespe pte fsmllp lt Nth Af s elete fellw

f Ryl Sety 1682 L.

M mss t Mhmme 1796

s eete fellw fthe Ryl Sety

Ew ee testslt wth p.

1721 · · ·· ·· · · · · · · •Ly My Mt tests

smllp t t, hv wtesse the

pte ey

725M mss t

L Mhmme e AAl s eete few f

the Ryl Sety L.

'nyone who wans o

be a good doco mus

be a n AicenniLD RPA M A

ad MaWole Moa





CHPR

(He is happies e he King o peasant,who nds peace in his home"

JHANN WFA N EHE GERMAN WRR

HOEON TE

OFF TR!\I FINE DNING REE-CORSE MEN

COKS CESS MSIC • CEANINESS RICK DEYI.S

VSION ND C ,ERt\S FASION AND SE \RPES

YUR HM S UR RV DMN WR U N B W U WNT T WR

the g wold stops at the font doo You home epesents who you ae t speaks you

anguage n the ktchen maye a favote coffeepot sts y the kettle unde a clock that

s esde a hol day photo taken fom last yea's vacaton Fagant smells o f fne soap and

pefume waft out of the athoom whle m usc floats up the luuously capeted stas

Read on and you wll e ntgued to d scove tha the tems menton ed aove ognated

o wee developed moe than a mllennum ago y ndustous Musms who sought to

povde geate comfots n the wold

he humle oots of you tusted camea wee n a dak oom n thcentuy Egypt and

f you ae late huedly lookng at you watch thnk aot the ?metehgh (2 feet

clocks desgned n 13thcentuy ukey wth stateoftheat engneeng technology A

man wth the ncname of the Blackd came fom eghthcentuy Baghdad to Muslm

Span ngng the etquette of theecouse meas and seasonal clothes whle chemsts

developed p efumes and chess went fom eng a wa game to hou sehold entetanment

OPOSE 16he ury ma usrip shows a radiioal Muslim oeehouse



0 1 TH O TRA I L

M ore than 1.5 billion cups of cofee are drunk

worw vry aynogh to nary 300

ymz wmmng oo I yo o not hav

a ar o o n yor thn, yo ar n a mnorty Co

a goba ntry an th on argt ommotyba

rot; ony o bat t.

Mor than 1,200 yar ago arworng o oght to tay awa

wthot th tmant nt, a th tory go a hr o ro goat an

thr wath matr an rab nam Kha ovr th m, hangng btan h goat graz on th Ethoan o, h not

thy bam vy an t atr atng a artar brry Inta o t

atng th brr, o bo thm to rat al-qahwa.

Ss Yee dran a-qahwa fo he sae ea-

sos we do toa, to sa awae elpe the

to onentrae dring late nigh Thik praers in

reebrane of Allah offee was spread to the

res of te sli wor b taelers, plgrs , and

tades, reahing ea and Tre n the late 15h

entr an Cairo in the 1th ent

t was a Trsh erhant naed Pasqa osee

who rst broght offee to England n 5, sellingit in a offeehose in eorgeard, obard Sreet,

London Eight ears later, another ofeehose

alled Sltaess Head was opened onh.

Lod's of Lodon toda a faos insane o-

pa, was orgiall a offee shop alle Edward

Llods oee Hose B 1, there were abot

5 offeehoses in London, and near , in

the whoe of gland The were nown as penn

nersities" bease o old listen ad tal with

the great ids of the da for the prie of a ofeehe onsption of ofee n rope was

largel based on the raditional sli prepara-

o o te drink is entaed oiling the te

o oee powder sgar ad waer together, wih

A oaerd erds s amals opa More a eas ao a Eopa oaerd oed soas bec ame lvel aer ea some red beres.People lae boled e same beres o make coee





0 2 IE II

e a tha a ith-etury a wth theiae "the labir or itrou

ig the oet o threeoure eal

ito Euroe Eatig habit were totally traore

whe Ziryab lae i aluia i the ith etury

a ai eal houl tart with ou ollowe by a ai

oure o h, eat or owl, a ih o with ruit a ut

Mdval Musls, lk ay hs, at ard

n sasnal nns. yal wn mas

sd vtas s as sa kal, ts, au

w, tuns, arsns arrs, ry as,

ad bans, ns, kas lvs, had

wat, an nus Ths w sally an wh

at shs. Dssrts usaly nssd dd

rts suh as s, dats, rasns, an rns h

rus w aman by rnks ad r

syus vlt, asn, al, mdnal ss

ru asls, nd us

y ntrast t smr dt nssd

tys rn bans, radss, lus hry,

aubrns, arts, umbrs, hrkns, watr-

rss, arw, urtts, and r T at

amanyn ths was manly try, sh,

ad b. Dssrts nludd rs su as ln,

lm, uns ntarns, lrs, hrs,

ls, as, as, anats watr-

ln, as als and ydw l rns

wr a r syrus ad rsrvs

astlls, n, s asmn, nr, and nnl.

Ths ban d was rsntd n a abl

lth, th n whh was sad n Anda

lusa by Zab as ad th avy al

dnkn bls and d us sd n t dnn

tas t Crdban urt t dla rystal

n mst uran asrat rs, th

dand Asan rs ad ss nrasd

al Surs rm h hrnls th n Avnn n th 14th ntury tll us that shs

ru bh ams, svs , an

sal r man aks, s nsa-

ry laxatvs Qn Chstna Dnar t

ar t lw h Musl t and mrtd

hr dts an rus Sn Dnmar ld

sty suy as ad y, t s rhas

d r u" t nsdr th rn

ansh astrs

Crystal was dvl n Andalusa d th nnty ant Musm, 'Abas n

Frnas, wh dd n n hs xrnts

anuard lass rm sand and sn,

stablshn a rysa nustry basd n rks

n nrth adajs Mst h Anda

san rk rystal s tat hav survvd

ar nd n Euran hrhs and nas

rs, th s as an hm n a

O A rock cra ewer rom e aimid period i

airo p dae rom e e or ee ve ce-tr. Ziab bro ca o e di er abe i ei cer, aer Abbas ib Fia irodced io AAda, te Arabic ame i ve o e beriaeisa dri Mim re.



{{Co maks us svrand grav

and philosophical

JOA I RIS RER

spheral bottle urrent n the Astoga

atheral pan It bears vegetal paterns an

a Kuf nsrpton he oon eoratve

eleents on rok rstal pees

As well as ntoung rstal a was use

fo rnkng glasses, 'Aas bn Frnas was he

sae an who use glass n a ost ngenous

wa to onstrut a planetaru, supplng t wth

arta ous, thuner, an lghtnng Natural

ths astoune the nnthenr publ.

sl poters then ntroue the art of st

sh nng wth a varet of eras an glazes

laga an Valena were ajor enters of the

nustr, an usls revolutonze the prou-

ton an eoraton of potter through ther use

of luster gaze whh ou an rea ore abou n

the ote seton of he arket hapter

oth Valenan an aagan po ters expore

ther wares to hrstanpopulae regons ke

nothern pan an southern Frane an as far

east as Ital ere, alagan potters were thought

to have la he fonaons o the aos aol-

a ware whh wet on to onate the talan

ea nust

Next te ou have a eal ook at the era

s an glasses Are the pates ae of ne

earthenware wth esgns hat look lke peous

eals? Are the gasses elate hng o

gentl tap he?

A 1 6th-cet ur mauscript rom elib olulu MustaaAlis book Nsraam shows a baque t ive bcommaderi -chie Lala Mu staa asha s eated at thehead o the table to leadi ditaries o the arm imit ei ther side o the commader are ocers whoparticipated i the campai he soldiers are eati avariet o dishes served b servats ca rri pitchers orose water. Cutle ad apkis cover the diers laps.

" H E B LAC B D

u - H n Al i in n iknmd Ziry B ki rd, u o i mlodiou vond drk omplxion . A mu iin nd hon dignr, h m rom rq n h ni h nury o

Crdo, And u , on o h lding uurl nr o Mu im ivi l izion Hr h ion in

ig, iqu , oh, n d mu h hv ld uni l ody Bu o hi im p, you n rd

mo ou h im i mny ion o h hpr.

Th B lk ird m h ormo rdr o im. Hi grd n i nviion

o Moori h Sp in , hr rvd lry o goldn di r in ddi ion o mny priv lg

Wih h im, h rough n iqu, ooking, hi on, nd vn oohp.



03 THREE-COURSE MENU

Fom an anonymous Andalusian cookbook of the 13th centu

Translated by Charles Pe

• Starters: Meat Soup with Cabbage

ake meat and cut it up as ne as possibe Take

ripe cheese the best ou can otain, ct it up and

throw on it an onion pounded wth coriander

Take tender ees" of cabbage bol then pond

them with all o that in a wooden mortar, and

throw them in the pot after oiling once or twiceAdd some mui, a ttle vinegar and some pepper

and carawa. Cover the contents of the ot wth

dogh [o sourdogh and cove with eggs.

• Main meal:Mirkas with Fresh Che ese

ake some meat, carefull pounded as described

earier Add fresh cheese that is not too soft lest

it should fall apart, and haf a piece of diced meat

and some eggs or it is what hods it togethe

along wth pepper cloves, and d corianderSqueeze on t some mnt ce and coriande

ice Beat it al and use it to stuf the innads,

which are tied with threads in the usual wa

Next, fry it in fesh oi , and eat it in nibbles with-

out sauce or however o like

Main meal: Roast in a Tajine

Take an entre side o a oung,

ump kid and place it in a large

tajine [earthenware cooking dish

with a lid sill used in North Afrca

toda]; put it in the oven and leave it there

until the top is browned Take it ot urn itand put it n the oven a second time until it is

bowned on both sides Take it ot and spinkle

it with salt ground pepper and cinnamon This

is extremel good and is the most notale roast

that exists, because the fat and moisture sta in

he bottom of the pan and nothing is lost in the

re as in the roast on a spi or he roast in a tan-

nu [cla oven

• Main mea Fish ThardPound pieces o a big sh wel and add egg whie

peppe, cinnamon enough of al the spices, and

a little eavening east Beat them until all is

well mixed. Take a pot and put in it a spoonu

o viegar two of clantro juice, one ad a half

of onion jce one of mrr naqi' [e ye of

barle or], sices, avourings, pine s, six

spoonfuls o oil and enoug sal t and water, and

put it ove a moderate re When t has boiled

seveal times, make the pounded [sh] meat intothe form of a :sh and nset into its interior one

or two boied eggs, and put it carefull ito the

sauce while is oling. Cut te emaider into

good meatballs; take boiled egg olks ad coak

them with that meat also Throw all ta i e ot

and when all is done, ae the sh from the po

and the meatcloaked olks, and fr them i a fr

ing pan until browned hen cover the cotents



o he po ih six eggs ponded almonds and

breadrms and do he po ih yoks

• Man ma oast Chckns

Take young fa hikens lean and boil hem in

a po ih ae sal and sp es Take hem o of

he po and pou he bro h e fa a dis

and add o i ha has been said for he roas oer

oals. ub ha oo he boiled hiken arrange

on a spi and urn i oer a moderae e ih

a oninuous moemen and base i onsaly

uni i is eady and broned; e sprinkle i wih

ha remains of he saue and sere ases

ier han liesok mea and is more uniorm

Oe ids may be roased e exa same ay

• Swt Thara o th Emr

Knead hie our ell ih aer a lile oil and

leaening yeas making four hn ghfs a-

bread roled ou deidedly hie han a pia

ike a hn panake Fry hem in a rying panih muh fresh oi unil hey bon

a lle Take hem ou of he oil and

pound hem el From he res

o he dough mae le hollo

hings on he paern of -

bn heese pie] and make op

russ for hem Fry hem in fresh

I

ol making sure hey say he and do o ur

bro fry he op uss oo Then ake peeled

psaos almonds and pineus and suien

suga pound hem oasely spie hem and

knead hem ih sharp roseaer and mx ih

ground ghfs and sir uil ompleely mixed

Fil he hollo dumplings prepared earlier ih

a mx and pu on he oes and proeed

oden ha hey ill no be oerdone Arrange

hem on a dsh and pu beeen hem he res of

he lling and sprinkle hem ih sharp osea-

e uil he dish is ull pinle wi pleny o

groud sugar and presen i And f some syrup

of hikened honeyed roseaer syrup is dripped

on i i ill be good God illing

• Dnk Syrup o omranats

Take a l gams approximaely] of sour

pomegranaes and anoher of see pomegran-

aes and add hei e o o ls o sugar ook

al hs nl i eaes e onsseny o syrp

and se i aside ui needed Is enes i is use-

fu in ases o f feers us he hirs aleiaes bil-

ious feer and lighens he body genly



N N N S : H N D U R N G LEG1\CY M S M C V / N

0 4 LOCK

hat ever we o, wh hoe rea, or ear,te wl alway go o wth or wthout uhethe r t a eaato we rea tag

a ortat tervew or a brthay there wl be a te

whe the atty beg a e

ro he r unl, people he wne o

recor e ow we he len, gl e-

pece well he ckock of oer clock.

Ther nceor were he rprop of he clep-

r n o wer clock. The clepr, ple

e ke wh on h eure wer

owng ou of ll pou ner he be, w

e n gp beore 1

Anoher ncen wer ng ece fro

n n clle ghtintr co of

l, hephecl bowl (e of copper or

coconu wh ll hole n be Fo e

n lrger po of wer, he bow woul gru

ll n hen reche he boo,

n uble hu lere he ekeeper, who

woul re p o r he proce gn. Th

bece er populr n uh n nu

eple, n ler w wel ue n Inn

Ml oue

Our or begn wh 13hcenur wer

clock n n ngenou n ce AlJzr

fro Drbkr n ouhe rke e w

pou Mul n hghl klle engneer who

ge rh o he concep o uoc chne

e w npre he hor o f chne n

he echnolog of h preeceor, rculrl

ncen G reek n Inn cenc nenon

O Te isory of meaial loks iludes mayimepiees oeived i e Muslim world from e 1e o BOOM, FROM F maes depi e

evoluio of measuri imeom sudials lepsydrasad waer loks o wei-drive radfaer loksad odays diial waes



By tim

sury mankind is n oss

xcpt for thos

who hav bivdand don usu dds

and advisd ach othr

to truth

and advisd ach othr

to patinc

QUA (3

By 26 AlJazari a ae ueros

clocks of al saes a sies ie e as

orkig fo e Aru kigs of Diyarakir

Tekig Nasir alDi sai o i You ave

ae eeless evices a og sreg

ave roug e for as rks; so o o

lose a you ave earie youself a

ave laily cosruce is yo o coose

for e a ook ic asseles a you ave

creae searaely, a rigs ogeer a selec-io o f iiviual ies a icures"

Contro l led S i nk in gof Peroate Bowl

An India ghaayan thebowl lls with water t s ks to te

bottom of te tank ae a peset timeteva , ependig o the wegt

ad size of the bowl a sze o thehoe. As it its the botto, t makes atud a alerts te tiekeepe wo

ls it to stat the pocess agan

Te oucoe of is royal urgg as a ou-

saig ook o egieerig calle Th

f nwlg f ngnu s Mhanca l cs

Tis ook ecae a ivalale resource fo

eole of ifere egieeg ackgros,

as i esce 5 ecaica evices i six ca

egories icluig aer clocks.

Jus as e ee o ko ie oay so

i sis ore a years ago, a Al-

Jaari as keeg o a sli raiio of

clock akig sls e a ie cou

o e soe, a e ae aays losig a

a i as iora o o e ie o se i

ell oig goo ees uslis also eee o

ko e o ray a e rig ies eac a.osues a o ko e ie so ey coul

aouce e cal o rayer Iora aua

eves suc as e o fas i aaa e

erae E or go o ilgriage o ecca also

a o e aciae

is srao ea a e eeless

evces" o ic g asr alDi efere

icle e Eea loc As e as ellg

e ie, is gra clock as a syol of saus,

graeur a eal i also icooae ers ooics i ovig ieeig gures







0 0 N V N T O N S : T N U R N G ./Y O ' l M L Z A N

o s E

S a r ro h ho ool o a ooorbah hangng abov gahrng row a ol

roh low ovr arb hboar In Chna

hboar ar la o n h ar a hy ar n Cnral

Par Nw Yor Ch a ga of nal oba lay by o naon

al on 64 ar wh 32 D z an nang aar

an h nbr of obl ga ha an b lay byon ounng

e sies ures and dividuals srrund-

i cess ive a seis desi an

is denie riins reain unknn cae

r eier India r Persia In e 14 cenur

b Kadun cnecs cess an ndia aed

Sassa ibn Dair an enen an isd

ere as an ancie Indan ae caled

hng ic eas avin u lbs

rbab reerrin e ur brances e

Indian ar eleans rseen cars and

ina aurana as n exac cess b a

recursr e cess da

A 14cen Persian anuscri describes

an Inan abassadr bru cess e

ersa cur r ee as aken Eue

b Arabs i edieva Sai

Bere i reaced Eure e Persians di-

ed e ae n hng usi i n er

a aes Aabs cae i cac cess

r Sh as i as en called in Persia and

absrbed i eir culre

A a ie e la ieces ere Shh e

kin; Fizn a enera becae e ueen in

der ies Fil as an elean a becae

e bis Fs as e se; Rh as a car-

i a is n e case rk and idq as

e sldier r an

e ae as ve uar i e eeal

ublic as ell as e nbili and e Abbasid

calis arcular lved i Te rea asers

u ere AlSui Alazi AlAadani and bn

alNadi In e id cenur ussian rand

aser Yuri Averbak aed an asnisi ve

in e is cainsi aes ic e n

an u is be an inenus ne idea

bu i as aca devsed re an a usand

ears a b AlSul

Arab rand asers re cius abu

cess is las ad is saeies and ese

sea al ver e usl ld Tere ere

A illus raio shows a Mu slim ad Chisia lai chss i a from Ki Alfoso X's 1h-curyibr dl d



F Abu Bakr al-Suli Mhb b l-Shrjdepit a earl tet-et e table mi iaturee Arabi read e blak i wii ad it i i tuto pla Solar are ot ure weter ti wa a ametrou orrepodee or a itrutio maual o owto pla N ND Kempe le r Mulimrobot of 769 ad a e mater iide te abiet, woplaed killfull ad beat oter mater plaer of te da

books on hess hso, openns endns, and

pobles. B f h Exml f r n

h Gm f hss, wen aond 137, nto-

dued the hess ae he lnd Abbess and

e ns" o he s te

The whlwnd ab, a ea usan and

tendsete bouht hess o Andalsa n he

eal nnth ent The wod hekae s e-

san n on and a oupton of Shhm, ean-

n the n s defeaed"

Fo Andalsa, the ae spead aon

hsan Spanads and the Mozaabs, and

eahed nohen Span as a as the enees,

ossn the ontans nto souhen Fane Thest Eopean eods o ento hess o ba

to 15, when the wll o ouness essnd of

aeona donated he stal hess pees o St

Gles onaste at es A oupe of eas lae

adnal aan o Osa wote to ope Geo

un h to ban the a of the ndels"

o speadn aon he le

hess was also aed va he tade oues

fo enta Asa to the souhen seppes o eal

ssa Seventh and ehthentu esan

hess pees have been found n Saakand and

ahana 1, hess had spead even fathe

on the kn tade outes as he kns aed

t bak to Sandnava Those tade outes eant

tha b the h entu, hess had ade s wa

as fa as Ieand, and an Ieland saa wtten n

5 talks of the Dansh kn, Knut he Geat, pla-

n the ae n 7 he 14th entur, hess was wdel known n

ope and Kn Alfonso X known as the Wse,"

had podued the k f hss n Ohr Gams

n the 3th entu Fo the last eh entes,

hess has one fo stenth to senth, podu-

n a ew funn stoes alon he wa, suh as the

obot hess ase of 1769

naan Wolfan de Kepelen deded

to ve a t to hs ueen, Epess Maa he

esa, who was a hess fanat e ave he a obotahne aled the Ion Musl late enaed

Ottoan k whh plaed hess sklll

beat hhanked plaes of the da nsde, al

aped up, was a hess ase People taveled

les to avel at the tbanwean obot In

at, 5 sepaate hess plaes nhabed t fo 5

eas, n he se o an Ooan obot T.



�

48 0 0 N N N N N M U S M N

o 6

u e e uue pepe a aue Lkeagage eae u mmuae 20

eu a a ge k a mu e a e

e a -eu Mum e Me E a? Te e a paua A-K ue mua a e em

g mu Te a ame e e a mua ae ae ea ee ae ma Tee ae make up e a ae mua We ae a ama w e m a a Te Aa apae

ee e a a mm a a am Te pe ma eeea ae a e Aa apae ue e eu kg

Abut yeas at lKnd AFaab dvl

d th rbbh an anst t vln amly

ad qnn, a tabl the. e wt v bks n

mus but Th Grt Bk f Mus n th they

mus was hs masee n h t tuy

t was tasatd t ebw and then t Latn

e nun AFaab and hs bk ntnud

u th 6h etuy

vn musans meants ad tavelesa d Aab mus n s way t ue

ad hs hled t sha th ulua and as

e Sa and Ptual ude th S yeas

Muslm u. On th alest xamls ths

s und n he llt ntgs Snt

Arabs wh thy cam to Euop

th bi o th hth c

tury wr m r advacd th

cutvt of musc i th co

structio of musca stumts

tha wr Europa at s thus

oy ca th r astoud musicaiuc b acco utd for.

CARL ENG, 20TH-NURY ISO F M

Mr Cmsd aund un th des

lns X ab kn Castlla and an

hs lltn ssts 4 us sns

abu he Vn May

Many ndvduas als layd a at n thseadn nw mus nt Eu Aea-

ble nun l s wh ne man yab knwn as

te Bakbd" beause hs mldus ve

O A 8h-e u mausip o musialomposiio ad hhm shows a aa o ui a,fom am amaama b Kama i Khidi Aa.OOM Tadiioal musiias pefom i Mooo



Two msicians a dpid in Alfonso Xs hnaas e Saa Maa.

n k plxn s f pup f

nn h usn bu hs ln n

xlln n us sl vrk hs h's

s h lph nv h Anus

rb sl n h u f b n 822

hh s un h lph Ab hn

h sn f h U ph rb fun

psp n nn f hs bn

h ur nr n h nhl slr f 200

ln ns n n n pvs

s plshns n nlun

sblshn h l's s nsv n

b hn hn n psn

nun h Ab lu l-u up

n n h ffh bss sn pl-

n h n pu h ull f

f vulu n nn us h

pl b sn f l n hh-

l ps

n ss h Fnh 20hnur hs

n s Af h vl f hs nl

[rb] n f plsu n luxuus lf

bl huh b An sph ll

h pr n xus lh suun

b h ps hs sns nh n h

pn svns h pl h u

v hs n unpn vu

M I LI A Y M U S I C A L B A N D S

e Ottoman State was te rst Ero

Asian state to ae a permaent militay

msial bad Foded in 2 te amosM eterae mi ltay band oowed te s lta

on is expeditos t wold a rrie in te mid

dl e o battles to rose te s pirit o te sol diers

wi le a lso terring te eemy Te an ssay,

an eite army aso ad a bad o six to nie

members wt nstrments l i e dr ms (za)larinets, trangles ymbals (z) ad ette

d rms o war k and aqqaa) Tese were

arried on te bas o am els .

ropeans met te Jan issay bands n peae

ad war O n arios am bassadorial reeptosit beame asioable to ae Ottoman-r

is instrmets, te Trerie" aso, n

E rope e J anissaes were deeated a t te

gates o Viena i n 83 and e bend ter

msal instrments s was a eet tat

ed o te rse o ropean mi l itary bands. Ee

Napoeo onapartes Fre mil itary bans

were eqipped wit Otoma war msa

instrmets s as zi l ad te ettledrms

t is sa d tat Na poeos sess i te battle

o Astertz (805 was d e i p art to te psyologal im pat o te noise o i s anares

A jassa ad oft Ottoma tat

HOME



01 I N V E T O S : H E. N D U R G 1\CY O F M J v L Z A O

07 CLEANLINESS

Medieva times are often magined as smelly dark, rough and

uncean. In the tenthcentury Islamc world though the hygiene

practces and products ound n bathroom cabinets coud com-

pete wth those we have today.

Cleanliness is vial in Isla wih abluins knwn

as wudhu ared u bee praers In he 13h en

ur ere was an usanding ehanial engineer

alled AlJaari wh wre a bk alled Th Bk

f Knwldg f Ingnius Mhnil Dvis,inluding rbi wudhu ahines One elabrae

ahine, resebling a pea wuld be brugh

eah gues wh wud ap he peak's head

ake waer pur in eigh shr spurs, pvid

ing jus enugh fr abluin e ahies uld

eve had u a we

uslis ade sap b ixing i (usual lve

il) wih lqli (a sallike subsane) Arding

anusrips, his was biled ahieve he righ

nsisen, lef harden and used in he hm-mms r bahhuses

Allah i Beauiful and

He love beauy."

OPHE MUMMAD

NAAED BY MULIM (NO. 13)

edieval uslis als wen grea lenghs

wih heir appearane One exper was AlZahraw

a aus phsian and surgen abu wh

u an ead re in he spial haper e

nluded i hs eda b aled AlTsriF a

hape deved peel ses alled

T Mdiins Buty

e desribed he are and beauan f

hair and skin eh whenig, and gu srengh-

eng, all wihin he daries sla e

' Jtj,\I'J.

v�·w .f,_ l

-,

yt!I. O,;1_

jL_- �II,�� I

\wW·t _� (,IJ pjlt�I

�,!)l '/ .�

-�·L,J ._\ 1

·.uL)(";,_ iJ1\{�JY -·

-'jl

) .1_-'V: 1_!,»;J•-._C�J'"

,u

i .

·

�

..vuJ•

)

A iusraio rom a mausrip sows A-Jazari's

wudh, or wasi, maci

nlded nasal spras hwashes, and hand

reas, and alked f perfued siks, rlled and

pressed in speial lds, a i like da's rll

dedrans He als naed edaed sis

like haireving sis, as wel as hai es ha

urned bnd hai blak ad lns fr saigh

ening knk r url hai Te benes f suna

lins wee als disussed as were hei ngrei-

ens all aazing nsidering his was a hsan

ears ag





Bow l

P l ug A

o 8 TRI CK D EVI CES

Maybe you can hear the click-clack of the meal ballsswinging on wires as they knock each other rhyth

mically whle you ddle with a Rubik's Cube. Games and

puzzles, whether for business or leisue are a source of fascinaton to many.

Tis sense of human enjoyment was captured by

three brothers in the inth century. Muhammad

ibn Musa ib Shakir Ahmed ibn Musa ib Shair

ad AlHasan ibn Musa bn Shakir were known

as the Banu Musa bothers. hey were part of the

famous House of Wsdom the intellectua acad-

emy of Baghdad in the ninth centuy, wich you

can read more about in he School chapter. As well

as being great mathematicias and anslators of

Greek scientic treatises they also ivened fabu

lous trick devices which some would say are a

precursor to executive toys he brothers ed thei

peers' obsessin by designing and making tric

iventions, nd their Book of Ingenious Devices

ists more than a hundred of them These were the

beginnings o mechanical echnoogy.

Lke toys today, they had tte practical func

ion but these 1100yearold mechanisms dis

payed amazing cratsmansp and knowledge

A drawing explains the Banu Musa bothes'

ninth-cntuy Dinking Bull" obot.

Many of the mechanisms ivolved water fake

animals, and sounds Fo exampe the drnkng

bull made a sound of conentmet whe i n

ished as if ts thrst had been satsed I did this

using a seres of lling chambers, ats, vac

ums and pugs.

See if you can olow the Banu Musa brothers'

hinking on the dagram beow

nitially water comes from the tap nto com

partment A and then i is closed off he bowl

is then lled with water, oo. he oat m (seen

in the diagram opposite) rses wih the leve of

water puling the plug out of the valve Waer

drains from compatment A into compartment

B Float B rises with the water pushing up plug

B and alowing water o ow beween the two

compartmens When the air n compartment B

s uly evacaed a vacuum foms n compart

ment A since no air is alowed to ow ito it

Water from the bowl is then drawn though the

ppe and ino A. Once all the water is gone from

he bowl, air is sucked in so it appears that the

ip

Ch

T'P

1

;

:

-

�:,'"me< A/

�lu

FoatCompartmnt BCompartment C



bul akn a oun o onenen Sne no

wae le n he bowl o keep he plu aoa,

a parular plu loe o only plu B

open o epy oparen A Coparen B

epe va a all hole bewee B an C. Ar

allowe o ow reely ro a hole on he e o

opaen C

Hy oplex an nben h

have kep people enhralle or hour

Anoher o he Banu Mua broher rk

eve wa a ak w wo pou Deren-

olore lu were poure no ea pou bu

when wa e o por he won" olor ae

ou o he wron pou. ke e aan wo

an ake orane jue oe ou o h elow e

broer a an even beer an pler nr-

ae ean up er leeve

ha hey a one wa o ve e ar o

wo veraly, wh ea eon oay eparae

ro e oher u ae no he rh e o

H e a d(C o mpartment A )

C o pa tent A

Pipe (B to A)

T I C K D f V C E S

jk is n t a thing but a prcss,

a trick yu pay n th istnrs

mind. Yu start h im tward

a pausib ga and thn by

a suddn twis t yu and him

nwhr at a rjust whr

h didnt xpct t g."

MAX AMN MA W

he rh unne an no e le e by e le n-

ne, bu ol no eave wa Inea anoer

ppe ha been nee or he ouow. O oure,

people oervn ol no ee any o h, an

alhoh wa pe e k ll a pa

an aae e e broher anao or

un ao ove no enn ounan ae a

look a he Fona eon n e own aper.

e a ( C o m a t e t B )

C o ptet B

Pipe (A to B)

D i v s i o

A usrao shows h sd o h Bau Musa brohrs' am Fask wh Two Spou s" Th dv a mad ahos who obsrvd h rk dvopd b h vv brohrs



1 0 E : D U R G F M M Z

o g IIO A AMERA

a yu eve we w we ee? D yu t tat yu utyu eye a yu u t ee aye te e u ee yu?me aet Gee a a e ta veta ea gt

a we a te t uetag t te tw ma tee

h rs ainaind ha as a ou ro our

s, a b l lasr no og oda ad s

as wr o b h os n our son. So,

sigh was arrd ou hrog h on o

ras rom h o h oj

h sond ida said ha w s baus

sohing is nring or ha rprsns

h obj Arisol aln and hir olowrs

blid in s odl bu hr oris wr

spuaion and no bakd up b xpimns.

innr polma AKindi rs lad down

h oundaions o odrnda ops sion-

ing h r hois o ision. said ha how

w s our isual on, is no ormd o disr

ras as Eulid had said bu appard as a olu

in hr dnsions, o oninuous radiaions

Sinhnur Ialian phsiian ad ah-

maiian ronimo Cardano sad AlKndi

was on o h w gan nds o hsor"

baus h disussd sigh wih and whou a

mrro how ig ras am n a sag n, and

ff o dsan and ag on sghind-

ing opial llusions AlKindi wro wo ass

o goral and phsiologial opis whih

w usd b English sholar ogr aon

ad ran psiis ilo during h 13h

nu Aordng o Sbasian Vogl, a 20h-

n ansh shoa, ogr aon no rl

ound alKindi on o h masrs o psp-

i u in s own pca h and ors in

his ld rrd rpadl o alKnds ops"

h usionng orginall bgn b AlKindi

was bui upon b Alasan bn alaham

in nh n who na xpland

a ision was ad possib bas o h

aon o lg ras Disinguishd 20-

nur sin hisorian org Saron said

ha h lap orward ad in opial sin

was du o Ibn alahas work whih sin-

all xplaind muh o wha w know oda

aou opis.

Te a atom of te ee b 1t-cetur Kama a-Dia-arisi is based o b a-ata ms ideas eArabic tt refers to te roe of te brai i iterpretite imae o te retia of te e



fat a tthtury py b Sal

fro Bagdad, had workd o lght frato

by l bfor b alatha although w

a ot ur that b alaha kw of b

Sahl work Alaa b alHaya, uualyalld jut b a Haytha ad alo kow th

a Alhaz arrd ou tulou xp

a thoua ya ago wh abl

to pov th xplaato a vo

wa ad by lght rtg off a obj a

trg t y Alaz wa rt o otaly

rjt t or of th G rk

Ibn aaytham was thgratst Musim physic ist and

studnt o optics o a tims

Whthr it b in Engand or ar away

Prsia a drank rom th sam

ou ntain xrtd a grat

inunc on Europan thought

rom Bacon to Kpr

GG A I HI HRY CENCE

Bo Bara ra h ovd o Egypt o th

vtato of t rulr o hp rdu

of t l' oodg ad wa to o

b t aaal" appoah of uld ad

Ptolmy wt phya" prpl favor by

atual ploophr b alaa ad h

kowldg of opt dad a obato of

phya a athatal tudy "H wa ao a aaa, atroor py

a, ad ht bu t h Bk f Opt

that ha ford th foudato for t

of opt Gally kow a Magnum Opu t

dud th atur of ght th phyology ad

ha of ght th trutur ad aatoy of

th y rto ad rfrato, a atopt.

H O M F. : S N C!M U\S

is roispiece is rom e 7 Lai ediio o k Optis b Alae e Weser ame or Al-aab alaam

b alayha alo tud l, xpr

tg wth dffrt o: at phra,

paabol, yldral oav ad ovx

alo tatd th y a a dopr y by

appyg t gory of fato o t. H b l-

laty vtgad th phoo of ato-p frato, aulatg th g of th

aoph to b 16 klo (1 l ) h

opa wl wt od aut of

t topop th owt lay of th ao-

p wh au 1 kot ( l)

b alHaha ud xptal vd

to hk o Th wa uuual for

t bau phy ad utl b or

lk phoophy, whout xpt. wa t

t o trodu xpal vd a arur fo aptg a thory, ad h Bk

f O wa atualy a rtu of Ptoly

book Almag A touad ya latr h book

of opt tll uotd by pofor tag

ra tu to b faual So

tora blv tat Sl aw, op, atu-

aly o fro th wok of b Sah







1 01 I N V E T I O S : T - l [ D R (} . G \C Y O F M L I M C I I I Z A I

1 0 FAIO SYLE

asos ome a go bu goo ase ee goes ou o se o imay o be suisig o ou a may ese E oea sesa ieas o essig aie 200 eas ago we a was a o

e samc wo

iyab, th sian and utt ahr, as

as a trndstr and styl in in nintntury

Crdba Spai. bruh ih h all th ash-

in ahdad as th Paris r N Yrk its day

ad yu av this inux idas r ahdad

t Crdba, s h bruht ih hi tpas andddrant, and shr hair his is h thin Cr-

dba ad strt lihtin sa rks runnin

ar, sad autr Jasn bst abut iryab

hn spakin ih ah Oaar n th Cs

An slamc Hso ofEuope

ahdad, in Ira, as a at ultura and int-

lual nr th slai rd, r hr

iryab als bruh n tabar n sartria

asins, and vn th as hss and pl

as rnd as an lti an ith dast and hs na as nntd h lan

th his rnd and uxurius ays, h dnd th

urt h alps hil avra Crdban

Bos of oh r am of oors

iitatd his hairstyl n sht lk, and

njyd h lathr urnitur h brut Spain.

nri Trrass, th rn hstian, said

1,200 yars atr iyab ntrdud intr

and sur dsss sttin xatly th dats

hn ah ashin as t b rn als addddrsss ha sasn r ntrvals btn sa-

sns Truh hi, luxurius drsss h Or

nt r inrdud in Spain Undr his nun

a ashin indust as s up pdu lrd

sripd abri and as tansparnt abri,

hh is still und in M tday

yabs ahivnts aind h t rspt

sussv nratins, vn p t h prs

n da n t Musli ld, thr s nt a snl

untr tat ds nt hav a srt a htl, a lub,r a a nad atr hi n th s shlars

and usians still pay hm trbut

Muslis spa ly in Andalusia, dvlpd a

sphisiatd listyl pattrn a a basd n

sasnal inns T hi t a pariuar



food ad ear cera ype of cloh ad

aera a crucal prod coor ad

elle I clo er er coe

ere ade eealy fro ar coo or ool

e uually dark coor Suer coue

ere ade of lh aera uch a coo, k

ad ax ha cae lh ad rlla color

fro local dye ork

{Bauty f sty and harmny

and grac and gd rhythm

dpnd n simpici ty

A, GREE HIHER

Adalua ul ere alo her o a

uer of oakaed dure deeloped y

he oa clud he ak of corkoed

oe hey eed ad dered he prodc-

o echue ad corkoled hoe ecae de-

pread he couy, ad a aple of e expor

rade he hoe a caed quq, e pural aqaq

hch ueey rered o ala he

for acqu he ara ho ade he produc

a a qaaq Suc a ara a Adullah, a Suyc ada aker of Selle eoed y I

Ara Ara of h rade had l uarer

called qaaqn o arau raada

o edeal u rer AlSaa ad

I Adu, prode deaed peccao o

I O .V U F ,\ S H O N A N D ST

A early 1h-ceuy mauscrip ild Abum f eSu Ahme by Kaladar asha depics ypical

csumes f he ime

he ak o coroled hoe, oaly ha he

leaher ched o e ack old o e kpy

ad ha leaher uld e e o leaher h o

ller ered eee. Soe hoeaker pu

ad elo he heel o ae hher cau

o reak e or e ore ophcaed yle

ad eod ere he adoped y hra

afer he coue of Adalu

So he ex e you are ou hopp for helae faho facy deer hop, ree-

er he hh eel o f a houad year ao he

you ry o a lh par of er rouer or a

dre reeer rya, he lackrd" fro

1200 year ao, ecaue h a he e uc

dea ere y fro Spa, Sc ly, ad he d

de Ea o hra Europe



6 0 I N V F N T O S : T H F � D U R I N ) f G \C Y OF MUSl . Lv\ C l / .\r i O

1 1 RPE

ae ee mae ong beoe am b he eon be oAaba Pea a n Anaoa The e ae a en heenghem om an om oo oeng ong gea om o o

he ho eho a an ong a an o em h a ba ne bag, an ae

For slis, arps a hld in spal s

ad adrd fo bing pa o Paradis Inspd

his and nw inurs for annng and xis

h dlopd boh h dsign and waing h-

niu, so ha r arps a in wondrful ol-

ors A nisian sinis alld Ibn adis in h h

nur arrid ou pionring work on inks and

h oloring of ds and iurs o produ his

S fte Sce

As wll as oloru s arps wr

rnownd for hir ua and r go-

ri parns of sas, oagons, riangls and

ross all arrangd arond a arg nral

dalion Arabsu and oral parns lld

h aas aound hs shaps, pulling h all

oghr wih a sns of uni

n urop arps augh on uik and

ba sas sbols ngland's Kng Hnr

VII ruld 0947 s known o ha ownd

or han 400 usi arps and a porraad of hi n 7 shows hi sanding on a Turk-

ish arp wh is Uhk sar. usi dsigns also

dora his rob and urans.

u h aris English ona wih usi

arps was whn h grandson of illia h

onor, who lid in Abb of lun, ga

a arp o a English hr in h 2h nu

A his sa i usli gograp and phi-

losophr Aldrisi said ha wooln arps wr

arpes are draped ov er camels o lo jores o addsome c omfor for e rider Te also serve as saddle bas for sori provisios.



Muslim arpes are kow for heir rih olors adeomeri paers

prouce n Chchll n Murc boh now n

Spn, were expore l over he wor

Pnngs e n he le eevl pero

show us how n where crpes were use n whpeople hough o he In 14h n 5hcenu

Europe he were rs use n Chrsn relgous

pgs he 1h cenu sw ecorve crpes

coverng bleops n her bses Cupbo n

wnow crpes lso e n ppernce.

Begn ss were lso spe Vn Ecks

pnng rgn Chl w S onn,

S Geoge, n Cnon Vn er Pele," whch e

pne n 1436 Bruges , shows he Vrg Mr

see on crpe wh geoerc shpes lcrcles, rwn roun rosees cobne wh loz-

eges n eghpone sr os

Mus crpes were so hghl prze h

Vcor Albe Museu publcon uoes

chper n 16hcenu Hus Vygs whch

lks o pn o po Persn cpe kers no

Engln. ss n Pers o shl n crpes o

CAI' S

n Pria you ha nd carpt .

th bt o th word.

AD AKLUT W

course hrue wool, he bes o he worl, n

excellel coloure hose ces n owns ou

us repr o ou us use ens o ern

ll he orer o he eng o hose hrus whch

re so e s neher rn we, nor e vnegr

c sn beoe ou reurn ou coul procure

sngul goo workn n he r o urksh cr-

pe kng ou shoul brng he r o he el

n lso hereb ncrese work o our cop

Beses he Oon/uksh crpe, no oher

crpe reche he sus n populr o he Per

sn crpe, whch bece se enerprse n he

Svs regn hese rulers evelope re rel-

os wh Europe ner Shh Abbs I (1581629

her expor n he slk re bece he n

souces o ncoe n welh o he Sv se.

Crpe kng ws huge usr n n

ucrers receve orers ro cross Europe.

Persn crsen ro brz Kshn, shn,

n Kern prouce eezzlng n es-

erzng esgns

Bu b he erl 19h cen e crpe nsr

se o eclne pr ue o hsorcl evens n

concs whch los Pers s sl secr,

bu lso becuse Eropens h begun nuc-

urg her own crpes he 8h cenu

he rs proucon o e Musl crpes

n Europe ws une ngls prons he ol

Soce o Ars prooe he esblshe o

successul crpe nucurg o he Prncpleo uksh Crpes hrogh subses n wrs

Bewee 15 n 59 he soce gve £150 s

wrs or he bes e urksh crpes

o he e o he g crpe o Al

ln connues n s sores, n

Berber crpes ro Noh Arc re once gn

ncresng n populry







0 1 SCHOOL

te spening o omatve yeas in soos e ave avoite tea-es ate sets an a ag o memoies om sots ays to

it exams O ives ae moe y timetaes nti nay e

emege it a ea o some kin o knoege

In Muslim countries a thousand ears ago the

scool was te mosque Tere was lttle distinc-

tion etween religion and knowlege as the

mosque was both the place of prae and the

place of earning Subjects ncluded science so

religion and science sat side b side comfot-

abl which has not alwas been he case in ohe

pats o the wod Accordng to Danish histoian

Johannes Pedesen leaning was intimate

bound up with religion . to devote oneself to

both afforded inner satisfacion and . service

to God it no on made men of letters willing

to accept eprvation it prompted others to

lend them aid.

Prophet Muhammad made the mosque the

main place o earning, traveling between them,

eaching, and supervising schooling Anywhere

a mosque was established basic istruction

began He aso sent teachers of the Qan to the

Arab tribes and the were known as Ahl a-'im,

or the people with knowledge" Ths meant that

edcat ion spead everyhere and these traveling

teachers lived lives of great conentmen In Pal

ermo Ibn Hawqal a tenthcentur geographer

merchant and travele claimed to have counted

abou 300 primar eachers

You s udes aed a e lemear slamic school i

Lae m Pho, Thailad





a prat crat Each ha a curar

th t, thr r fur iwans (larg arch

hall rctl p t th curta, hch r

u fr l, a l a a prar hal lvgaccat (vual r a a ablu-

t cplx Th tat r rulg caph xrc

upv vr tachg a tachr ha

t hav pr bfr th cul tach

A 4thctur Mul uca Ib alHajj

ha uch t a abut chl Th chl

hul b h bazaa r a bu trt, a

clu pac It a pac r tachg t a

atg h th b hul t brg

r h rgaat a tach uhav a pu th cla hr plac al

vr accg t thr ra t aak th

pr t ar h h hat h ght

ha h ught , a b th

l t th uct ca cva,

laughg a k a rb.

th 5th ctu, h Ota ha v

ltz chl b ttg up larg c-

plx lk Itabul a r

Tuk Thr chl a cal l ulla ctut a capulk uca th

a qu hpta ch publc ktch, a

g ara Th a larg accbl t a

publc h al frg fr al, halth

car, a accat Th Fath

ul Itabul a uch a cpl th

chl tachg cc a hlg

Whr th c fr fr all th

tut Nt uch tax, but fr publc

f hat r chatabl at r a u-at cal waq A cul t up a chl

ur a fuat a g a h ab

b th blf Ia Fac cvr at

ac, tachr ala accat f f

tut, a chlarhp f th .

cau ucat a h ch hgh

m, a gv grul a ar

g urh b Batta th 4hctur

It wa thi great ibera i

which they Muim] dipayed

in educating their peope

in the choo which wa

one of the mot potent factor

in the briiant and

rapid growth of thei r civiiza tion

Education wa o

un ivera y diued that

it wa aid to be dicut

to d a Muimwh coud not read or write."

DR . W

M travl alk abu th u h

a uppt prc a h h

puru a cur r t vt h-

lf t th rgu lf cv vr a t th

cut th purp."Ma ut h t ctu u k

uch r cat, a v thugh th 4th

ctur a lk a lg t ag, th th-

rgaza, lgtc, a t f t

tut cu r a ptr fr a

uivrsi complx o Baaid Klli cosists o amosqu, maasa scool) ad ospital i Edir, urk



A Turksh m aure from he 1h ceury by Mehmed b Amrshahshows he Ghaafar Aa madasa sabul



2 VR

oa more eole than eer beore are alying or a nierit eation Thi et or knowlege wa alo oe to the heart o meieal

Mlim a the were rge throghot the Qran to eek knowlege

obere an reet Thi meant that all oer the Mlim wor aane b

et were taght in moe, hool hoital, oberatorie an the home o

holareeloing knowlege an learning that eentall rea to Eroe

Tr was s vap btw sc ad ui

vrst ducati t bg i t squ butuivs" i Arabic is Jama wic is t fi-

fr t Arabc wrd fr squ Jam

S i Arabic t pac rigi ad t plac f

advacd arg ar cjid r is quiv

at i t cuturs r aguags, ad s f

t squs f Isa ar t dst uivrsis

aus squ uvstis icud AAzar,

wc st xits tda00 ars atr As t

fca pit f gr arig i Egp, t attractd

t c f itcts S it s w fr its ag

ad as fr ts isus ali Ib aata

atr f xprita ptics, ivd tr r a g

ti ad Ib adu a adig 4tctuscigis tugt tr

Atr grad clg squ cpx ws

AQarawii i , Mrcc. Tis ivrsi

was rigia buit as a squ i 59 durg

EF Te c oryard ofAlarawiyi sows a Mrbbeid e foai; i was sally sed for prayero smmer eveis RG Te imi room aAlarawiyi oses a flly fcioi waer lockwic icldes a series of brass jars ad a asrolabeidicai days ad mos. O e wie wall as

oe of e oldes ropea radfaer clocks. O eoor is e bed o wic e imekeeper sleeps.



Paye ma e n hecoa of Sanoe Moqe

n Tmb Ma

C H V E R

U N I V E S I Y O F S A N O E

t one othe mos southely points ohe M us l m ads as he Un

ersiy oSan kore n Tmb k, and it as the inel leca n stion

o Ma l G han a, and So nghay.It deeloped ot o he San ore Mos e o nded in 989 by he e

dte chie jud ge o Timb ukt, A-Qadi Aqib bn M ahm ud ibn U ma . he

nne cour o he mos e as in he exac dim ens ion o the Kbh in holy

Mecca A ealthy Ma nd ka lady hen n an ced Sa nkoe Un iersty making it

a lead in g cente o educato n I pospe red and by he 12h cenury, suden

nu mbers ee a 25,000, an enormos am o nt in a cty o 100,000 people

The nesy had seeral independen coleges, each rn by a sin

g e maser. Subjects inclded he Quan Isamc sudies, la, l terare

medicine and srgery, astronomy, mathemacs, physcs chemisy phi

losophy, langage and ingisics geogaphy, hsoy, and ar.

I as no al cerebral, as he stdents aso spen tme leanin g a ade, thebusiness code, and ehic s These rade shops oered cass es in bs ness ca

pentry, armng shing, constcton, shoemaing, aioing, and nagation

The hghest sperior" degee eqialen to a h.D, oo abo ten

years and produced orldcass scholas ho ee ecognized by their

p bl cations and o the erudon The Ph.D. hesis as cal ed Risleh

( l itera ly mean n g lete") , a nd those gradating h his degree ere

named Ayallah as hey sti l ae n he heoogical Shie centes Qm

(Iran) and aa (Ora) .

th r d u Faa ah, a vut a

pu ug ma Sh a dca a

afr hrtg a arg amut f r

hr fahr, a ucc a, h v

t p hr hrtac bug a

quvrt uab fr h cm

z Sh put a dg cat h bu-

g that a th bug ata h b f

h am ad. O auchg th pjc h

bga a da fa u th campu bug

a cmpt

a th m m" had atra, a cc,

ad hr tr t caca m A

a at, td h Qra a h

g, a htrc pr ad vr rg, gc,

arhtc ggraph, a mc h r

a c gama M m h a

chmtr a athmatc h var

pc ad th hgh qat f t tachg r

cha ad ut f a dpra ara

Th qu uvr" t t

ca tdt, ut a th frm ghg

ct S th am Abba uvr-

f aghad, ra mc, pharacg,

grg, atr, ad thr ubjct

taught td Sra Pra, a

da Studt at AAzha Uvr Car

cud arg um fgr agd

Egpa frm ara t Car

k m f h grat mqu, AQara

vp t a cr fr rgu truc

t ad pca dcu, graua xtdg

t ducat t a ujct, partcua th au-

ra cc, a t ar t am a f h

rt vrt htr Th uvrt a

quppd pca th a tru,



70 00 J : H [ D U R f Z

Bks wr prsnd and many

a schar bquathd his ibrary

t th msqu f his city t nsur

its prsrvat in and t rndr th

bks accssib t th ad wh

frquntd i t. And s grw up th

grat unirsi tis f Crdba and

d t which ckd Christians

as w as Msms frm

a vr th wrd

R

MAS A OTMPORAR UROPA HISTORA

OF SLAMC IBRARIASHIP

A the Zatua Mque uiia, there ere

aucript graar lgc, dcuetati

the etiquette reearch, clg arithetic

geet, ieral ad vcatial raiig A

the Tuiia araa' Atiqa Librar thee a

a Aabic tralati the Ho of Ancnt

Naon ritte b St. Jere bere 40Cure ere dcult, ad edicie a par-

ticulal gruelig a i uiveriie tda, ih the

departet edicie havig a had ad lg

eaiai Ahig le tha a pa eat

that per culd t practice edice

The tdet la et thugh ergradu-

ae traig ad, i the ere ucceul, ere ch-

e b hei ater a a ell. Ol the cd

the g t gadate uie hich lated a

deite perid e cd be p t 0 ear

bee the acquired thei preria chair.

The a udet had t get a ceicate authri-

zati a a icee bere practicig

Thee certicate, a aa, cul be

he rig the d baccaareu," hich the

let uivert degee The ter rt appeared

the Uiveri ari egree te e up i

3 pe Gegr X t culd be a Weterzed

Arabic phrae that the Muli ued B-aqq al

waa eat the ight t teach the authr-

it ather," ad h phrae a ued i the

degree certicate, jaza r ix ceturie. Whea tudet graduated he a give thi icee, ad

it literall eat he had the righ t each"

N the teratial accalaureate i a quali

cati r tudet t prepare the r uiveri-

ie ahere i the rld

H P O F SS O S CHAI

ow did th trdo i o wrding

proor chir or dding th

pron in chrg o ting chir? Inchoo d n iiti o hn tho d

yr go, yo wold h n tdy cc

o Haaqat a/-'/m o haaqa gthrd ond

proor wo w d on high chir to

k him ibl nd dbl o th tdnt.

Th poor wold n ihr chon by

th cl iph or by com t o chol rd

onc proor w pp ontd by th cl iph

to ch i on o th m oq o J mi '

h ly ld it or th rind o hi l i.

C o lngthy tn qnt l A'Ali - Kti who w i n i 8 w h did

in 01 r occpyi ng h ch ir o yr.

A lecte sts n a cha m bar, hlegvng a semn at a msqe



Mul ttual hhr ll uca-

t Thr trac a chal

al r ctcat tuy ccl tr

atal tut, a at I fac, hr a

rarabl larty bt th tach p-

cur al urt a th th-

f th prt ay Thy ha cllat

cur a prz r pccy chahp

Mul ar ht a Eup th

h cury A a traat c

ba f Aac k th pr ya t a at a aaabl th

aa a fr prt t a a

c h aalaly f llrc atralkctar urpa trary ucat

ut th a that thr ha t c

ct bt rl a cc At Chat

cahal chl th 4 hrry Char

auht that h cc apprach a cpa-

bl th th ty f crat th bl, pa

h ay fr th Raac

OO : V E R E S

-ce r mascrip sows a issecio lesso ae acl o medicie a Mopelier iversi race

Th rt uy tr Eurp a at

Sar Iay, hch burt t l th lat h

ctuy aft th arral f Ctat th Arca

Th ch cty Mtpl a a fht

Salr a a aj ctr f th tuy f Ml

c a ay It a cl t Mul

Spa h t la ppua Mu a

y h f h 1h ctury th tllc-

tual prhu h Wt rl ha ht

t Pa a cty achr, a th kl

Arac rk ctu t pa th tralchr ay ha tay ay that h

lupt f h art lh ut l

O ca th th ral p

char a tur Cruar h a ll a

Mu urt plac l Crba,

ruht back traat bk a ata

thuht rathr tha c t rlu thuht



0 O O OM

e eyay aga was 1200 yeas ag we i wase ivig aia e sami w. a 00yeas e iy base e eam eeas a

e a eai gae ig e eigs Cais A-Rasi A-Ma'm,

AM'ai a AMa

The re ghdd hd eche d itied

uch pice tht thee ciph hd te

el iee i c ectig gll grud-

beig cietic A ell b the

bught tgether Mui ch t crete e

f the gretet iteectu cdeie i h t

ced the Hue f Wid Thi ielecu

perhue, cuped ith the tegth f Bgh-

d, et the cit he hedquter f the

t cece d etter d he rle t pled

the pe eepet f lee i the

t cece huge

The Hue Wid t

e ccrdig t it deepet tge

Whe it ige h i the tie f Hru

Rhid, t ed Kh -Hkmh

ibrr f Wid, but ter t ge it

lge cde i the tie f AlMu t

ed B -Hkmh Hue f Wid

hued rge i, hch hel huge

ecti f dferet cietic ubect i

guge thu ig t cec cde

iph Mh Mhdi beg c-

ectig cipt he he ce c the

durig hi expet Hi iph

Hdi cried thi r d ter hi

iph Hru lRhid h reiged f 78

t Bo buit the cietic cecti d Ac

e f Sciece iph AMu, h reiged

f 2 e fr 8 extede the Hue f

Wi eigted ec g f

ech rch f ciece the pce ful

t ug th chr r um rt ch-

r fu tr, uth, e f ette,

pet, d prfei i the riu rt

d crft.

Thee edie bri e eer d t-

i redig rig, d dicue The pce

cp elig pt, d the guge tht

ee pe d rte cluded Ac the i-

gu fc Hebe, Sic Ac, Gree,

ti, d Srit, hich ued t tte the

ciet di thetic ucipt

Ag he fu tr Yuh

ib Bitriq lTuu, the Trtr

Jh f the Ptich" He e t he

ith phiph th eicie d tted

O A Srian samp ssd in 199 sows AlKindi a

ladin solar in os Wisdom wo rans

lad works o Arisol BOOM An arival poo

sows Badad in 9 ln nr is arlir

i was si o os o Wisdom



r La Te ook of Anm Arittl

hh a i 1 haptr. a i Ihaq a

al a tralatr h k b Gk

phiia Hippa a Gal

I i a that Caph AMau r t

h kig Sii akig h h t

t h Lira Sil hih a rh

phlphial a ii bk Th kg

p pil th aliph ig

hi pi r h Siiia brar

Th taprai bk ai Withu

th aaiablit r pla it i a ha

AlMau u a hr al a ha-

itt k a auript r hraa i

ra agha

Th zat pr a al apprah

bau AlMau a t hi

it taat th uu k that

t i hi a Th prr agr a

th iit al harg h bigg

ak a bk h Gk illtual

Caliph AlMau t lr th gaza-

ti th Hu Wi ut a patipa

ith th tit a har th iui.

H buit a ar tr al Maa a-

aki hh a ru b h pral arr, a

J a Saa i Ali alYahu a a Mu

a aha b Abi Maur

AlMau k atr h athr i taih-

ig a hghr iitu brar a

ar r txi t i a that th ub

highr itut urig hi ig rah 33 .

H al appart ak a grup i

t prpa a ap h l hi hih th

Thi a k a aMamun ap" raua amamuna, hih xpa p

th that r aailab urig th iti

Ptl a thr Grk ggraphr

g th Hu Wi iari

th t h a Mua brhr Muha-

a Ah a Haa k a athai

ia a tr trik ; Alharizi

S C H O O O U E O F

h athr agra; Ali ir p-

i a uial th Sa ib Ha aaib

a ib Ha i haq aa pha a

ralar; a hi haq h a appa

i a i aga hrughu th bk bau

h iua r ahg rg a

uiig a at kg ba al

xprt hh ha pi a rk

uh hat k a

Hr u itigh t th

Aba Hu W ab a h ai

Hu W a aHkm), hih a

ablih i Cai 15 h Caliph A-

Haki a la 5 ar Ohr ii i th

a pr th lai rl al ab-lh Hu S /m) r

aratl Hu lg i th ith a

tth tur t ua that agha

B ia Whia wo i U id Ki g

doms Guadian wspapr in Spm

2 T Hos o Wisdom was an

al ld c fo sdy of man s

and or scics ncldg mahmacs,asonomy mdicin cmsy, oology

a n d g og a ph y . . Dra w g o P rs i a

dia and G xsAisol Plao

ippocras, clid, Pyhagoras and oh

sh schoars accmlad h gras

cocion of owdg n world ad

i on rogh hir own discors."







0 4 IBRRIE OOKHOP

i ai a e Abbai Caip AMamn pai anao e weig ingo o ea boo a ey anae om G ee ino Aab Ti poe

a va ppy o boo ommaning e aenion an epe o eeing

geneaion Mim an nonMim Ding e Abbai peio, ne

o ibaie many pivaey owne wee opene, maing many oan o

boo avaiabe o eae

ere cece b cae the ver r b

la the eveth cetur Th a the Qura,

hch a reveale t Prphet Muhaa the

r eage calle Aat, r vere hee

ere eatel ere b everal c-

pa a rtte crbe haever

ateral a avalable uch a eave clth, be,

a e The earet fu cp f the a

ept afah, the agher f the ec calph

Oar. The arragee f the vere ere

chapter r ura a the cat each chap

ter a perall chece a reve b the

Prphet hel Several cpe exte u

thee ca e peral expaatr e b

ther er

Al thee cpe eee t be clecte t pr-

ce a gle taar cp th aa

cmet a that a al chece agat

the rgal ver f Hafah Th cp f the

Qua a pruce b 'Utha b 'Aa the

thr calph hch le the taarzat f

reag a rg e a ae t eaer r

the Qura prea Cpe f th 4ear-l tha aucrpt are tll avalable

aj r brare f the rl, a the preeta

cp the Qura a ahetc uplca

h rgal evehcer acrp

Devepg trg atachet t b

eat Mul a lve b cllectg a

etabhg lrare There ere pubc a

prvate rare th a large er f pu-

lc lbare que t bg cte, plu

pretgu prvate cllect hch attracte

Th Zytun Mosqu college complex ws bui lt i n 7in Tuns Tunisi. In the 1th centuy its liby contnd moe thn 1, olmes.



h book is sint

as ong as ou nd sinc

oqunt whnr

ou want discours.

t nvr intrrupts ou

ifou ar ngagd but if

ou f on i t wi

b a good compan ion

t is a frind who nvr

dcivs or attrs ou,

and it is a companionwho dos no t grow tird ofou

AAZ, MUM HIOOHR AD MA O TRATUR

EIGHH CTURY ARA RAQ

schoas fom a pats of the Musm o e

boos o mauscpts them ee of vaos

szes coag goo quaty pape t tg

o oth ses a bou eathe coves

Pubc book coectos ee so espea

that t as mpossbe to a mosque the pace

of eag thout a coecto of books Befoe

the Mogos ecmate Bagha 58 t ha

baes a moe tha a hue book ea

es some of hom ee aso pubshes empoy

g a cops of copysts Thee ee sma

baes Cao Aeppo a mao tes of

Ia Ceta Asa a Mesopotama

Mosque baes ee caed -kutu o the

ouse o Books a they ee the ocus of te

ectua actvt. ee tes a schoas ctate

he esuts of he stues to me aueces o

youg peope othe schoas a teese ay-

me Ayoe a eveyoe cou ake pat he

scussos Pofessoa wqs nussk o

scbes he cope a ue them to books

Eve he the books ee specay coms

soe they ou st be pubshe ths ay

Aeppo Sya pobaby ha the agest a

oest mosque ay cae the S at the

ctys ga Umaya Mosque th a coecto of

voumes hese ee epey bequeathe

by the ctys mos famous ue Pce af aDaa

The S as he oest a agest but the

ba at the Zata Mosque coege compe

Tus as possby he chest of a It ha tes

of tousas of books a t s sa that most

ues of the afs yasy copete h each

oe fo the pestge assocate th mata-

g a segtheg s a A oe pot

he coeco ecee voumes

Aahz a eghthcey Musm phoso

phe a ma of teatue etue to hs home

Basa afte speg moe tha 5 yeas

Bagha stuyg a tg about books

hese c ue a sevevoume ook ofAnms

hch a obsevatos o the soca ogaza-

o of as commcato betee amas

a the eecs o e a evomet te

books ee e A of Keepng Ones Mout Sut

a Aginst C Sents e e a appop

ae eath hs pvate bay 88 at the age

of 9 he a pe o f books fe o hm

Whe book oves e t as a tato that

they ou oate he coecte mauscpts

sometmes tousas of voumes to the mosque

baes fo a to ejoy s oa AJabu says

that aya Khatu a eahy o of uk-

sh og oue mosque memoy o e

ecease husba Mua Efa a attache a

schoo a a ba to t the books came fom

UMAYYAD LIBAY

h m ayyad rul o Spai n had a l brary

o 6oo,ooo vou in hir ug Cr

doba l ay. So u ch br wa h o pay

o ook or A-Haam I I ca iph in Spa n rom

96 o 98, ha h ad hy wr a mo

conumn g paio han i hro."



taeig schoas as the shoe thei gatitue

to mosques fo gg them fee accommoa-

tios oo a statioe

ibaies coul be ga affais. Shiaz, Ia

these tethcetuy complees ee escibe b

the meieal histoa AMqaasi as buigs

suoue b gaes ith lakes a ateas .

toppe ith omes, a compise of a uppe

a a loe stoy th a total of 0 ooms

each epatmet catalogues ee place o a shelf

the ooms ee fuishe th capets

Some ibaies, like those of Shaz -

oba, a ao, ee i builigs sepaate

fom the mosque The ee spacious th

ma ooms fo iffeet uses: shee gale

ies to stoe books eaig ooms ooms fo

makig copies of mauscipts, a ooms fo

itea assembies Al these ee aequatel

lt a comfotable ith capets mats a

seatig cushios

ike liba es toa those of a housa eas

ago ee high oee, ith both public a

pate libaes haig book classcatio ss-

tems, a accate cataloguig to hep eaes.

baias also ha cotol oe the quality a

qatit of the esouces

00 the book colectio of AlAzha libay

i ao ha moe tha 120 ,000 oumes ecoe

i a 0olume cataog totalg about 00 pages

I Spai he catalog fo the oks i Alakams

libay as allege to hae cosiste of olumes

ibaas ee appoite to take chage a

this as a hooe posito ol fo he most

leae those of uusual attaimet ee

cosee as custoias of the libaies, the gua-

as a potectos of kolege. he maage

met o f the libaies of the Amoha yast the

ules i Noth Afica i the 12th a 1th cetuies,

as oe of he most piilege state positios

All these ibaies ee the holes of ital

kolege a as Ralph Walo meso, a 19th

cetu Ameica ie sa ose hat ou

ION

{Thr can b no ducaon

w thout books"

ARA ROVRB

hae i the smallest chose lba A compa of

the isest a ttiest me that coul be picke

out of all ciil couties i a thousa eas hae

set i best oe the esuts of thei leaig a

som . . . it s hee tte out i taspaet

os to us, the stages o f aothe age

Bookshops, too ha thei place i shaig

kolege he celebae bookshop of Ib

alNaim, the tethcetu bbiophile a

bookselle, as sai t o be o a uppe sto of

a lage builig hee bes came o eamie

mauscipts, ejo efeshmes, a echage

ieas I the Muslim ol a thousa eas

ago thee ee bookshops cotaig hu-

es of titles as el a s massie public a pi-

ate lbaies.

With pape waaq i Aabic came the poes-

sio of Waaq he title Waaq has bee use

fo pape eales ites taslatos, copies

booksele s libaias a illumiatos The po-

fessio of the Waaqeen is geeall beliee to

hae state shol afte the itouctio o f the

at o f papemakig ito the Mus im o fom

hia Bagha as pobabl the st majo cy

hee the waaq bookshops st appeae a

as the mafactue of pape spea the um-

be of these bookshops icease amatical

thoughout the Musim ol

Kuubun is a Moocca ame fo bookbi-

es o book mechats ho set up thei bookshops

a lbaies copists a scibes i a istict of

2thcetuy Maakech Moocco This sict

as a steet ith a hue bookshops a liba

ies 0 o each sie Such actii eache its

zeith uig the eig of Yaqub alMasu ho

costatl ecouage the spea of book pit

ig a pomote geeal eaig actiity



t

<

l f R i ; D K '

# + '

.

>

-

t

_ . - l ,

A 1th nty m nscpt Mqm l-rr shows h bi by Hwn n Bghdd



o s TR LI OWL E E

hat i trig abot th iori oat rarh awritg o Mim itit a hoar rig th Eroa

ma rio thir aiab thirt or owg. Th waot owg or th a o owg i mot a it ha ratia ai

atioimroig th aity o i o th o

Th s so sptu uc s Popt

Mmm h s: W m s s

ctos cs cpt fo th tgs: otu-

ous cht kog hch cotus to b-t po o ghtous so ho ps fo hm"

Amzg g s sho b ccoc

s o g o th gs

t cb ts g p omous toms

th gobkg fomto. Books to

houss of s umos oms,

st bs go g of s c

zto th ghth to h thtth cus

s ct g fom tcto mot scos sp kog

g ch fom. To mo

bout gt fts of g kog

gthg s th os of Wsom scto

ths chpt

At th t o s st s

of c obsto o to us

o somthg ok, ou h to s th

ou o s o th cou ou t t

o m Ib thm, th t thctu hs ms compt k-

ss b thm s o of th st po

th o to tst hs thos th pmts

stbshg o of th kstos of sctc

mtopo ht o You c

mo bou hm s ms th

om chpt Vso Cms scto

Ths ths fo kog s fctous

ch ts tcs coss ocs ouc-

g oMusms ho ock o bsob th st

ccops bs o pmtto th

th Msm pomths h pouc

Ibn Hythm t nd Go ght xpod th

od thogh obsvtion nd tion thoght. Both

mn shown on th ont o ohnns Hvis's

Seeor 6 dsciption of th moon

Hythm hods gomtic digm nd Gio

cutchs top.



On th Day of Rsurrcton th

ft of th son of Adam [man} w ll

not mov away tll h s qustond

about four mattrs: how h spnt

h s l ftm how h spnt hs youthfrom whr h acqu rd hs walth

and how h spnt t and what h dd

w th hs knowld

PO

D BY l O 2

a o Mo as a gsh ps a

scs bo cca 0 a sma sp ag

ofok ho sach o kog H

s us o amp o a oaookg a

oahkg uopa ho op hs mi

o Musm kog

Da as possb a s o Aa o

Bah ho ha o h u g

I sag happs ha o o o a

empra ph shws led Spai he heu Muslim led hsed peple f a leas hreeeliisMuslims ews ad Chrisias he lived adwrked side b side his meli p fpeple ad ideasaaed shlars ad raslars frm Eas ad Wes

ca a sag hos hgs

ha h gs of h Las coa, b ou

aso . . sh o sa h opos o h

Aabs cocg h sph a h ccs a

moms o h pas Fo o sa ha ho-

has b bo a bough up h ha o

h o h os o boh o g o ko

h aso bh such ou bat s

oh o ha ha a shou b ho ou

ho sha a ha ha a

Aabc abou h o a s pats

o uth hs cao a k ma

og sus t hs a ga a

ha as &s soppg a h s

Pas fotua accog o hm ha

bcomsa a mob a h co ha

a o a sa hs mass Pas

so goa ha h soo as s as sas

pg o sho isom b mag s



So whee he go? We hs ow wos

sce these ays t s at oeo a Aabc

eacgs ae wey ceebate, I hue hee

o se to he wos wses phosopes" 2thceuy oeo at east thee cutes e

se by se: Musms Jews a hstas hs

was a tme o f cutua chess whee a shae

the same, beathakg ese fo kowege

oay, the way they woke a e togethe

s kow y the Spash wo as coeca.

lhogh hond of rbc ncip in he

Toledo Chedrl rchive wer brned bo 2,500

rnled ncripfo rbic o Linrein

ding fro Dniel of Morley ie in he 12h ce n ry.

It was 2thcety Toeo that possby

he geates tasao eot te soy

o scece ook pace fom Aabc to Lat

hs atacte meous scoas a asa-os fom te sa West Impoat woks

by Geek phosophes a mathematcas

whch ha bee ost te West wee tug

up oeo, sae a ehace by Musms

The ctque a commetay o Astote by

({The reajewe of Toedo is to be

found in the ci ty's ibraries and

invoved a three communitiesMusims Jews and Christians}

working in a particuar ed,

transation Teams of

Musims, Jews and Christians

transated texts i nto Arabic,

then into Castean Spanish

and Latin. It requi red

cose cooperation and reigious

toerance. The Andausian word

for this is viv

and means iving together"

RAGH OMAAR, PRSTG HE c 'S

AN ILAMIC HSTORY OF EUROPE

b Rush, kow the West as Aeoes was

the ea stat of Euope's cassca ea a

ths was 200 yeas befoe the stat of the o-

pea Reassace.

May o the commetaes o a smma-

es o f Astotes woks y Rus wt

Aabc oba the ae 12th cetuy wee

tasate to Lat by Mchae Scott a schoa

fom Scoa who e befoe 26 a by hs



Tody Kng Pt Is c n Todo s cnt otchng bc n d Hbw tnston sks It s 1thcntuy Mudjth n o Muss whostyd und Snsh ubudng t t ht t JwsChstns nd Muss vd n d wokd togthtnstng schoy woks o bc nd Hbwnto Ltn nd Snsh

suesso Hema the ema These at

asatos, mae both Toeo a S y ee

este to set Euope abaze: He Aeoes

ou auh Pas as the teetua apta o

Euope Aeoes as yg to euse a o

t beee see a ego beause the

tuh eeae by see as oe at os th

the tuh o e eeao Ths attempt ha

he opposte eet he hs eas ame to the

atteto o the hsta huh They mme-

atey bae Aeoes a Astotes oks

he Pas teetuas ought bak a a ebate

age o yeas sa Rageh maa the BBs

An lm H fEup

As e as Mhae Sot t a Dae o Mo-

ey the ty o Toeo as buzzg th oem-

poay tasato shoas Thee as a

o emoa ho as tasatg to at

mpotat oks ke AZahas 0oume

mea eyopea; Ib aaythams ou-

mous Bk f Op AK's teatse o

geomea opts; ARazs umnu

lu o A Sud nd Cln f Sl

nd Aum [Suf} a the boo o geomey

y the Bau Musa ohes Wha s amag

aou ea o emoa s tha he mae moe

tha o asatos bu ee ha a u gas

o Aab Istea he ha to ok th a ey

o Mozaab loas a the hsta Spash

ho ko the aguage

The Bs V frm h k pogam

sa, The poess o tasato ae om

tasato to tasato Sometmes t as a

team hepe by a oa peso th Aab as

the mothe togue He ea the tet aou o

a emeay ho aso ke Aa a as

epet Romae he aguage hat peee

moe Spash The the Romae tasa-

to ou be pu to at. Some asatos

ou ok aoe as they ha u omma o

a the e aguages

Ee though Aoso V ha etake Toeo

o hsta has he ty emae Mus

m that the gua aa as st Ab

spoke by Musms es, a Moaabs ae;

he ue a ustoms ee Musm; a the

ahtetue as Isam Log g ao

steets poe ooms o oggs a suy

o a the tasato s a shoa s ho ae

o a hese Weste shoas Toeo as the

pae to be

Mauspts o the at asatos mae

Toeo ae st the Toeo athea

ahes. About 2500 mauspts ae hee

ug tasaos om Aab atg om

Dae o Moeys a



o 6 M THE TI

ee ae quie a ew maemaia iea a wee oug o ae eenian onepion o 6- 7h- an 8h-enuy Euopean om

e uying an uneaing o manuip we now now a Muim

maemaiian aou 000 yea eaie wee auaing wi gea ineniy

Many o ee maemaian ame om e an/aq egion aoun Boo,wen e Houe o Wiom wa e eaing ineeua aaemy in aga

You an ea moe aou e Houe o om in a eon in i ape

rearkable eriod in the htory of ath

eati bega ith -Kharizi ok hen

he introdued he beginnng of agebra. It i

iortant to undertand jut ho igniant ti

ne idea a n fat it a a revolionay ove

aay fro the Greek onet of ateati

hih a eentialy baed on geoety

lgebra a a unifyng theory that alloed

ratoal nuer irratonal nuber and geo

etial agitude all to be reaed a alge

brai obet t gave atheati a hole

ne dienion and a develoent ath uh

broader in onet than before t alo enabled

fure develoent nother ioran aet

o he ntrodion of agebrai idea a a it

aoed aheat to be aed to ielf in a

ay that had not been oible ealer

he torh of agebra a taen u by the ue

or of lKhariz a an alled l-Karaji born in

93 e i een by any a the rt eon to free

agebra oltely fo geoetrial oeration

ad to relae i i the aritheta tye of oera

tion hih are a the ore of algebra today e a

rt to dene the onoia x x x and x

x, x, ad to gve rue o rodut of any

o o thee e tated a hool of algebra hih

ourhed or everal hndred year.

o hundred year later 2th-enur hoar

-Saaa a an iorant eber o

lKaraji hool e a he rt o give algebrathe reie derition of oerating on unknon

uing all te artetia ool in the ae ay a

the arihetiian oerate on the knon

he next onributor to the algebrai toy

a the oe Ua al-Khayya knon today a

ar Khayy ho a born in 48 e gave

A 198 oeove ap ssued by e fore Soveo dep -Kwarz, faer o falgbr.



The gb uded ody n choo h t b ilKhwrii book Ae wal Muaala

a oplete laiation of ui equaton wih

geoer olution ound by ean of nter

eting on etion He hoped to give a ul

deripton of the algebrai olution of ubi

equation and aid: f the opportunity arie and

I an eed I ha gve al hee 4 for wial their branhe and ae and ow o ditin

guih whatever i poible or ipoble o hat

a paper ontaining eleent wih are greatly

ueu in thi ar wil be prepared

n te id-2th entury whe l-Saawal wa

tudying in l-Karaji hoo Sharaf al-in a

ui wa foowing lKhaa appliation of

algebra to geoetry He wrote a treatie on ubi

equaion and in i ad that algebra "repreent

an eential ontribution to another ed whihaied to tudy ure by ean of equaion

thu inaugurating the eld o algebra geoetry

lgebra i only one area where Muli ath

eatiian igniantly hanged the oure of

developent n ninthentury aghdad in the

Houe of Wdo wa a group of three brothe

alled the anu Mua brother ou an read ore

about the in the Hoe hapter and how they

developed their trk devie They were gifted

aheatiian and one of their tuden wa

Thabit bn Qura who wa born in 836 He i prob

ably et known for hi ontribution to nuber

theory where he dioveed a beautiful theore

allowing pair of aiable nuber to be found

Th ter refer to two nuber uh that eah i

the of the proper divior of the other

iable nuber played a large roe in

rabi atheati and in the 3th-entury l

Farii gave new proof of Thabit theore intro

duing iportant idea onerning fatorization

and obinatoria ethod He alo diovered

the pair of aiabe nuber 7296 and 846

whih have been attriuted to ule an 8th

entury Swi aheaian nd any year

beore uler another Muli atheatiian

Muhaed aqr azdi in the 7th entuy di

overed te pair o aiable nuber 9363584

and 943056

Agbra oprats on unknowns

using a h ari thmtica toos i nth sam way as th aithmtician

oprats on th known

M MMC D NOM

Mli atheatian eelled in the tenth

entury in yet anoher area when bn alHaha

wa the rt to attep to laiy al even per

fet uber (nuber equal to te u o their

proper divior h a hoe of te for where i prie He wa alo the rt peron

that we know of to tate Wlon' theoe naey

tha if p i prie then the polnoial +(p- i

diviible by p bu it unear whether e new

how o prove thi t aled Wilon theore

beae it diovery i attributed to ohn

Wilon a Cabidge atheaiian in 7



B again e do no kno hee e coud oe

o hee i as us a guess as a yea ae

hen a aheaician naed Lagange gae he

s oo 5 yeas afe s "s dscoey

Maeaics as also needed in bsess and

eeyday use and in aica i as essenial

in couning syses Today os of us ae only

aae of one couning syse hich begins h

eo ad caie on ino he bilions and ilions

B i ehceuy Musl counies hee ee

ee dffeen yes o aiheic used ad by he

end o e ceny auos sc as agdad

ee ing exs coaig he hese ee

syses ee geeckonig aihec he sex

agesial syse and he abc nueal syse

Fingeeckoning aiheic cae fo coun

ing on nges wh he nueals ien eiely in

ods and hs as used by he busiess cou

niy Maheacians suc as bu aWaa in Bagh

dad n he enh ceny oe seea eases sing

is syse. e as acally an exe i he use o

abic eals bu said hese "did no nd alica

ion i business cices and aong he oaion of

he asen ihae fo a long ie he seagesi

al syse had nueas denoed by lees o he

abic alhabe cae oginaly fo he Baby

loans and as os feqeny used by abic

aeaicas n asonoca o

e aec of he abic eas and

facos he decal laceaue syse

as deeloed o an ndian eson Musls

adaed he ndian nueas ino he oden

nubes o 9 knon as abic nueals They

ae beieed o hae been based on he nube

of anges each chaace caies b e nube

7 ceaes a chalenge as he edal oonal ine

cossg e eical leg is a ecen 9ceny

deeoen These hae becoe e neas

e se n oe and No fca oday as dis

c fo e ndian nueals ha ae sl sed

in soe ease as of he Musli old Nu

be o eale has one angle nueal has

o angles 3 as ee and so on The aal of

hese neas esoed e obes caused by

ai eas n se i hen abc ue

as ee efeed o as gua ueals because

athmatics is th dr and ky

th scincs and things this

wrd t is idnt that i w want

t cm t crtitud wi thut dubt

and t truth w ithut rrw must

pac th fundatins knwdg

in mathmaticsRR BACO ENLSH HAR

Muslis used dus guar) boads hen aking

calculaons ae ha a abacs

gea eneen by Musl aeacians

o he ndan syse as e de deion and

alicaon o eo. Musis gae a aea

cal oey such a eo ullied by a nu

be equals eo Peiously eo dened a sace

o a "nohing as also used fo decialiaion

akig i ossible o kno hehe fo eae

he ing don of 3 ean 30 3 o 30 s

ineesng o noe ha f e iagned e eo s

ig inside a hexagon he ao o e daee o

e cce o e side of e eagon od ea

he golden aio. To ead oe abou e gode

ao see e eoey secion in hs chae

Musli scholas ee also fascinaed by he

sigicance of soe nubes sch as he lnk of

eo and one o he "ne as one of he 99 ai

bues o od "nohing beoe and nohing

ae i s inees ing o noe a e nue

as o and ae he ony o dgis used he co

ue langage o oda

abic nueas cae no oe fo ee

souces Fis ough ebe Poe Sylese )

in he ae enh cenuy ho sudied i doba



and returned to Roe Then though Robert of

Cheter n the th entury ho tranlated he

eond boo of A-Khari', hih otaied

the eod ga Ara nuera hi oue

of Arabi nueral into uroe i entioned yoneorary hitorian Karl Menniger in Nm

e Wd and Nmer Sml he third oute

a through bonai in he 3th entuy, ho

inheried and deliered he to the ouaton

of uroe ibonai learned of thee ethod

hen e a en by hi father to the iy of Bou

gie Agea, o ear atheati fro a teahe

alled Sdi ar ho augh he aheat

i of the hool of aghdad ad Mou hh

inuded algebrai and iutaneou equatonFibona alo ited the libare o Alean

dria Caio, and aau after hh he ote

hi book Le Aac he r hater deal ith

Arabi nueral e ntrodued the nueral in

the ollong ord The ine uera o he

India ae thee: 987653 Wt the and th

thi gn o, hh in Arai i aed epm

[iher any deired nuber an be ritten

It a thi yte of alulating ith Arbi

ueral that alloed ot of the adane nnuerial ethod by Muli atheatia

r 11 r 21 « 31 � r 41 r 51 r2 I 2 < I « I 32 � I 42 I 52 I3 m 3 <m 23 «m 33 �m 43 m 3 m4 ' 4 <' 24 «' 3 �' 4 ' 54 '5 w < «W 3 �w 45 w ss w6 f 6 <f 6 «f 36 �f 46 f7 7 . 7 « 37 � 47

6 f

8 8 <W 8 «W 38 � 48 57

9 19 < 29 « 3 � 49 s8 �w

0 20 « 30 � 40 o s9 �m

No he eration of root beae oibe by

atheatiian h a Abu alWaa and a

aKhayya The doey of the inoal heo

re or integer exoe y AKara a a ajor

fator in the deeloent of uerial analyibaed on the deial ye n the th entuy,

AKahi ontributed to the deeloent of de

al fraion not ony o aoiaing agebai

nuber bu alo o rea nuber uh a i i

ontribution to deial fration i o ajor that

for any year he a onidered their ientor

Although o the r to do o Al-Kahi gae a

algorith for auating "nth roo hat i a ariu

lar eale of ethod deeloed any enturie

later by Runi and orner thentury atheatian fro Italy and ngand eetiely

Although Arab atheatiian are o ell

knon for their ork on algebra nuber theoy

and nuer yte they alo ade onide

abe onribuion o geoetry tgonoetry and

aheatial atrooy

EF n exmple of he Bbylonin exgeimlnumber yem illue how he figure of 000w wrien. RG The progreion of rbic numerl

om he enh o he foureenh cenurie how how heMulim devied mode numerlhe number 1 o 9we ue odybed on he ue of ngle

�

I

8

8



88 1 1 N N O N T i N D U R J N (; F C N

0 7 TROOMER

h bth of tigonomty lis n stonomy on of h scincs stdidmost vgoosly by th Msls pticlly d to its lvnc i dt

minng th xct tims of th itl py Bt vn bfo th Msms

Gk stonoms w clclting th nknown sds nd ngls of ctin

tingls, givn th vl of th mning sids o ngls in od to nd

stnd th motons of th sn th moon, nd th thn-known v plnts

Motvated b queton uh a the oton of

the un oon and lanet the Geek ooe

tabe and ule that enabled geoet oble

to be takled e ot thorough teatet of the

ubjet found n the okAmagst b Ptole

ho a an atronoer orkng n leandra

n the eal a of the eon entu Pol

e treate reahed uoean hoar va

Mul hand ho tranlate the ognal Gee

ttle hh eant Th Ga Aangmn, nto

oe unt ter to oue AMast, l

eanng Th Gats

tronoer fro late antqu oud a

rnall uon a table found n Book of

Amagst, hh a ale A Ta o Chods

n a C, to olve all ther ane tgonoet

obe o ar at angle n neent o f al

a egee u to 80 egree the tabe gve te

lengt of the hod ubtedng te angle n a

le of rau 60 unt

n ork h Tansal Fgu, 3t

entur Mul atronoe lu elan

ho th table of ho length a eoedto olve roble eatng to gtangled t

ange lu ae the ua oevaton

that eablhe the nk beteen tangle an

a of le n rangle a be nbed n

a re therefoe t de a be vee a he

hod ubtenng he ar ooe he ange

of the trangle

Bu thee ere o drabak to eng on

thee tale Frt oneae anulaton of

the table and nteredate te ee equed o

ove all the varaton that ght are n ov

ng unknon length o age of a ghtangle

angle. Th n ontra to ung the al

ar trgonoetr funtonhe ne one

and tangent and the eroal te eant

oeant an otangentthat ae harae

of odern tehnque hh ere t eve

and arrange n a eat a b Mu

atheatan e eon nonvenene of

the ho ength table at te often equre

angle o be doule n oer o auate the

engh o f an ar

tual! a an o Mul hoa a aea

lad the founaton o gonoe beoe he

ent entu avng the a fo lu o oe

organze an elaorae o ther onbuon. t

a Batta bon n aran ue ho a

one o he o nuental gue n gonoe

e oneed to be one of he greae Mu

l aronoe an atheatan eventuall

ng n Saarra no n ra n 99 otva

ton fo oneerng the u of trgonoetr a

h oervaton of the oveent of lanet ou

an read ore aout n the ono e

ton o f the Unvee hate

More uall -Batta eane athe

atal oeaon an uge othe "o ontnue



housand years ago Musm schoas poneered hesudy of rgonomery s hey observed he movemen ofhe panes, and predced unknown enghs and anges.Today rgonomery ncudng spherca rgonomerys used n sovng compex probems n asronomycarography and navgaon

bervatn ad t earh i rde t erfe and

eand hi k el a l-atani bu alWafa Ibn Ynu and bn al-Haha al devel

ed heral trignetry and alied i t the

luin aia ble

lattani a he rt t e the ee

n ne and ine dening the a lengh

rather than the rati e kn the a tday

he tagent a referred t by l-attani a the

eteded had the had f a ntinal hri

znta rd unted n a all n the th eu

-irun dened he trignetri funtin f

tagent and tangent hih ere inherited in a

tetaive r f the ndian

rni brn i 3 a ag the h

laid the fndatin fr dern trgnetry;l-Kharizi brn n 80 develed he ine

ine and trignetri tabe hih ee ater

ranlated t the Wet.

t uld be anhe 500 year hgh bre

the trignetry f tangent a divered by

dern atheatiian and anthe 00 year

befre Nila Cerniu a aare f it.



0 J S i t D R I . ·\Y O f ,v I V Z A

o 8 EMIRY

ateas s as plast rayo artal rbberad gasolie ad medes s as s ad

peil al sem rom the hemal idsy o

te eary Mslms wo wee emistry evoltoaries.

h wod chsy Arbic is kma

with al s th it rtic ka bcos

alma (th chistry th Wst th s

ws ro h wor bc chy

g s. cy or i sc dv

sctsts ws ot bot fokor or occt rc

tics b bou chst

Th thr o who sd out i Msi

csry ro god sig 00 ys

Jab bn Haan o Gebe (722 to ca 815 an)

Jbi ib y ws kow h Wst s

br, d schos g ht h is th

fodr of chistr Th so of ruggis, h

s ost o is if i Kf q, whr h sci

ticy systi chisry ostty i

h borory h dvsd rcd sbi

to iqufctio cystito isito

ricio, gio oidtio vo�

rio d ttio so wrot bou how

chcs cobid whou oss of chrctr

to o io of ts og th w

too s or kd y o s ow s y

s ik coo ss, b o h 150

yrs go, h ws h o th is

br vsty crsd th ossibis ochic rits by dscovig sfc

iic, d orc cds ow vy

ortt h chc iusy

so buit cis sc which wgh is

680 ts sr th h at! = kog o

0 ouds otcd i c cotos of

oto h wigh o ws ss

So of bi b yys witigs icud

th Geat Book o Chema Popees he

Weghs and Meae The Chemcal Comna�

ton he es og is gtst coibu�

os to h ory of chstry w hs viws o

h costtio o s, ths sviv wth

sigh trtios ddtios uti t bg�

ig o od chstry h 8th cury.

hs rsch ws cid o his bor

tory Kuf, q, wc ws riscovd bout

two cturs his dh rig th doi�

tio o so houss i th qrtr of h ow

ow s h Dscus t. Foud og h

ubb wr ortr d rg c of god

A-Raz o Rhazs (84 to 925 an

Muhd ib kry �Rzi ws kow

h Wst s Rhzs d h wot The Book o

he Sece o the Secet this h ovd i�

sf to b grr rt th hs dcs�

sos, icudg Jbr, i th c csscio o

u subscs dvidd h to rthy

vgb, d sbscs wi so �

ig b o icy obtd is

k od cusc sod vrious oys

o h, Jbi ividd ir sbstcs

to bods ik god sivr, sous ik su�

ur sc sts (ik cuy d

soic

OP: A 1th�cntuy mnuscrpt shows hmsphrc s�ss wth snd�wtr mtr rstng on rthd bs h vors r coctd nd cood th ghtsss whch d nto ght t mcs



A l lld g

t h S S

h g dtlt t d

yl th y g

H dgd dd d d

y y h

tl h h bl t t

d

AKii (80 to 873, Iraq)

A lt Ad k ld t Lt

y l Gd dy h

t th Ab t

e gb hh AKd h

t ud d ud bthy dd lt d

dg t l d

t

g ty d d ft

Lk uh th kdg bult u th M-

d th k AlKd dd ty

ll gd d d ud th gb t

ttd t t d l gu,

h t d d

d th ll lt

lk AlR b b dy d

d lt)

t t 1hy Eu

l Al M d Rg but th k Rg -

tly d h g t

hy h dd th

tl Ab k

h hug Ab t

bg th dd h 1h ty O

k b b d t t

td 3h y d lg t S

P g S P

ttd t . tly d gtth th t u h

15t d 7 u y

S d h

b th hty tb d

Th l gl hl lt-

u d d u

Nith-etury hemit A-Rzi i how i hi Bhddborto Mode perume woud ot exit todwithou t the dititio proe



DISTILAON

EARLY CHEMISTS AND

CHEMICALSMuslim Civilization's Ingenious Experimenters and Their Legac

EGACY: Inuenced Eurpean chemisty textbks up t the 17th century

OCAO ersia

DAT inth

century nward

KEY FIGURS: AI azi and jabr nHayyan

rom ose water to hair dye, soap to paint, eay chemsts worked to ceate a panopy of

useful su bstances. As eary as the md dle of the n inth century, expeimenters in M usl m

civi i zaton wee aware of th e processes o f cystall zaton, oxdation, evaporaton, s bl ma

to n, a nd tatio n. To ma ke the expeime nts moe accuate, they invented precse scaes to

use fo weighn g chemical sam ples But alon gside th is expermental wok, th ey came p wth

new theoretical ideas and chem ca concepts, some of which su vived fo centuies.

Scientsts ofth s peod aid m poant foun datons of the modern chemca in du sty. jab r b n

Hayyan , and hs s uccessor, uh amm ad i bn Zakaiya a-Razi, developed new ways of class ng

substances and organizng chemca knowedge. hey wrote chemcal textbooks and eseached

processes to impove ceamic glazes, fomuate new hai dyes, and ceate vanshes fo wate

proong fabics. Othe scholas worked on synthetc chemcas usefu fo pestcdes, papemakng,

pants, and medcines AIRazi, or Rhazes in Latn, made hundeds of discoveres in his chemcal

aboatoy, witing up his ndngs in a book ntrgungly enttled Th Book ofth Scrt ofScrtsJabi, known as Geber in the West, caied out many ngenious expeiments, ncuding

attempts to make paper that woud not bun and nk that you coud ead in the dak. He s

said to have used an aembic stl l for disti ation, one of the most impoant technques of

the perod. n ths cuiousy shaped glass vessel, a iqud cold be boiled down, al lowing its

separate pue pas to be coected as they condensed and tickled down the spout Rose

wate was one of the st products of the distiation pocess, a delicately scented liqud vita

fo avoing foods an d d in ks, a nd in perfu mes and cosmetics. A-Kn di wote a book on the

che misty of pefum es, w hich contai ned 1 07 ecpes fo d ierent scents.

The eary chemists disti ed wne, not to make a drnk, but to use the pue acohol as a

di si nfectant o n k mixed with gound si lve ings. Pehaps most useful of al l , they dsti edthe thic k cude ol k nown as to produce the fue kerosene, a nd in the 1 2th centuy made

stronge acids by distl l in g vnega. oday, d stl laton s sti l l crucial for eni ng oi , and s used

widey n the chem ca i nd ustry.

Durng the 2th and 13th centres, many Arabic textbooks and witngs on chemisty

were tran sl ated nto atn to each a wde aud ience On e parcula r set of works said to be

associated with jabi r was repub i shed m any tmes up to the 17th centuy, becomn g the main

chem isty textbook thoughout medieval Eu ope.



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o g OMM ERCI L H EM I R

he temati aroah of Mlim hemit more than 1,100 ear agoled to the diover of a roe that toda afet ever eron and

ever nation on Earth And a rodt of th roe after water i now

onidered one of ife eentia. Who wod have thoght that the blak

ldge known in Arabi a naft old have more than 000 e Withot the

roe o f ditillato, and in thi ae of rde oil we wold have no gaoline

keroene ahalt o ati

istillaion is a eans of seaating liquids

though difeenes in thei boiing oints and

has been knon to Musl heists sine the

eighth entu. ts st and ost enoned al

ation as in the odution of ose ate and

essential ois Pue alohol as also obained

o the dstlaton of ne, hi as oded

ad onsued ainl nonMusli ouni

ies, sh as Cisians living unde Musli ue

Jbi bn Haan desibed a ooling ehnique

that ould be alied fo its distillaton The

distilled alohol and aloholi ases ee then

sed in heial oesses fo the odution of

aids ediines efues , and inks o iting

but not dinks as sla ohibts the onsu

tion o f alohol and othe intoxiants

Jabi as the st to develo the aleb stll

n e eighth enu hi is sil sed oda in

dstilaton aoatoies ooled and oleted

he neessa liquids in e distilaion oess

Refneres ike ths one n Mysi, produ e gsonend kerosene through dsti ion fro rude o.



The or alebc lie much chemcal teri

noloy comes ro e abic nq hic

means "te hea o the stl. The aemic sil

has to reors conecte by a ue I as i the

alebc sil ta abi obseve he ammable

vapors comn from boilin ine an sa n s

chemistry book he roe n re hich burns

on the mouths of bottles ue to boile ine an

salt an similar thns ith nice characteistcs

hich are thouht o be of little use, these are o

reat sincance these sciences

The ammable poperty of acoo as use

extensively om Jabrs time ere ae escp

ions in milita reatises from the 4 century o

istille ol rape ine becomi an important

ineient n the prouction of military res hese

manuscripts aso came ih anins tha such

istillates coul inite easily an that they sol

therefore be store i containes bure san

Kini as faous fo his perfume istl

aions, hic he rote aout in the Book o he

Cmst of Pem nd Dttons in e

ninth century In this, he escibe a istla

ion process an so one can stil ine usin

a aterbath it comes out like rose ater in color

so vinear is isille an it comes out like

rose ater in co lor

Nie cetues ao, Ibn as rom unsa

escbe o sive lis ere pulverie t

ste ine to provie a eans o ti t

silver. e sai Take silver lins an n hem

th isille ine for three ays then y hem

an them aa ih slle ine until they

become like u then rinse them ih ater

s e ave sa alcoholic rnks are m, or

forbien for Muslis but their interes an s

covery of it throuh ist laion as ene to use

s benecial a harmess elemes Its scov

ery has ve rse o a hue number of poucs

n inustries from pharmaceuicals to cosmet

cs Much of their ork a thousan years ao ha

practca appication an ith heir research n

digm ws o the pesence o cid. The ncientwod knew no stonge cids thn vineg bt thecids intodced b bi ibn Hn vs t incesedthe nge o expeiments tht cod be cied ot

acqure kolee fro oher cultures, e ites

cou be manufacue suc as , acquers, sol

ers, cemens, an itaion pearls

mon the key expeiments that marke the

beinnin of syntetic chemisty ee those of

Rai hen he escribe ho o obain meruric

chlorie as corosive sublimate in On Aum nd

S his, couple ith e iscovey of chlorie o

mercuy, toay use pesticies, inspire he is

cove of ohe syetc substaces. The iscov

ery of corosve subimae, an the fact tat it as

capable of chloinat oe materials, bea the

unearthin o mineral acis Corrosive submae

toay has impotant applicatos n meicines as

an astrinen stimuant caustc an antisepic

In he el of inustrial chemisry an heavy

chemicas one of the reatest avances of mei

eval tmes as te solation an anufacture o

alum om alunous rocs, throuh artcia

eaterin of auite um as use n paper

maki paint prouction a the prouction o

sulfuric aci. It as Jabir ho iscovere acis

like sulfuric an hrochloric



1 0 EOMER

lm fmo fo nc nd lgn gomcl dgn dc

ong h blding, whch yo cn d mo bo n h A nd

Abq con of h ch Th wondfl dgn cold

no hv hnd who l md n gomy o h mmn

o, nd lonh o on ln, ngl nd wodmnon nd

h-dmnon g

Shoa nheed deeoed and extended

geomety fom the Geek ho took a keen

nteet and ud et a ot of tme on n the

Element o mot ad mathematan the

tatng ot nto geomey hough ud

monumena and tmee ok

he netgaton Mum ndetook n

geomety eted on thee eent a The

t a ud Eemen hh a tanated

n Baghdad n the eghthetuy Houe of W

dom The eod a to ok of hmede

On e See and Cnde and e Heagn n

e Ce he eond oe no unaaae

Geek and eahe u hough the a tan

aton y ha n Qua he thd and na

a he dut ok of oono of Pega

aed e Cnc Th aeaed n eght ook

ten aoun 200 . ny fou of thee u

e n Geek he een ame to u n a

Mot of the geomea onton of oth

he Geek and am od ee uned unde

the theoy of o eton hh ee ued n

geometa ontuto the degn of mo fo foung ght ad the theoy of und

a he ufae of a od doue one fomed

y exendng out taght ne (geneato that

adate ot of the umfeene of a e aed

the ae and a though a xed on denoted

the eex, not on the ane of the ae. o e

ton ae geneated y uttng the doue oe y

a ane nteetng the geneato The hae of

the ane eton that eman detemned y

the ange of the ae to the geneato oo

o uefuy agued that ohe than the e

oy hee knd of on eton oud e gee

ated the ee the aaoa and the heoa

u Sah aKuh ed the theoy of on e

ton to deeo a emakae oede fo the

Lt no on ignorant

of gomt ntr.

NRIPTIN ABV PA AAMY

ontuton of a egua een-ded oygon the

hetagon u Sah a-Kuh a one of a gou of

gfted entt ho ee ought togethe fom

a oe the eaten egmet of the Mum od

ude the aue of key meme of the nuen

a Buyd famy n Baghdad megng fom he

mouaou egon outh of the aan Sea

and ognay a ugge o f ga oe n the uk

o maket of Baghdad u Sah a-Kuh tuned

h attenon to the tudy of the ee He a

nteeted n the ok of hmede tng

a ommentay on Book I of On e See and

Cnde. H man fou ay n on eton ad

the ue n ong oem eaed to he on

tuto of omex geomet oet



or intne he eined ho it oible

to ontrut ih oni eion here ith

egent iilr to egent of one here

nd oeing rfe re equl to eg

ent of eond here e elborted o

ne inrent tht old be ed or dring

oni eion the oee o ut b

Shl l-Kuhi hd et hi ight on een greter

biion detied intrution for the ontr

tion of the reglr hetgon rhiede hd

ulied roof relting to regulr hetgon

inribed ithin irle tht gget tht it

ought to be oible to ontrt hetgon but

thi did not go qie fr enogh o roide n

tul roedure hi i quite oon n the

br uniere of heti ionly

it i ery diu o derie e-by-e roe

dre for the onrion of ertin thei

objet. n h itution thetiin on

ern heele ith roing h t let uh

roedre eit leing the dioey of the

detiled roedure to other

en though rhiede ge roof of he

eitene the ontrution of the hetgon

eded he be G reek nd Mui heiin

for entrie o uh o th the enth-entry

Muli holr b -ud rerked tht erh

it eeution i ore dilt nd it roo ore

reoe thn tht for hih it ee reie

Ce bu Shl l-Khi to tke u hi hlenge

hrogh det niltion bu Shl -hi

ble o te the bet reduing the roble to

hree te hih if reered ould led to the

onrtion e id to trt h the onrution

of relent oni eion bed on the lengh of

he ide of the hegon hen genere dided

line egen ording o gien rootion nd

fro the diided line egen for tringle o

eing ertin roeie Finlly rodue te he

tgon fro the ontrted tringe

b Shl i lo knon or hi dioery of

ehod for rieing gien ngle hi

Tes fom hamba aae Ganada Sanmake a oofu desgn Mos Isam e desgnshae geomea and mah emaa ods

reered to the le of b Shl l-Kuh by

bd Jlil l-Sizi younger onteorry of

bu Shl nd ed in the onuion of regu

r nine-ided oygon he nongon.

Knoedge o oni et ion reqired by

intruen ker to engre he on he ur

e of ndi he Greek kne th the

n tre i irulr h ro the y dur

ing the dy the ry tht oer the ti of

ertil rod et in the erh for double one

nd beue the lne o the horizon both

rt o hi one the etion of he one by the

horizon lne u be hyerbol hi oti

ted brhi ibn Sinn the grndon of hbit

ibn Qrr to ke tdy of he ube is ie

t hort due o lier tuor nd he et hi

deie the ery ge of 37 in 946 e hi ur

iing ork ene hi reuttion n ior

tnt gure in the hiory of theti id

J L erggren oneorry riter

erggren then urie brhi ibn Sin-

n hieeent: i tretent o the re o f



Mesuremens in nure oen oow mhemic pes which inspired Musim schors The goden riois where he ree sies oconsecuive eu re orm io such h he io o he rger sie o he smerone is equ o he rio o he sum o he wo sies o herger one s seen here in he chmbers o mousk shend he rrngemen o he spiny cener o coneower

gnt o f bol h ilt h h

o don to u fo th od io to h

Rni in hi ok o undi tt

th dign of ll oibl kind of dl oding

to ingl unid od nd it nt fh uful ttk on ob tht hd

otn dftd hi do

ltion to til goti din hih

ould b ud to blli ubli building

ou l nd lib Mul go

inttd in jutifyng th o th in

nd long th li of thi b N

biho did in 950 nd i bt knon fo h

ok on ui hiloohy nd h onti

on itotli dtd ith tti o f gotiontution fo too ith iou ttion.

i ok tild th otillyA Bk fS

ul Cf d Nul See e el f

Gemel Fgue Th onbion of -Fbi

l inootd by bu lWf hi yoh

hn b did in hi book O e

f Geme Needed b Cfme oding ful

ontutionl dtl nd utition

T kind o obl to hih b Wfdotd hi ttntion inludd ontuting

ndiul to gin gnt t it ndoint

diiding ln gnt into ny nub of u

t nd ontuting qu in gin il

nd iou gul olygon (ith 3 4, 5, 6, 8, 0

id. l th onton to b id

out ih nothing o thn tig dg d

uty o o ith on d oning

Goty d il ignin o o

Muli tit hitt nd lligh. Thyhd kn n o t niy btn

unt in ntu nd thtil

ion nd thy ontntly inid by th

d onnio

Suh n inludd goldn

tio to of ut h i ing

to th y nd ot in ntu uh

in olluk hll nd lnt l n lyn

t it n th idth of n obt oughly

to-thid tht of t hight o otly68 It i lo lld goldn tion o lin o

tht if lin i diidd th ll t of th

to th g t of th lin th lg t

to th ho n Th tun out to b o

ty th tio of 83 nd i iibl in y

ok of t nd hittu

ll bing fintd by th gotil

oun tit o looking fo th nt



of any ytem of hao, o onet of ente in

term of rootion remained eir fou, too

The kwan al-Safa or rother of ity,

ere a grou o oa in the tenh enty,

ho reorded their idea about roortion in

heir Eple or Rl hey kne of the Roman

anon of Vitruvu a rtentry CE arhitet

and riter, ho meared the hman body a a

yem of oortion I a thi idea the khwan

onidered to be defetve, a it a entered on

the arum or the groin, intead of te navel

Vtruviu ndng ere baed on a Gree

anon, and thi a founded on an anent Egy

tian rule of roorton, hih related to the bak

bone of the god iri. The ared bakbone,

or je illar, a a redynati rereentation

of iri and it rereened taility, endurane

and goodne

After aintang reearh, the kwan ei

le ame to a dieent onluion They eta

lhed that hen the human body a rethed

and exended ot, te ngerti and the of he

toe toed the iumferene of an imagned

irle The enter of thi irle a hen the navel

and not the groin i he body a that of a hild

nder age even hi efet oortion, ih the

navel beng he ener begin to be diroor

tionaely laed aer the age of evenhe age of

nnoee At birth te midoint of the body

at he navel. A the individual gro the mdont

dro until it reahe the groin or arum

he roorional ratio odue an ideal gure

for reigiou aintng The idth i eigh an,

the height i ten an and the midoin i on the

navel The diviion of the gre i a body eight

head ong, a foot i an eighh of a body, the fae i

an eighth of a body, he forehead i a third of the

fae, and a fae i for noe o r for ear

With the navel a the enter of the irle,

hh ereened the arth and the lae o f life

utenane, th demonrated a divne manife

tation Thee divine roorion ere reeted

in omology muology, and alligray, and

in all ar from e enth entuy They ere een

a the key o ndng harmony and for the my

ti loene o God

Fo examle te natural harmony of the g

ure of eight a een by Mulim holar a the

bai number, hih motivated them o make

mearement in mui ale, oetry, algra

hy, and artiti thme

There i, of oue, the hole fainating area

of the algebra geomety o f Umar aKhayyam,

and te geomeri theory of lene by ui,

hih ere both n ed of geomety To read

more abou thee o to he eion Mathemai

in thi hater, and Viion and Camera in the

Home hater.

I

i

eonardo da Vnc' Vruan Man how he proporon o he huan body whch were dcued nhe e nhenury l he hwan aSaa



1 1 R HE

Pohet Muhmmd oke out gint the or

tryl o humn or nim orm in rt e did

not nt Mulm t the time to revert to or

hiing dol gure or the meril old

reImi rie hih ould tke ttention

y rom God

Geomety beme entrl to the o the

ulim orld tit reed the imgintion

n retvity to rodue totlly ne rt orm

lled the rbeque eveloment o geometi rbeque i ttern o mny unit

joined nd intered togeher l oing rom

the other in l direton h indeendent

unit i omlete nd ble o tnding lone

but ll re interlinked nd orm rt o the

hole degn Thee todimenionl deign

ere mot ly ed to deorte ure like eil

ing ll ret urniture

nd tetile.

uttnding emle othi ohitited rt orm

ere reently diovered

hen the Toi roll

unovered in tnbul The

oll ith it 4 individul

geometi ttern or ll

ure nd vulting i the

ok o mter builder ho

orked in Peri during the te 5th or 6th

entury It i the erli et o t knd to hve been

ound intt eore it dovey the erliet

knon lmi rhteturl roll ere rg

ment rom the 6th entury round ukhr

zbektn

rbeque n o be or uing tk

le or oer or ombinion o orl nd

geometri ttern nd thee deign eqully

inted uroen rtit Work rom theRenine roque Rooo, modern rt r

tury in the groteque nd trork l e

tured the ttern

Leonrdo d Vini ound rbeque

nting nd ued to end oniderble time

orking out omlited ttern. The mou

knot deign orn by nglnd Kng Henry

VII nd it er in h

ortrit on the border o hi

lok nd the urtin rerued geometi ttern

did Rhel. The groteque

deign o 7th-entury renh

The Lofollh Mosque n Isfhn,In shows besque nd newoen monumenl cuse-sylecllgphy of Qun esesboe nd below he poned ch.



h staggring array

ofgomtric pattrns

shows th way th

Musim craftsmn xpord

th concpt of ini through

mathmatica rptit ion

REORR RAGE OMAAR ALKIG AOUT

T ALAMRA I GRAADA

TE S N C HRY R

atit Jean Bain ho it and thentuy Ita

ian atit aed it a

ne of the bet knon 2th-entuy atit

ined by geoeti at a Duthan M C

he He eated unique and fainating

ok of at that eoed a ide ange o f ath

eatia idea and not uiingy he de hi

iniaion fo the tie atten ed in he

haba hih he viited in 9 He ent

any day kething thee, and ate aid that

thi a he ihet oue o f iniation tha

have eve aed .

It a not ony the aabeque that ae to

uoe in the 4th entuy an iotant beak

though fo uoean atit took ae. Fo

the Mui od they iote oi aint n

the at they had ony ued teea aint on

oo ane hih a a ubtane ade o a

obination of egg ate honey, and dye The

eenive ineed oi at had a daati effe

on uoean ainting, a it enhaned the oo

atuation of eih and Venetian itue

COCSE FROM EF poi ofKing Hen VI, whouled 191 shows him wih he Islmi kno-sle pen on he bode of his lok nd on he uin he sndson Tukish pe wh is Uhak s Cemi iles displ he I blue pens Topkpi Ple in Tuke.The Topkpi soll fom he le 1h o 16h enu showsindividul geomei pens fo wl sufes nd vuling ompiled b Pesin mse bui lde.



1 2 THE SCRBE

hee e mny ypes of decoive wiing ie Egypin hieogyphics o Chinese o Jpnese scips bu Abic cigphy deveoped

independeny fom of hese exised in Abi even befoe Ism

in he sevenh cenuy bu Musims signicny deveoped i. They used i n

someimes combined wih geomeic nd nu gues bu i ws so

fom of woship s he Qun pomises divine bessings o hose who ed

nd wie i Wih he pen s symbo of nowedge he of c igphy ws

n in he emembnce of G od

Wit t rea metu to rite artitialy a

na inredient ave allirahy another ou

larity boot hi a the mytial oer attrib

uted to ome ord, name and entene a

roteton aaint evl

he lanuae of rab alliahy beon

to he famly of anent Semit anae, and i

ome in many rit the mot famou of hih

are Kc and Nk.

he Kc rit ome from the ity of Kufa,

raq here it a ued by ribe tranribn

the Quran in the Kufa hool of ritin he le

er o f thi it are anular

he Nk rt i older tan Kc but it

reemle the harater ued by modern ra

i in and inin It joined u, a urve

rit, and ound, and ha a e emi-tyle.

eay a he enth entury famou alliraher

bu-li ibn Muqa devied a ytemati la

iaton of the rit aordin to eometri

rnile, etablihin a unit of mearemen

for letter and eatn a alane amon tem

e ouned x uive rit eame

non a lqlm l- Nk aliahy

eame moe oular than Kc tyle, hi a

develoed by the ttoma

efore aer a introdued, arhment andayru ere the main materia for oyin te

Quran ritin manurit, and orreondene

EF World-mos Trksh cllgrher Hsn Ceenstrcts stdent n the rt o cgrhy R nncent Kc scrt dsys two Qr nc erses 1nd chter 1); the crcle n the center sgn es thesert on between the erses



H S O Y C O N : H MYSY OF HAYY BN AQZAN

An saon by Kama obegom bn Tays Sty

Hayy ibn Yaqzan shos hm h hs aopve "mohe aoe Dane Deoe's 8h·eny Rbns n Cuse s ve

sma o bn Tays 2hceny ayy b n Yaqan

n eay cetury Muim Spai, a gied

piloopher maemaicia, poe and medi

cal docor wa bo. Ib n Tufayl o Abu akr ib Abd a Mal i ibn Mhammad bn Muammad

bn Tufayl a- Qayi to gve hi ful l nae, became

kown n the Wet a Abubace. e held oyal

pot a a advier and cort phyicia o Abu

Yaqb Yuef, te Aohad ruler o AAndalu,

an d e reme beed today fo Th So ofHayy

ibn Yaqzan the oigin a an ucrip of w ich i

now i te odlei a bray at Oxod. Th tale

wa npred by a earie oy om te h

century pyicianpilooper Ib Sina, wo alo

wrote a narrative called Hay y ibn Yaqzan abo acentry ear li er t wa he ory telf the i p

rato or te bo ok L and Sang Ad1nurs of

Robinson Cruso by Danel Defoe?

Hayy ibn Yaqan mea n Ai ve, on of Awae," o th i Te Story of Alve, on o Awae " which

decibe ayy' ca racter pai ng from eepy c il d ood to owedge by mean of whc he can

u ly cotempate he wod and h round ng.

I beg wit ayy a a ch ld, a pri nce o woe b t wa a ecret. e cat po te o e

of a eqatorial iand wee e i ucled by a doe and pend he yea of i ie wiho

coac wh any other u an beig. i iola io i in even tage of eve yea. D uing each

even-year tage he i hi ow eacher and lear abo hi el and h u rou d ng

The r nglh tranlaio of ayy ib Yaqzan appeared n 7 leven year lae, Defoe'amou boo wa pb li ed Many of Defoe conemporarie aid hi i piation lay the expeence

of Alexander Sel krk, a Scotih arine who paed mo re an ou yea in olitde o one of the Ja

Ferdez I an d ut the imi laitie beween Robinson Cruso and Hayy ibn Yaqzan are eoug o

make it pobable hat Defoe new the M li wok. Fom he ia nd hi pweck o the anguih o ioa

tio and rggle o u viva, Robinson Cruso bea any i late with te oder work.

Parhent a durale lutru and uuriu

thugh nly ne ide uld e ued Payru a

rittle and uld nt e eraed hih ade it

ueful eeialy fr gernent rerd there eene hen the heaer ateaie

aer a ardued i the late eight en

tury y te Muli after leanig the at fr

China the art f riting ed

Eure ae nt ntat ith rai allig

rahy thrugh rade and gift ehange eten

Eurean and Ml ryal urt t t

Eurean iitated rai alligrahy ithut

kning hat it aid and u inritin fr

the n Tlun Mqu uilt n Cair in 879 ere

rerdued in Gthi art r in Frane then inther ar f Eu Wrk uh a the ared

den dr y ater arer Gan Fedu in

a hael f te uder rh f the Catheda f

Le Puy in rane ad anter ared dr in

te hurh f a Vaut Chilla near Le Puy are

al attriuted t te iuene f the n Tulun

Mque rader fr a in taly h iited



Rad: In th nam of your

Lord ho crats crats man

from a co t Rad And your

Lord is th Most Bountous

ho tachs by th us of

th pn, tachs man

that which h knw not.

RA 61 -5)TH R VERE H E URA

RVA PRHE MUHAMMA

C re beleved t be renibe f he

rnmin f thee degn nt ure

hey hd eil reltn h timid Cir t

tht time.

n h bk Lgc flm Prfer Thm

rnld id r th bby dte bk t the

nth entuy fund in relnd ith the hre

Bml sm All) r n the nme f Gd

inribed in Kc ligrhy n t n ther t

frm eeily nting Kuc inritin

dded f ye Pee ere drn t llighy

even lin Renine nter Gentie d b

rin ued it i the dertive edging f lthe n

hi inting drtin f the Mgi

Befre e e kn them tdy me

ther riting intrument inluding te qlm

r reed en he mt ghtfter reed me

frm he tl lnd f the rbin Gu f nd

hey ere vuble tding mmdt ie her

length vried beteen 4 nd 3 etimeter

(9.5 nd 8 nhe nd heir dimeter gener

y meured ne entimeter (4 inh h

tyle f rit requi red diferent reed u t

ei ngle

nk ere f diferen te nd lr ith

blk nd drk brn ink mt ften ued l dif

fered in intenity nd neny Clligrher

y mde their n nk nd metime the

reie ere lely gurded eret. Silver nd

gld ink ee ued n blue vellum in frnt

iee fr illtrtin nd r title ge Cl

red ink uh red hite nd blue ere

metime ed n illuminted heding nk t

lihing tne nd nd fr dying the ink ere

ddtinl erie ued by llgrher

MA I N OF A P N

n osand ing pb iis odan, an d ompa nio n of A- M izz, h gyp

an slan in wro a book alld The Book ofAdence and Conc

ence. Hs na m was Qadi ab Hanifah a - Nman ibn M hammad, an d hr h

rons AM izz ommis sion ing h onsrion of a fonan pn

W wish o onsr a pn whh an b sd for wriing wiho having

ros o an i nkholdr an d whos ink wil l b onaind i nsid i A prson an

l l wih i nk a nd wri whavr h l i ks. Th wrir an p n his slv or any

whr h wishs and i wil l no sain nor wl l ay drop of in k lak o of i. h in

wil fow on ly whn hr is a n innion o wr. W ar nawar of anyon prviosly vr onsing [a pn sh as hi s] and an in diaion of pnraing wis

dom o whovr onp as i and rali ss is xa signi an and p rpos.

I x la imd, I s h is possb l H rp id, I is possib l if God so w l s

Th sory onins ha a fw days ar h asman brogh a pn ha wro whn i was

ld wih i nk. Th pn old b rnd psd dow and i ppd fom sd o sid who any in

bing spi l ld. Th pn did no ras h nk xp i wiing and i did no lav san s on hands o r

ohs asly, i d id no nd an n k po bas i had s own, hiddn away



:

,

�

<

i

,

,

'

"

Th fist chptr of th Qurn in al wa styl ws gildd bymst gild Mmur fom th Topkpi Pl i n Istnbul

;

•

<



6 0 V E S H D R F L I I V A I

1 OR OR

i alpabet lt jt ome o te wor tat ave come from orce Mlim civilzatio a ave pae ito te Egl agage wt

ter orgia meaig itact It i oly a mall electo Te acta lt

carre o ito te toa.

l i fr admral f m "cnde

ike m r "cnde

he e When he uren dted m

they de their n tin rex d rduc

ng di When thi eched ngih v ld

rench i t en "cnder nd t nt

until the ie f nglnd' drd h trng

nv ink egn t eerge i l arsenal

r d n', ening "he f king/

ndy ke cy h brre n

Venetin tin, hee the inil "d nt r

nunce n bece n hich ied

t he ge nvl cyd n Vence The dc

y nn t thi dy the Arzene nglh

cure the r ethe r n r he

rench en uing i nly cyrd y

he end f he 6th centy, i cing n

e genel e n "unin ehue

s or barican, om the Aaic bab al-

q gte ith hle

i r crimson fr qm hich i relte

�

o he qrmiz, the nsect that prodced he ed

ye qrmiz. C is aso for cavar, whch may coe

kd enng "hving egg r

chavjw; meanng "a cake of strength or power or

"brea of overs, an alusion o ts repte aphrodi-

ic ulitie ther think it ce f in

rkh hich en "h egg

s fo dragoman, an interpeter or guide

n cuntrie here Aic Tuih

Pein i ken fr he Arbic tjumn nd

the verb m interre

i f El-Cd the he Snih ec

e the h century r

Sd ening "the lr

i f Fomahaut the brghe n the

cneltn Pic Atinu, he Sh

en Fh gh-ye rh fm ut

en "uth the h

fr gol the Arbc gu enng

he en G i girae he

Aic f

azard f hch en

"y t dce

r i Iar, ne n the cnell

L n Anre, he Ac ',

enng he "veil cveng

fr jar fr ge erthen ve

J l r asmine, he Pein

mn

r k f ku ening ne

der ften niny ed n eye dec

n r eyeliner

i r ilac, f he Aic k hch

tken f the Pein nk enin



dgo" L" s aso fo e, om e Pesa

lmun meag emo"

s fo om a Aa wod ma

a eag oasg" o asy" e

e swak se" Sy a uusay oae ad

demosae okee s desed as aoso

" s aso o mress omg om od e

matea w was ake om mata a ae

wee soeg s ow" ad taaa mea-

g o ow"

s fo ndir a o o e eesa see

dey beow e obsere ad dame

ay oose e e oes o nad a

amt meag oose e e"

s fo ornge om e esa naa o

naang meag oage"

s fo e a sa e oseao

Usa o om e Aab alfaqad

meag e af"

W

s fo a, e aeso o e a ad

ze odued y Aaa e e

euy, u used Roma mes as a feesad-

g sume

s o e ess ee rook o e e-

sa uk.

s o sof; e sea was ogay a Aa-

ba ue's oe ad as bee es-

ee se aquy. gay ua meag

og be" o da" S" s aso fo sug fom

e Aa ukk meag suga" ad fo so

long om alam a geeg ad goodye mea-

g eae

s fo bby w ea sk o

w sed ae" ad was boowed

S H L : R 1'0 R

1638 fo e e Tey used ta o

waeed sk, fom Aab 'atta og-

ay eag mauaued a aAabya"

a sbub of agdad By 6 e ase aby

a was use ad aby as a ou meag

sed a" deeoed y 1 s aso fo

lcum owde w s fo e La talum

o e Aab talq was s used med-

ea La as tal aoud 131 ad Sas

Tao ad e as tal 8. Gema

s Talkum

s fo Unul a sa e oseao

o e See om e Aab 'unuq al

aa meag e ek o e sake."

s fo vzer fom wa meag oe,

ub sea" fom e e waaa o

ay V s aso fo e e bges sa

e oseao Lya om e Aab aln al

waq eag e fag uue"

s fo w, a aey o guy a emas

dy exe dug e ay seaso om

g fm e Aa wad w eas aey"

agea meag a g" s a Aab

eo o soe maea equaos

M s fo yogr Te oga us wod

was oguu bu ad beome yogu

y the centuy. Te g" is soft n the uk-

s ouao bu ad gs s sad

o mean, rougly to condense" n urks, we

ogu meas o kead"

s o e e o o umao o

e ea omg om e d Sas

ent w was om e Aa amt ea

ng pat" par o the Arabc phase samt al-ra's,

meag e oad oeead" o dey aoe a

esos ead





CHPER R

'1 is permissible sell a aricle wih makig everyhig [ab i} clea

r is i permissible fr aye wh kws

ab is defecs refrai frm meiig hemROE MUAMMAD ARRAED B AAM AD ALBAAQ

RKEA CLT AL EVOL T ON • A MN MANALS

WATE MAAEMENT • WATE SPPL • DA MS

W NDMLLS

• TADE • TEXTLES • PAPE • POTTE

LASS NDS T

•JEWELS

•C RENC

HTHR THRGH BRTRING GS G PR RRN R GTL TRNSFR L

have een makng deals and acqung poduce n the maketplace fo many mllenna Fo 100yeas the slamc wold was a powehouse of knowledge nuence an d nnovaton all dven y

a massve economy that ought and sold acoss thee contnents Entepsng Muslms wee

poducng goods at a fast ate and geat leaps n technology acoss many ndustes fom textles

to chemcals meant that vast numes o f people wee employed n these oushng sectos

Agcultual technques accompaned y eseach mpoved gaton and landowneshp ghts

meant that the standad of lvng was ased as people ate aundant food Famng nnovatons

ncluded usng pgeon manue fo felzaton a technque masteed n an whee towes 18 to metes hgh 60 to 70 feet wee dotted aound the elds to house the ds As these pactces and

knowledge dfted west they wee accompaed y conage checks and pape whle teasues of the

wold dfted ack nto the hustle and ustle of dynamc ctes lke ao n ths chapte you wll peel

ack the layes of commece to uncove the maketplace that was not so dffeent fom ous toda

PTE Mslm men n women oght n sol textles emcs, n glsss shown n ths thcenty pntng.



00 N V N O NS : T i l [ E N D U R N G \ Y O S Z O N

0 1 RI L R L EVO L IO

oday we are ore detaced rom or ood orces tan we were a tosand year ago Few o wor te land or rae or own anals We

vit te local sos or eraret to sale delgts ro arond

te world and can savor angoes ro Paistan srawberre ro Aerica

rooms ro Holand lab ro New Zeaand and bee ro Argentina

No longer do we ave to wait or ser ales or rey on icled vegetable

in wnter; nstead we jst ove along to te next el Bt tis concet o glo

bal ood not lned to local eason and clates i not new Wat new i

tat today it i osly own n and not grown on local ar th th tuy Mul a w ak-

g at: tdug w p fm al

ad h wld dlg t gat

ytm, ug glba kwldg f lal d

a way a pmg patal

amg ha ludd ddual adwhp

a at thy ld ha a dty fd

py aaabl

• GLOBA KNOWEDE AND SCIENTFC METHOD

Bg fm a lzat f tal Mum

bd th w wld kwldg ad

Ctton oiginll om Indi w nto duc d mo cp in Siciy nd ndu

fat jyg h haht -

t fm th t f Aa t h Py-

, dalg all thy aw t pd hg

agua maual h w a taua

uual t kwldg m h

pa ad h pt, th a at h

Magh, ad Adalua, ad Aa ht

a S P Stt 0

A Adw Wa m h y t ad th Mulm wd wa

a lag ud g whh f th fu

tu wa ually pt all that

wa w t wa al ually abl t dffu

t . Atttud al ttu ttu

, fatutu, pg ad -

m dlpt al payd a at Ad t

y agut ut a h ph f th

yad may aa f lf that ay utd

h yw uhd by th apaty

abb ad t at.

Wth th at aay f kwdg mg

f a dty ggah aa Mm

uld a h t h ad hp, ad u-

tat th bt had ad gtabl gad

Thy kw hw ght t pt, u tl-

, ad w p a gaftg t ad

g plat pd w at



Tody fresh food from round the world s redlylble n locl shops nd mrkets.

• EWROP

In the ient Meiterrnen worl, generlly

speig, mnly winter rops were grown eh e woul gie one hrest eey two

yers. Tht ws before the Anlusin Muslis

rrie with op rotion tehniues s wel

s new rops ny fro Ii. Tese eee

wrm or hot weter, whi ws proie by he

long summer ys lthough here were lso ry

onths wih litle rin With the Musli intro

ution of irrigton, though four hrests eh

yer o now be proue for nuerous rops

ubtropi rops lie bnns, were grownin the ostl prts of the ountry, n the new

rops nue rie irus fruit pehes, plums

sil, priots oton, rioes, bergines,

sffron, n sugrne As wel s ntrong

sugrne to pin where i h huge impt

Musms too it to thiopi n to Znzibr, now

fous for ts highulity sugr

, f.T rG l R.O

It s a bssd act to pat a tr

v f t b th day th word ds."

PRPHE MUHA MMA

ARRAE AUKHAR A AHM

A sil instry ourishe ws ultte

n lnen epote Esprto grss, whih gew

wi n the more ri prts of pn ws ol

ete n turne into prous lie bses n

oor oerngs

AlMsui, enhentry Muslim treler n

hstorn, wrote bout the introution of ornge

n tron tees he ornge tree, aja al-naa

n the itron tree, al almdawwa were

brough fro Ini roun 3 . [12 ] nwere rst plnte n n From here they were

rrie lBsr into r n yri n ery

short ie hey bee numeros in he hoses o

he peope o Trus n oter yrin rontier n

ostl towns Ve ily the rees were sprout

ing up oer Anioh, lestine n gypt where

but short te go they were uno



FROM LEF Some of te op tt Mulm bougt to

nd ultted n outen Euope nlude tu futdte nd g

The trnsfer of such cros ws ofen due to

he enthusism of indiidul eole lie Abd

lRhmn who ou of nosgi fo hs yn

lndsce ws ersonlly resonsible for the intro

dction of seerl secies, includng the dte lm

to me himself fee more t home in this new lnd

of AlAndlus or in A riety of omegrnte

ws inrodced fom mscus by the ce udge

o ob Mwiy ibn lih n odnn

soldier nmed fr too g cutting n nted

it on his estte in the Mg regon his seces

ced af fer he soldier sred oer the lnd

• RRATION

As we he seen cros were grown in the hot

summers nd some of the new cros needed

more wter thn ws ilbe, such s sugcne

whic h to be wtered eery fou to egh dys

ice hd to be coninully submerged otton

ws grown fom the end of he th century nd

ccording o medel historin bn Bss, hd

to be wtered eery two wees from the time it

srouted until August. The Andlusis were self

scient in cotton, nd eorted to ms

Moocco nd s fr south s fiy region of

Afric rnges nd oter citrus lnts wee lso

rgted, s were mny oher frut trees nd dry

frming cros.

o how were these wter demnds met Mus

lims were eerts in rising wter by seer

mees gurnteeing constnt ow by usng

both ums nd wterwheels or na. n he

Vlenci re lone bout 8 na wee built

to te wter to the rce lnttions.

Muslims built uon the trditionl use of

nims to ower mchney nd lso desed

dnced gering mechnisms nd dug under

gound cnls, or qanat, o te wter though

hrsh, brren deserts lie the hr ou cn

red more bou irrigion nd wter rctices

in the Wter Mngement nd Wer uly

sections in this chte

or he wter to me t to the eds, the leel

of the irigon systems hd to be correcty c

cuted nd Muslms hd the dntge of the

dnces they hd mde in mthemtics. By

sing tringltion they cod ccurtely me

mesurements of height

t ws no only mthemtics tht heled g

cultue becuse mor dnces in stonomy

in hcentury Toedo n were lso hing

n imct As reorter Rgeh mr sys in the

BBs An am Ht f Epe sonomi

cl tbles were used in griculture . the tbles

sowed times for lnting nd hresting



• EW ANDOWNERHP PPROACH

Te ls iporn for for is boo in food

produion ws e deelopen of new g

oos syse o f ownersp Frers oud now

wor ore for esees nd e ouniyrer n in isery sufering eploiion

e wi of big lndowners ws reo

uiony sol rnsfoion in ndowner

sip wen lborers' rigs were inrodued Any

indiidul d e rig o buy, sell, orgge

ineri nd fr e nd, or e fred

ording o is preferenes.

Th Spanish Musims aricuurasysm was h mos compx h

mos scinic h mos prfc vr

dvisd by h inn ui y of man

1T-CEURY AMERICA ORA P CO

Eery iporn rnsion onernng gr

ulure indusry oere, nd epoyen of

sen inoled e signing of onr nd

e pry eeping op. Tose wo pysilly wored e lnd eeied resonble pro

poion of e fruis of eir lbor nd deiled

reords of onrs beween lndods nd ul

iors e sried sowing e ndlord

eined nying up o onelf

Wi ese fring innoions e uliy

of life inesed dlly nd n enred

die for l ws possble wi e inroduion of

yerround fres frui nd egebles Tus, less

needed o be dried for winerirus nd olie plnions bee oon

sig, d e grdens nd orrds sprng

p rond eery y Al is inoled inensie

ropping, w ould e ed o deresed soi

feriliy bu e eniue of inensie rg

ion oupled wi ferliion enies, usng

inly pigeon dung, d been sered

1 : R K r \G R C l T R L R E \ . O l L T I N

Anil usbndry nd seleie breeding

sing nils fro diferen res en orse

sos iproed nd srong els ould rry

e goods of e rn rns

Anil produs su s e nd wool

bee pleniful i ples were ey d been

uuy Tis inluded e use of ni nue

Te neuiy produs fro e Mgeb

region of Tunisi, Algei nd Moroo soon

bee nown rougou e world

No only woo, bu now sl nd oon were

beng proded oon origlly fo Idi

bee or op in iy nd AlAndlus

ing preously rre lury goods ilble

Wii reiely sor period people d ess

o wder rnge of eies fo loing wi now

lso e in geer riey of olors

he cao of sgar cane in he

Wes spread fro Kh risan i Persi a,

and hrogho he iddle ages Sh ser [he

ance Ssa] was renowned for is anfac

re on a large scae The ar o sgar reigwas pracised exensiely by he Arabs nde r

Msli rle he growh and anfacre of

he cane spread ar and wide fro India o

Morocco. Throgh he Msl i donions in

Spai and Si c ly i reached sohern Erope

GUY E RAGE 0THCER OR IAT





M LFT lr r hd tssnd timetbles o ech month Mrch noted th t ossbloomed nd quils ppered

b -wwm 12thty botst fom

Si Msim Sp, gth togth p

os ss of , gyp, Ps

sos to ot B< f Agcle wh

h 4 hpts o gt im hs

by, so g fms ps isttios

t 585 pts, pi th tito

of mo th 0 fit ts m obstos o

gftig soi poptis ppto m

pt sss th ttmts gg,

igto ts btw ts, bp

ig t o yo o w to ow bo

os, om how to gow th s, th ttmt

o thi isss gfg hsg ois to

th popts of os g o o thi

otog h th ws sto o pow

ig thqs, th fqy tms fo sowig

how to sow, wtg ft sowg g

goth, mit of pts, hstig So,

wth ths fomto fm o ot

go wog most of this ws pbs i Sp

sh h bw th of th 18th h

m of th 19t ts

Th th ws t mb thi

y of th fmos Calda f Cda f

\ 1 : R "LT f . RI N G 1 · U S

h moth of th y h tss timtbs

o st, M ws wh g ts w gft

y s bg to s t ws th tm to

pt sg, wh y sso oss

s bg o b s pp, siwoms

hh, mt bg to oy p s

Ths ws so h t to t mbs, sow

otto so, bgs Dg this moth

mi os to phs hoss fo th gomt

w st to po t os Losts bg

to pp thi stto ws o t ws

th tm to pt m mom ws so

th mtg sso of my bis

Th ws o g sto ft t

ops w thssy stiiz

o mp b ss sg th s

o pots tht f th sg s; th th tho

ogh pptio of th soi by ig m

ws omm Sowg ws s btw

by Mh b Am g th sp

i mot of i tht to b sow o

y g s, how tht sho b

ot so spo t gth of th wtg po

ss spfyg tht sho b sbmg

with wt p to g hight bfo th ws

pt O th so h bsob th wt th

ss w o with th, th sb-

mg wth wt g



116 10 l \ E NT 1 0 N S: i · ' D J R 1 N l. EG:\U U L C I V / .\ON

(Wth a deep love for nature and a

relaxed way of l fe, classical Islamic

socie acheved ecological balance,

a successful average economy of

operation, based . . on the acqured

knowledge of many cv lzed

t rad t i n A culmination more

subtle than a smple accumulation

of technques, it has been an

endurng ecolog cal success proven

by the course of human hstory."LUCIE BOLENS, AUTHOR OF THE USE OF

PLANS FOR DYEING AND CLOTHNG

Rice expers also focused on ghing para-

sies, cleaing weeds and ways of harvesing and

safe soage The use of rice as a food ook many

forms, and In alAam speced ha he bes

way o cook and ea rice was wih bue oil fa

and milk An anonymous auhor of he Alm-had dynasy also wroe a recpe book caled The

Cooke Book of Maghrb and Andalusia, whch

included many recipes, ve of hem wih rice, al l

sonding mos appeizing.

A very mpoan par of farming was ensur-

ing ed ferliy o acheve a perfec balance.

This was horougy expored, and ineres-

ingly has no changed much in a housandyears as medieval Muslms were also liberally

applying manure o heir eds. bn alAwwam

saes ha he bes manre s from pigeons and

by oday's sandards i was deniely envron-

menally friendly and organc

Doed across he land n Iran were pigeon

keepslarge circular owers made from mud

brick wih smaller ures projecing from heir

summis Tey sood a 18 o 21 meers (60 o 70

fee) in heigh and were consruc ed for collecing manure and breeding more pigeons.

Inside e owers were made up of small

celke comparmens ike a honeycomb. The

guano or dun g accumuaing over ime would

e spread on he surrounding felds afer he

pigeon towers wee cleaned once a year. I s

said a a one ime here were as many as

3000 of hese pieon owers ouside Isfahan

in Iran

LEFT: Rui ns o f a pigeon tower still stand ne ar sfahan,

Iran. Muslims believed that the best organic fertilizer

was manure from pigeon droppings and they used it lib-

erally o n their elds. RIGHT Pigeons were bred primari ly

to be used in the postal network for carrying messages



.-\ R KLT : f R1 N(j r\ N U · l

/· -

n att e-eaton how Mlm fame at wok Innovatve fame n the nnth entywee plantng new op developng tateof-the-at gaton tehnqe, ng ogan

fetlze, hane ng global knowledge n loal aea and bang the agonomy on ent ffndng. Th al l led to an agltal evolt on makng feh food avalable to moe people.



8

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0 1 I N V L N r O N S : f i F D U R N C E \ Y O , !v Z T N

03 ER AAEE

hether t i Andi or Agnitn Chigo or Cro wter ieent il or gitre nd tenne It the ore o ll ie.

Mlim nherited exitng tehnie o irrigton preerving

ome while modiying improving nd ontrtng other

eir enineein advances were pary down o

proress n aeacs wic ean ydo

oy and e acnery or bldn iriaon

evices were consanly ein revoionie

even-cenuy ersan aeaician and

ennee Muaa alKaaji aled aou e

binin o e suace o iden waers e

aso covere srveyin nsruens eods o

eecin sources o wae, an nsrucons or

e excavaon o underon con s.

Tese neround conuis o unnes wee

du o peven wae loss y evapoaion Cale

qts e oes wee n esia and wi e

eveopen o aricuure an w oe cos

ben paned, ey ecae essenal an q

bildin becae a necessiy, especially in e

dy envionen o e Mdle Eas Laer ey

cae o Crdoba, Spain ain waer avalale

o uan doesic use

ersa an odays Aanisan ad ousans

o wells al conneced by ese underoun canas

ey were consruced o wisand proles o

sin and roo cavns ensurn a coninuous ow

o waer rou les an iles o oriable des

es and osile erain In soe areas o soli roc

e q appeared as an oveand sea anen dsappeared aan as e eoloy caned

In e Aleian Saara ee wee aso newos o

nderound unnels, called ggs

The Nomete n Rd Isnd t Fstt ne Co,s ometed n 8686. The octgon comn n thecete s sed to mese the heght o the te n theNe n c bts, n nce nt method o mesemen t.

ere aers aso use a waer cloc a clepsy

ra, o conro waer use o everyone i e area

as i e, ni an day, e aoun oin o

eac are

In pars o Iran despie e exisence o yro

eecc as an odern aion syses

qs ae sll a ae's eline oeas o Si

ra e recos ooity o wae is sill obained

o wes suppe by neroun canals

Given e scacy o wae n ese o ard

nvironens a o be conroled n eu

aed jus as is oda Te auoies e e

laye a ccal role oo a, yrac wors



Muslims wr bl to trnsort wtr or long distncs using sris oshd wlls connct d toon n ohr Forming n undrground tunnl clld ths r n r Ish n Irnth hd mnhol covrs or ir circultion which hld th wtr

ow through th tunnl Q r still usd tody.

o a vast ature like das, were et to the state

while the ocal poplatio ocused its eorts o

lesser oes, like loca waeraisi achies

I Eypt, e aaeet o e Nile wates

was cca to evey sie aspec o lie. Both

Al-uwayi ad Al-Marzi, early ypta

cetry hisoras, sressed the ole o da ad

waterway aiteace o the Nie. It was the

resposibility o both sultas ad lare ladhold

ers, uder both Ayyubids ad Mauks, to diad clea caals ad atai das As Ia,

the suta took over e larer sucres ad the

people he esser oes Most disuished eirs

ad ocias wee ade chie supervisors o sc

works Ude the Mauks there was eve a

ocer called the Kaf alJu whose ob was

to ispect das or each provice o Eypt

Waste was baed ad al dspues ad vioa

tios o he water aws were dealt wh y a cout

whose des were cose by e arers te

seves This cour t was called he Tribual o the

Waters, which sat o hursdays at the door othe prcipal osue Te cetuies ater, the

sae tribual still sts alecia but ow at the

door o the catheda

Ib alAa, a 2-cetury boast, reers

to a drip irraio echiue i his Bk fg

cutu sayi ha it coserves water ad pre

ves overwateri o soe speces He patialy

buried waer-lled pots at the ase o tees, wit

specic-sied holes or cotrolli the drippi

rate This techiue is widely used aroud theworld ow.

As Mss were accopshed civil ad

echaica eiees, ohi cae i the way

o teir extact water Eve i he water souce

was i a ore, te use o sophsticated ach

ery ike waerraisi aches ad pps

revolutioized the society.



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0 E D U R LH)t\CY ' M

04 AER SPPLY

mge you lfe tody wtout ug wte, wee you ve to wk fo

mles to ve o well d te cotemplte ow to get t to you bucket

sce you cot get e te fst ow. Tis ws te stutio fo Musls

befoe te goudbekg vetos of wte-sg mces d pumps,

toduced bout Boo yes go

Tey devsed ew tecnies to catc canel,

store, and lift te water, and ade ngenious co

binatons o f aailable devices drawing o teir

own knowledge and tat of ot er civliations

Te ancent Egytians already ad te a

doo a siple but effecive contraption tat

took water fo te river n a bucket tied to a

long pivoted poe e bcket ad a counter

weigt and it was all supported between two

piars on a wooden oioa bar It is stil sed

in Eg ypt toda

Large watewees o r osave raised water

fro fast-owing waterways to iger and snce

100 truvius te oan writer, arcitect,

and engineer etioned tis sipe yet power

u device ike any waterwee, it was turned by

e force o owng water against paddle co

partents on its ri. Tese led wit water ad

took it to te top , were tey eptied nto a ead

ank connected to an aueduc Already used by

hese o whch ise we fo he Oons Rv n H Sy.



It i impib t vr mphaiz

th imprtanc f a-Jazari

wrk i n th hitry f ninrin.

It prvid a wath f intruct in

fr din, manufactur and

amby f machin

ISH E E O H 9

t oan an rian ty wr aat an

rvlo by t Mli

r Mli nto of noa fr to

t xcavaion of a caal n t Baa r ion int lat vnt cntry wl at Haa,

on t rivr Oront in Syia till xi alto

ty ar no lonr in Ty wr bi wl

an at wa abot 0 tr 65.6 ft)

in iatr wit it ri bin ivi into 1

coarnt noa a Mrcia in Sain a

Nora, i till in oration, alto t oriinal

•\ RI ET: F R

Pge from 1hcenry mncrip depic wo werriing mchine deigned by l-ri Wer-riingmchine re drien by wer rbine hrogh geredhf, which rn s wheel crrying long bel ofbcke lzri mde wooden niml nd plced i

on he roing dic on he mchine o people wold nohink he omic mchine w dren by mgic heyhogh i w drien by n nim l opering mlipleger wih pril eeh o prodce eqence o f moionin for coop h ook wer from he rier one coop ime Thi deign inclded he r known ppernceof cmhf, which conroled he mechnim

wl a bn rlac by a tl on. Aart

fro ti t Moori yt i otrwi vir

aly ncan r ar till lot of noria in

vaio art of t wo, an ty ar o abl

to cot cclly wit orn Many Mli tcnoloit rconiz tat

arnin owr ro bo watr an anial

col incra t aont of work on wo

at nnovato an Ml ninr wr

Al-Jaari an ai alDin. Bot carri ot a

nbr of xrin, bilin rarkabl

acin ta av l to aoat acinry,



122 0 J N ' I O S : f E D U R G . \ F L I , C l J Z T

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c uc oou pc on

cvlizion ody.

A-Jz i liv in ou uky n l

d ly 3 cnui n ployd

y Aid ng o D yk oud 1 1

A killd n c up

gou dvc o ing ug o o

iou ng ng.

pon o u cnk n i cnconcng

od y cnk conidd on o

o po cncl dcov d,

c l oy oo ino l

oion ody cnk n ll kid o g

o oy o ou ciny lk c ngin

d locooiv

Al-z c pod y n

i -, c ovd

u d don y inic y involv

g g nd cnk knon -cnk

cni cnk p o cn

d no pp i uop unil 5 cuy

n i vouo i ngig

n ravi ss s o pia h iii

L-JAZA' ECPOCAI UP

AJzi dignd v -iing cin

o o povn on oo

nd on plc l po i g nd

po A iodcon o cnk

t o icl koug c n

d dvn pup involvd cog-

l, copp pon uco nd dlivy pp,

d on-y clck vlv. pup uckd

, o d go nd nio up

3 no upply y.

vy ly xpl o oul-c pcip

o o pon uckng il o div, d

AlJzi pc l on po n

oy vlv o k l ok

you v lk king you o 3-

cuy g c cocng

pp di o o i okd

Sl o ll i ou l nx o

oig iv l o pddl n ocl

cn i pd ov l g

g c, pong o c ovd

oo o lv d cipoc

ng pup c

Cck vv lp o nd x

oug pp i pip

g in po pulld

log g o cy ou

cd og l vlv ou

vlv nd co dung i i, cu

o gvy d poo o i pvo pon

Wn pon on p ok,

in cylind ocd oug

ul vlv oug oul p ip

o l pp vvind clod ug , cu o

gvity nd poion o p ivo poin

oon lnd n

d o dvc, o o

on pu o o o pul

ok o o uii o

ng d p on cop voluion o



warwh and hi arrid on a long a hrwa owig war o dri i

• AQI AIN SIXYINDER P

Th oh hnoogial whiz wa 6h-ny

Ooa nginr ai al-Din b Maouf al

aid who wro a boo o aa gi

ning ald h Sb ho o S

chn wll a alig ao wa pp

h ao diud h working o a udiary

a ngin abou a hundrd yar bfor hdoy of a powr

Hi ixyindr pup and war-raiing

ahin for par of h udy of h hiory of

papraking and al work a h pio w

iila o dop har and hy ould ha

bn ud o ra wood pulp for papr o

o ba long rip of a i a gl pa

ai al-Din xplaind how h pup workd in

h aurip. Th ix-ylindr pup had a wa

whl aahd o a long horizona axl or ahaf whih had ix a pad along i lng

Th rir dro h warwhl whih road and

urnd h ahaf ah a on h ahaf

puhd a onning od dowward and al o

ning rod wr piod a h h

ohr nd of h onning rod wa a ad wigh

whih lifd upward and pulld a pion up wh i

LEFT twok how Tq l-Dn x-cylnde wtepu mp. The cm ht contl the motion o the connectng od to poduce pogee moton o the x piton o wte ed contn uouly TOP HT

e w o the cmht nd wtewheel BOTTOM HT

cloe-up o the ptn nd cylnde block

Now a auu wa ad ad war wa ud

hrogh a oru la a ino a pion y

indr fr ahaf had road roug a

rain angl h a rad h ong od

and h pio rok dd Through graiy h

lad wigh puhd h pion down foring waraga h lak a bu h lak al lod o

h war had o go hrough aohr hol and no

h dliy pip Th bauy of h hani

wa i h ynhronaon ad orol un of

al h pion whi wr proidd y angula

arangn o h a aroud h haf

I a i for dpdn on ahinry

whn w w no urroudd by ar biy

l or lri pup h diori rally

hangd oiy h ahin would no ba-anufaurd bu any own would ha

a war pup o lonr wr popl haing

war onainr around o waing i r o

u h hadoof Inad hy ood by pup o

audu waiing o ah h priou liud

gahrd by hir warwh ju a w wai for

h war o ow fr our fau







26

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0 0 N N O N T l N D U R N Y O S M \T N

05 AM

ms re s ome o he lrges civl egieerig scures ever bl ney pl vl roe n civilizo. Wo ms more oos ol

rvge lns rrgon o o ve bee s lrgescle n e

ol o ve oelecrc plns pmpg o power oy

Ar d, re d ebnke d,

u bil ny d in ri viey o

ure nd o enie o Te dein

d eei o e o peve o ee

d were proded y e Abid o Tni

i ner eir p AlQyrwn, in e nn

enury ABkri, n enury eorpe

d iorin ro ouern Spin deibed

one rur in or n o enoou ze In

e ene re n oonl ower overed by

pvilon w ou doo. A on erie o rde

o re rei one upon e oe end on e

ou de o e eevoir

In In i e Ker d e ode known

red d, w i ou 700 ye old Ti

d, lie ny o i den, d ore o rubble

ory e in or Te or w de

ro lie rued w e o lo deer

pn, kin i ron, rd, nd iperviou o

rkn Ten ee w e ipevely urved

Quy d, wi w 30 eer i (98

ee) nd 205 eer on (673 ee I w bl

ner Medin now n Sudi Ari

In ody Anin ee d wee

opleed by Suln Mud o G zni in e

enury ner pi y Oe ned

Khj Bdge so dm on the yndeh Rve n IshnIn ws blt n the md17th cent by Shh bbs othe Svd dyns. The bdge ws set on stone pltomnd dvded by sces whh egted the ow othe ve



(istorians of civi nginring hav

amost totay ignord th Musim

pr iod and in particuar historians

of dam b uiding, such as thr havbn, ithr mak no rfrnc to

Musim work at a o vn wors

caim that during Umayyad and

Abbasid tims dam bu iding

irrigation and othr nginring

activi tis surd sharp dcin and

vntua xtinction Such a viw is

bo th unjust and untru."

, HRY 9

after i was oate a unre kiloeters (6

iles) soutwest of Kabul It was 3 etes ig

(05 feet) an 0 eers long (7 feet)

Da onstrution n Musli Spain was

iense an te asonry tey use wa a

type of eent tat was arer tan stone

itself Ea of te eigt as on te Tuaiver ave fouations tat go 5 feet ito

te riverbe wit furter support provie

by rows of wooen piles e soli founati

was neee ue to te ives errati beavior:

In tes of fooig its flow was a ure

ties greater an ora More tan ten e

turies later tese as still otinue o eet

e irrigation nees o f Valenia reiring no

aiion to e syse

Te ity of roba o e rver G aaluivir probably as te olest surviving slai

a in te ountry Aoring o tentury

geogape A-rsi, t was bilt of tiyya

stoe an ine are pillas Te a

follows a zigag ourse aoss te river, a

sape that sows that te builers were aiing

at a long rest in orer to inrease its oveflow

\ R ET: D '

The eevo on the wi M l- l ne Al-Qywn nTun ut y the Aghd n the nnth centuy oneo the oldet uv ng eeo n the Mum wod.

apaiy. eains of te a an stll be seen

oay a ew eet above te iverbe.

o buil su iese srues Musl

engees se sopstiate lan-surveying

etos an instruents lke astrolabes an

also trigonoetri alulations Das wee bult

of ary ut sone loks oine ogee by

iron owes wile te oes in wi te owels

tte were lle by pour ng in olten lea Te

level of raftsanship an superiority of esign

atane eans tat a tir of all sevent aeigt-entuy as are still inta e ote

twotis were estroye by enturies of war

fare, fro te aries of Gengis an an te

Mogols to Tiur te Laes oes

Mls were also vesting i gee

energy wen tey use store wate for l

powe n Kuzistan at te ul-i-Bulaiti a o

te A-i-Gargar, te ls were installe in tn

els tog e o o ea se of te

anel, onstiutig one of te earlest exaples of a yropower a, an it was not te

only one in te Musi worl Anoer exape

was e brge-a at Diful w was use to

prove ower to oeae a no a uge wer

weel, wi was o bits in iaeter an sup

pie water to all te ouses of the town Many

su yrauli works an stil be seen toay



28 IOOl I N V N T N S : T l N U R N G Y O C I

6 IMILL

o pode anytng enegy s needed and befoe o poweed manesenegy ame fom sstanable soes Some enegy n te Islam

wold moe tan a tosand yeas ago ame fom wate, and was

anessed n manes le te anod system w too wate to ge

levels and nto aqedts to qen te tst of towns Wate dove mlls to

gnd weat bt n de pats of te Isam wold tee was not enog wate

so atenatve powe spples wee sogt.

e tig te vat deet o Araba ad e e

eaoa trea ra dy a id, ad ee deer

id ad a cota decio ad be eguay

ro te ae pace e id a o pe

yet eectve tat ucky pread a over e ord

ro it eve-cetury eria og Mot i

oria beeve tat it a te Cruader o iro

duced idi to urope i te t cetury.

A eria ad coe to te ecod Caip Uar,

o eiged or te year ro 634, ad caied e

coud bud a i operated by d, o e cap

ordered i o ave oe but Ater ti id

poe becae idey ued o ru itoe or

gridg cor, ad ao to dra up ater or irr

gatio a doe rt i te eria provce

o Sta, ad AMaudi, a Arab geograper o

ved i te tet cety, decribed te egio a

a couty o id ad ad e ao rote, A]

caracteritic o te area i tat te poe o e

d i ued o drive pup or ateig garde

Eary idi ere to-tory buidg ad

ere i o e toe o cate, itop, o r pat

or e pper tory ere te oe, ad

i te oer oe a a ee, drive by te ix or

eve a at ee covered i aric. ee

ed te upper itoe ee oe caber

a ere pieced y our vet, i e arroer

ed oard e ieror, c directed te d

oto te a ad creaed it peed

Widi ro tat ie ere decrbed a

cotag a itoe ataced to e ed o a

oode cyder i a a a eer de (.6

eet), ad 3 o 4 ee g s to 13.1 eet),

adig vericay i a toer ope o te ot

eat ide to catc e id boig ro

direco e cyider ad a ade o bude

o b or pa eave, attaced to te at o te

axe. e d boig ito te toe, pued te

a ad tured te at ad itoe

e itroductio o te idi ad a great

eect o te cece o ecaica egieerg

ad eat tat e trade ere bor

Bhold! a gant am I!

Alo hr n my tow

Wth my gran t jaws I dvour

h maz and th what and th

And grnd thm nto our

I look down ovr th farms;In th lds of gran I s

h harvst that s to b

And I ng to th a r my arms

For I know t s all for m

EXCERPT FRO"

HE WIN L

B HENR WASWORTH ONFELOW



, •

Wnd turbnes tn in a feld of rapesee d n Fance . Attempts to use env onmentally

endly enegy have evved the cal l fo the use of wnd powe r

:v\ i R K F. T W I N D M LS







32 I N V F T O S : T i l E D U R I C LC;\Y O \ L J ,v I L I Z ! I O

07 TRAE

rade as a long traditn in sam andProet Mammad and many o is com-anions were tradesmen Becase t layed a major art o Islamic e,

trade was governed by a wel-develoed body o legislation covering con

tracts excanges, loans, and maret condct

e v netork o rae trece ove epire

tat core w n eclectic colecon o e

cn n oo Gol an wte ol, a al w

nown rvele nor n et ro te Acn

Sa no Moocco Spn n ance wt leer

ntitie n te way into Geece Trkey

Et an Sya owrie ell (tey were cr

ency in e t centry) went ro te Mve

Sljk nsis stil l stnd in Kony, kyCnsis w hitbl ondtions nd oddcilitis, sh s ood nd shlt to tls o w th hihw si stions" o thi tim.

to Wet Aric. otery n pe oney e wet

ro na, bt te e crency i not catc

on in airo Tavee o owe on w e

oo ei an ltn wie en an pilr

Te n tae pan lon e Slk ote

wa te eartbet o e M econoy Te e

tre wa anly alon te Meiterranen ore

o Arica an Erope Te port o M n ot

ern Spain w a cente o ene tac, viite

by traer ro l contre epeclly toe ro

te ercne repblc o tly like e Geno

ee bn Bat aile o Anatol on Genoee

boat becae tey one t pr o e re

oe n e i e ian trete

onobly n took no pae oney o

n te cowe y o Mla re bar

tee te cooitie o evey conty ro ik

weapon ewelry an le pottery o te ei

cio ri o Spin

Alexanri wa or pot at te ot o

te Nile elta pilln ito te Meiterrnean

Se n e Spce oe i wa te eway into

rope o oo con fo te nian cen

to te e Sea n own e Nle t two

rbo a Mli one in te we n anone in e eat wic wee ete by te lan

o ro n t enoro litoe nown t

t tie a wone o t wol

et top lon te oa, calle ravn

ie aciitte trae aravnarie were car

be ontion rovin trvele wit tree

y o ree ele oo in oe ce



entertanen at eglar intervas o abou 30 klo

eers 186 es) along portan ade routes

As he erhants aied their aes aross

the ord they also too Isa h the

he hinese oast n Gangzhou no anon

a oloy o Musli and Jeish erhants as

ell established in the eighth entuy Msli

erhants penerated Aria and it as initially

Berbe erhants ho arried Isla aross the

Sahara All noads n northeast Aria here

trade routes lnked the ed Sea th the ie

uikly eae Mslis

Soe enters n the Isa ord onstiuted

thriving ounites due to thei potant plae

in oeria exhanges AlQayraan in Tunsia and Siilasa in Moroo ere desibed by

the tenthentury traveler Ibn Haal in hs Book

of te out of te Kngdom AlQayraan he

largest on in the Maghreb surpasses all ohes

in is oere ts rihes and the beauty o its

bazaas I head o Abu alHasa the head o the

publ treasry tha the noe o all provines

and loalties o the Maghreb as beteen seven

hundred and eight hundred ilion dinars

1 \R K f. T: R ! D

h Arabs mastrs of an mpir

xtnding from th Guf of Gascony

to byond h ndus invovd in

commrcia ntrpriss

raching in to Africa and Batic

urop brough ast and Ws

togth as nvr bfor

ROBER OPE HSORI O HE OERCL

ESO O H T V PERO

Europe Asa and Ara ported vas aounts

o Islai lands inluding enaeed glassare

tooled leatherwork o all sorts tiles pottery paper

arpets arved ivories ilustraed anusripts

etalork inludg Daasee sords and ves

ses ne otton loth and rih sk fabris

Musli texties eal and glass piees ere

highly pried as ere soaps Maluk gilt and

enaeled glass a labor-intensive luxury produt

has been unovered by arhaeologists on he noth

ern shores o the Blak Sea as ell as in Sandina

via he Hanseati pors and Maasriht in Holand.

M U S L I M C A AVA N S

ulim aava wr hug poion o popl, hr

good, and anmal a ravld omou dian

and rahd h fah hoo . r ojiv wa ih p il

gri mag o r ad a d wa h adm who w a fa

a Chia n hir aravan ha ond hi d ian and o ndia,

Pria, Syria, an d Egyp.

:-

Som o h am l a ravan wr o ig ha f you l you

pla you would no a o d i again au of h va

nu mr of popl. Food wa ookd i gra ra a don a ndamel caraa carred gv o h poorr pilgrm, ad pa aml oo ho

raders acro te Muslm orld wo ould o walk. Shp and goa wn wh aravan,

povding m i lk, h, and ma. Cam m lk an d ma wa alo an, ad h drd du ng of h

a ima l wa ud a ful for h amp. Fla rad, o r pa rad, wa mad a og h way fom o ,

a l, an d war War wa arrid n goa an d a o i ag, a d war poi n w wlom i gh.

Th inn a o d ay in h d r ma ha aavan ravld y nigh wih orh o li gh h

way mak ng h dr glow w l igh, and urn i g ni gh no day



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•

- D R G ! Y ; C V Z

o 8 TEILE

exiles dove ch o edieval ade, and hey wee an excepionallympoan pa o he econoy wodwide I is esiaed ha exie

manace and ade a his ie wold have ep he maoiy o he

woking poplaion bsy

B te d-t cetur te texte abrc o Mus

l Spa ad eared a teratoa reputato

ad eve ree cetures later Spas slks wt

olde orders ad oraetato were used at

te arrae o uee Beatrce o orual

Te Spas Msls ad as uc delcac

ad cratsasp ter work as te aous

Cese artsas Crdoa aloe tere were

000 weavers ak carpets cusos slk

curtas, saws dvas ad Cordova leaer

or te soeakers o Europe al o wc oud

eaer buers everere e were aso pro

dc superb woole stus especall rus ad

tapestres ade Cueca Spa Tese were

used as praer ats as wel as ale ad oor

decoratos ter beaut ouses .

Al-Adalus te produco o Easter-sle

clot was cocetrated e tows o Maa

ad Alera ad because te were ports te

were also te rst to receve te ew stles a

ecues. Fro Mus Spa e e texte

dustr spread wdel up to Europe

Farter eas ad ao te Meerraea

sores textes were ade o clo ad te

bulk o ouseold urss Noa woe

wove te bads sadlebas crades a oter

trapps or ter oble lves Eve te urba

ceers ad paaces urss were al o

carpets covers curtas a as o varous

s stead o cars people sa o cusos

a leaed aas bolsters covered wt clo

wose ua ad rcess reected ter ow

ers acal satus

extles were portat poltcal oo s as wel.

e ade lavs dploatc ts ad t was cus

oa to reward ocals a oter avor

es a euar tervals ad o specal occasos

LE: Muslim silk ws so popu with th nw b ougois Euopn socity tht locl in dusty ws thtnd; so in 7 th Bitish gomnt intoducd mndtoy ct sticting its impot. RH silkwompchs on mulby bnch in modn-dy ukishcpt fctoy. In th 1 6s King Jms I of Englndws so fscintd with Psin silk tht h tid tostblish his own silk industy



• •

M i\ R K l : X I E S

19th centuy m nuscpt fom th e boo k Alum of Kahmii ae shows dye t wok dyeing cloth



36 S : D U R E t F M

wi oes o o bans and oe aes

wove te les ow oses t was aso e

calips peoative ad ae 50 a o e

Ma sas to povde eac yea e ew

ksw e cly oaeed aet tat veied

te 'b a Mecca

A ll aay o texties was avalable i te

Islaic wod Wool ad ie wee podced

i antity o a o Spai and addional

spplies o ne wee ipoted sce it was so

popla oo aive to dia was poaly

The Kbh n Mec, Sud b, s oeed by ksw oth hy deoted wth goden gphy Ths s

the pe tht Musms ound the wod e when theydo the dy pyes It s ouwed oom nomyoeed by ksw The entne to the oom s on the etThe Kbh ws ogny but by bhm nd Ismon the oton beeed to be the st pe o woshpn hsto by dm Beoe Mohmmd, bs used t tohouse the sttue gods but these wee destoyed by thedent o Ism now thee s nothng nsde The ooms censed e e ye by the kng nd hs gue st ndnobody ese s owed nsde The nte on the ethouses ootpnt be eed to be tht o bhm spt o the tus, Musms e the Kh seen tmeshng Gods Oneness

st podced on a lae scale n te Mediea

ea ate e Msli advace. It ew n Syia

ad aesne as we and o soen Spain i

eeed ino ope Leae was aso an ipo

an ndsy ad i e ei o Al-Mas i

e t-ceny Aload dyasty i e tee

wee 86 taneies and 6 dye woks

Soe tows ad cities wee iteatioally

ecoized o e podcts Siaz was aos

o s woole clots Badad o s aldacin

anns ad ay slks Kzista o aics

o caels o oats a; Kasa o its soa

coves ye o s capets Baa o is paye

s and Hea o s od bocades o sa

ples o tese podcs o ts peiod ave s

vived te wea ad tea o tie to alto

textile pieces o ote peiods ca be od i

Weste ses and colecios o Easen at

ne o e ost pecos aes is e sik

cape o an ypia Malk sltan on wc

was insced e leaed Slan dai ro

e cey s was od i St Mays

c Daz



Erope's fasiaio with Msli textes oes

bak to the Middle es whe hey were ipored

by Crsaders ad traders They were so valed

hat ope Sylveser I was bried i lxrios er

sia sik loth Qee Eeaor the Castia bride

of Ki Edward I broht dalsia arpets to

Elad as preios ites o her dowry i 255.

By the th etry trade reatios with E

lad were booi oiidi with the peak of

ersia texties I 66 the ersa shah red

ited Elad wih 000 bales to eorae

trade ad afer his ersia silk was a the op

of the list o f iports Three years later the shp

Rya Ann broht i bales of ersa silk

whih ae via Srat to Elad The ki a thetie aes I was so fasiated with ersa silk

that he osidered establishi a sik idstry i

Elad e aired silkwors ad ade spe

ial arraeets for their rsery a hs ory

estates ad Whitehall ardes e also ordeed

Freha Joh Booeil the aaer of he

royal slk wors to opile a treatise deali

wih tehies of silk prodtio whih was

pblished i 622

rod the sae tie tr ade with Idia wasproli thaks to the ative role of the East Idia

Copay i itrodi dia hit to E

lad This fabri was otto paited wth Msli

eleets whh provided a odel for Eropea

oto as wel as wallpaper prodtio

By the 7h etry textiles iported fro he

Msli world were all the rae wth the ew bor

eois Eropea soiety ad loal idstry was

threateed Loal silk weavers opaied i 685

while reh ad British silk ad wool erhatssoht bas o the East Idia Copay will

i to sfer opetitio ro the forei texties

The British overe reated 700 by

trodi a adatory at resrit he

port of sl fro Msli ads whh also

prohibited the iportato of Idia hit ad

ersia ad Chiese fabris

R f r XT I S

n llstrton from Mqm lriri shows grlworkng t eher snnng wheel or soolwndng

mhn n Bghdd, Irq.

Fie silk did ot oe oy fro ersia as the

rkish textile idsty proded it as wel It was

fod i otstadi ality i Brsa where sik

weavers proded sti piees deorated

with ik oral otifs o a read ore abo

these i he otey seio Fro here silk ad

velvet reahed the slas hoseholds ad were

sed i the Ottoa hosehold o sofas divas

ad rtais beoi essetal for the iterior

deor ady Mota abot who yo a readi the Ioatio setio of the ospital hap

ter etios the fae of Trkish textiles ad

adired Trkish dress syle by weari it herself

other 8thetry ethsiast of Trkish ab

ri ad dress was he ea Swiss artist Jea

Etiee Lioard who lived Istabl for ve ears

ad dressed like a ative rk is feale portraits

of sitters e Stae reatly helped o spread the

fashio of Trkish dress throhot Erope

We have prodts today that stil bear theirMsli aes ike sli fro the ity of

Mos where t was oriially ade; daask fro

Daass baldah (ade i Bahdad); ae

fro Gaa; oto fro the rab un eai

raw oto; ad sai fro Za aed by

Msis after the Chese port of Tset fro

where they iported i



0 INVN TONS T- DRIN Of M S I II J ION

g APE

P aper se ems such a o rdiary product to day,but it has bee fudameta to mode

civiizatio. Thik of al the pi eces of paper

you use every dayfrom magazies, TV guides ad ewspapers to p ape r

owes ad greetig cards.

Eleve udred year ago Mi were au

acg pape i Bagdad ae e capure o

Ciee pioer i e bale o alla 7

Te ece o ee paperag were pae

o eir capor ad paperakig wa ucky

reed ad aored io a producio

by e ill o Bagdad ad pread weward

o aacu Tiberia ad Sya Tpoli A

producio ceaed paper ecae ceaper ad

o beer ualiy ad i wa e i o Daac

a were e ajor orce o uppy o Europe

Te Syria acorie beeed grealy ro

beig able o grow ep a raw aerial woe

ber leg ad reg ea produced

iguay paper oday ep paper i coi

ered reewable ad eviroealy riedly; i

alo co le a a a uc o proce a

wooaed pape

A wel a ep Muli alo iroduced

ie a a ubiue o e bark o e lberry

a raw aeia ued by e iee e lie

a were broke up oaked i waer ad er

eed. Tey were e oled ad cleared o

alkaie reidue ad dr Te clea rag were

eae o a pup by a rip aer, a eod pio

eered y M

Tey alo epeieed wi raw aerial

akig coo paper A Muli acrp o

i daig ro e ceury wa dcoveed

i e liray o e corial i Madrid

By Boo, pape producio ad reaced Egyp

ad poiy e earlie copy o e Qura o

paper wa recore ere i e e ceury

Fro Egyp i raveled arer we acro No

Aica o Morocco. ike c ele ro ere

croed e rai io Muli Spa aroud

OP: vtmn foms sh eet ofppe i n KshmiIndi 1917n ncien t metho d of mking sheet ppe.BOTOM 17th-cent uy mnuscipt shows the ppemking pocess.



90, were e Andlusins soon took i , nd

te own o Jtiv, ner leni bee fed

for its te o tik loss er led

Shab Witin 200 ers of i bei rodued

in dd's ls e ws n ener se

trouout e Isl world.

Tis ent t roduin books bee es

ier d oe os eeive bese er eed

te exensive d rre eris of s nd

ren so ss boo rodtio ws ti

eed efore s odution d been oex

nd i sostited oex in t t ws

done trou te lbor of oss nd soist

ted beuse of e skiled nds nvolved e

ount of lbor i rodon deresed but te

soistitio o te rfss reined, so

in e Musl world ndreds, eve tousnds,

o oies of referene erils wee de vil

ble stlti orisin book de nd

ernin Obviosl te revoltion in bookin

ws to en u lte fter te use of rinn

nes i uoe

e exnsion o er nufturin

enedered oter rofessions, ike ose o f ders

ink kers, nusr se, d lirsts te sienes lso beeed e ioneer

in Tuisn Ibn dis o te t enur,

desrbed tis in is Sa o h Srb writn

bout te exelene of te en e rertion

of es o olored nks te olorin o des nd

ixures, sere writn, nd te kn of er

e rst er ill in Cristin Euroe ws

estblised in olon n 293, nd b 309 e

rst use of er in Enlnd ws ecorded Wit

l ts er nd oe el rodued bookse diffusion of kowlede ino nd rond

Euroe sed u

Dns istorin onnes edersen sid t

b utrin er on e se te

Muslis "olised e of rul sini

ne not on o e isor of Isi books but

lso to te woe wod o books.

1.R- ' · R

DCOAN PAP

sl ms deveoped echiqe s for deco

ring p pe h re si l l sed ody n

wrig pper d books One ws m b i g,whch gve he pper ve ed fbrc loo, d

ws sed o cover mporn mnscrps.

The word or mrbling n Trksh is bu,

whch mes clod or clody or abru which

me ns we ce b com es rom o ne of he

older Cenrl Asi lgges whch mes

veed bric or pper." Is ogin migh li

mely go bc o Chn, nd i ws hrogh

he S l k Roe h mbl n g cme s o I r

nd hen moved owd Anol pi ckng p

he ebr me A he end o he h cery rdes

me diploms nd rveles comg rom

Aol i bo gh he m bl in g o ope

nd e he 50s i ws pred by rope n

boo overs, d becme kow s Trish

ppe" o Tksh mbled ppermkg."

Le, ws wdely sed in Ily Germy

Frce d ng lnd.

Texs bo eb, ike Dcour on Dco

ratng Papr in th Turkh Mann pb ished

i 4 by Ahsis Krcher, 7h-cenyGerm schor i Rome, lso sped e

knowledge of mr bl ng r.

Marbled papr wa przed by 1 6th-centuyuopeas who caled Tush pape



1 0 OERY

F o mo an a osand as Mslm landspodd som o wolds ns amis and

po. T w add bog as onamns

and sd domsal in ookng iging and wasng

A milnnim la s pos av bn ning p in Eo

pan aaoogial dgs

kn ws serus bsness d rde

Te e cenu srin Alii sid

i D ere is w n e ese

eps vlue se sd ds

e discded reins e ed-ed cl n

wc ilseles p er il ceese-selers

eir ceese, nd e pr e rins e e

e sp n e c-sps

In e es per cees deveped

Bdd d Sr I xcvins

Sr e esidence e clips r 838

883 sw s e d led d nzed

ps incised nd sped nd ee were

ee in pes Oe ws wie decred

wi sps pseud-cllpic is i

cbl bue Te secd ws decred in pl

ce w-e sripes, isped b nese

sewes e Tn ped in e seven

d ei cenes Te d p

pe d spec se, decrin

lked elc

Tese ps wee skill de

i sii w e den

pes weel d e died

d ed ns e bece

cllecs' es nd ics

beu nd ecuse w

e usis dd eer se

bee e ws iprve nd

iduce new ws lzin, clr

in nd decrin eir per

e ns d sped s ed ee

we w sin een ellws brw es

edere curies incldn Ep

dd re ed, e erl usis pduced

se, re ill ns e p d

de i ipeebe s i cd d lids

e Absd pes e k e led e

d dded xde becse e wee

in d w kin pe we pr

cel lke e expensve iese ve Te

w eils I d in were l

deren, s e resurceul Msli pers

nrduced ds in xide insed Tis

cused reer pci nd e exc wie n

is e wee lkn r

N ssed e pes de invins

i e desin prducin e be-wie

decr, wc ws er reexped

n were bece ue ppulr

d sped er pcei Te bue

nwie cecs wee srce pde

r e Absd pes, w dded

eir sine uc e

wr e ese s

es pe ed Abw

reered sel s s

a -ii elln us

e ws e crsn e

O P ndn geometr te egment.OTTOM Th thent Mm terrtwre r w fon d t Trn n S y.



lip, fn to t lip pootion nd

ptong of fts nd pot n ptil.

n t igt ntu pots woing

dvopd sios poss lld lust

s ws dsbd s n "xtod l

li sn wi ivs v pos s in s

ffts, l but tung os o o god, b

V pst An s t t

s o s s

Lust povidd t g gdns o po

dung ts in p d pt w s

s poiits t us o gold nd slv vsss

T tniu nvolvd ixig siv o op

p oxids wit t vil s s o,

nd tn vng o gp jui w ddd s

di. T gtntu i potts ds

ovd tt pintd ptns wit s

xtu o t gd oing of t , n

put t wt pot ino ln fo so d sb

dd sod ng l o t ws lft

Aft wping o s d dust n ing

dsn glow oug

.\tR ! F : I'fcY

Wt ws ppning ws t t opp nd

silv oxids sptd o ig ving

t s t on t suf s ti gl Sl

v f p low o goldn d slv f

d opp podud d dd olo

ids o ts tos vid odng

to t fl o g. xsit ooos d

poos i god g, own llow nd

d in udd ost d ts, w poss

Dod ils w lso d tis w

T i oos o ts sus, nd

onous obios gv osus nd pl

s g splno

Tis ust tni o Bgdd pssd

toug Musli wold, nd intn

Qwn unis sing podung ls

tils s w. An nt t it d

Spn Aoogil nds t Mdint l-'

pts n dob unovd

g ount o pott wi ptns t

Bdd d Smrr k d rtpope mdepottry mr wy to mod poer



142 I N V F N ON S i N D R N

ve been de it ngnese bron for e

pinted lines nd opper geen for te olored

srfes A fe entries lter, AlAndls d

its on enters o prodtion s s Mlgpoding gold lster dises nd lrge rs like

e Abr Jr

BBC presenter Ani Zin, on h he

niens Di o Us, sid Tese zing

vses [ e Albr J] ere originly sed

for stong oil nd grns Bt n te pes of

te lips teir designs ook on n extrordi

nry bey And for ose o s te tey

MU S LI M P O Y

" on g i h h n h po ofh

Aa ol po c om of mo

ophiica a aul poy kon o

h mal o. Wh h Aa a

ma nag o ach h h ian hy

hghly pi an ga a xy im "

OHN COR EDN RCOO WRN BOHE LM POER FOND H ONMRK

XVON N CNERBR NND

A mae a dpay poe i n Noh Aca

s ve ogt tey'd een de ro pre

ios ets

Ordiny people needed prti pots nd in

Spin te os poplr pot s qs

irred ter on te no teeel i yo

n ed o in e We Sppy setion of is

per t bee te nvers nged po nd

st ve been te insty of e rl pottery

ndsty ntil it s epled by n irly eently

(Arabs nvntd th tchn qu that

aks hs cay po ts n to art.

C NER MN N KIN BOU

R ON WH H NNS DD S

As ell s poding e neessy er

rying pos Spnis Msls te beginng

of e etry ee eping Bynne os

s tiles nd eos ese ere beil

iles in be nd ie, overed it geoetr, o

rl nd ligp pers ese gzed fiene

iles of Mlg re sti fos We kno te

be glze o ob oxde i e zeos re

deoted it e fro e est to Mlg,

o ere i spred to Mri, ten to Crisin

Spin nd leni eginning of te 4t en

ty, nd ten to Breon

ey s lso rivng pottey enter

bese rftsen roded ere to te ity of

Kony s ey ed fro invding Mongos e

ollpse of te stnte of Kony t e beginning

of e t entry brogt te er prod

tion o Antol to stndsill bt it s o e

blln re en Oton Trks de

Brs eir ptl n 1326 e y ose gin, it

ne dings oveed in eri les

ven se n podtion n rs s

n s e rel ener of te indsty

nd orsed for to entries fro te end

o te enty A yi Ini deron s



Ink poes n Tukey mde s sepen ds n eeay 6 e nu y

paied o sip, i obat be , roise, ad ree

fro opper), otied i bak wit a aaz

toato red i ow reef Te patters ade p

fo retaar ties, were a ora otives, wit

for owers raditioay bei sed Tese were

e rose, asie, araio, ad tip

Msi poters oopoized he skis of

aze ad ster deoraio for ore ta e

eties, ad te potery of today is idebted o

te o te poters of Spa ad Siiy, ew

odes ad etods of pottery podio, ate

rias, ad oos etered rope T aze was

ot kow rope ti Msis troded

it to Spai i e it ety

ee is pey of evidee today tat Msi

potery did trave otside Spai, as Maaa pot

tery as bee fod ad pees o Moo

ish ster wee disovered da bak to e ate

3t ad 4t etres, ad aoter 22 piees were

fro te 5t etr More reety, i 990, exa

vatios i oarket i te eter of Catebry

overed a are aot of Isi ster ad

troise be pottey

Jo Coter, wo worked o te Caterbry

d wroe abo ow Msi pots ae to be

t RK ET O TRY

i ad: Soe pots ay ave ade eir

way bak to ad i te baae of Csad-

ers reti fro te Hoy Lad Aoter

possibiity is ta edieva piris eiter to te

Hoy ad or to te faos sie of St Jaes

at Copostea i Spai it ave brot

bak e oasio Isa po as a sovei

O rare oasos te rote was ore diret We

kow, for istae, tat 289 eaor of Castie,

te Spais wife of ad's dward , ordered

or tosad pos of Mik for e roya ose

od tis ase Mik aost ertaiy refers to

Maate ai eter fo Adasia ser

waes Maika is te Arabi ae of Maa.)

A 4tery ster dis was fod a a site

aed Bosso's I i Lodo, deoaed wt

he tee of fe ad wit isiptios Tese

were popar i Adasia ad Norh Afia at

at tie, ad were opied widey i ope

Aazy, te dis's etry ito ad was

reorded i 303 i te aots of te New Cs

to o oods iported ad exported at te port

of Sadwi, e Te dis s ow at te Gid-

a Mse of Lodo

Aoher faos eai brad ef to s by

Ms poters is te so-aed Maioa ware

he story started a Maora ad ote Baear

Isads, wi were de Msi re ti

230 Itaa sips, ay Geoese ad ee

ta, ote aed ere to oet tiazed

pottery ad reri Moois pottes, wo bro

to Siiy te Maora pottery sye is was

raday esabised as a eadi stye, beo-

i reowed as "Maoia or Maioia

Se te 5t ey, Maioa as reaheda asoisi deree of perfetio si te

sae prodtio ad deorative teies as te

Adasias ad yptias Later, Itaia artists

deveoped it o ew vareties, ike Gbbio ser,

wi ae i rees yeow strawbery pk,

ad a by ed Tis Maioia pate as doated

te era dsty i Itay ti te prese tie



1 GL R

a we know oday abo glass n e pas asome om ahaeologa dgs and e w

ngs o avees o e me So we know a1h- and 14-eny Sya was a gea ene o sne maeal n e es o Aeppo and Damass IbnBaa desbed Damass s a glassmakng ene wene aveled og ee n e 1s No only Sya buEgyp, Iaq and Andalsa wee al podng n vas

qanes om e egh eny onwad and was ee om ysal o blown n molds

Mslis d inerited te os on gss

indsry bsed in Syri nd Egypt, deveopng

it wi doe stping (in wi stp w

deorive designs ws pessed onto t glss);

ree-o glssblowing wit red eorion

(ontining ro on nd Byzntine trdi

tions); old lowing (were e glssker

lows e liid gss ino pepred ol)

nd engrving nd tting glss eiter y nd

or wit weel ey lso pereed glss deo

tion nd expnded te viety o podts o

nlde bottles, sks vses, nd ps

By te 3t entry Syrin glss ws so ne

tt ernts nd byers ll over te word wee

te sples nd reent diggng s novered

700-yerold Syrin eneed glss in Sweden

nd sotern ss n even Cin

Srr in r ws lso ed or is glss

ong te ost stnning nds ws milori

or osi gss, wi ws dieent o erlier

pes in its pe oorng n desgn ong

side ts noter o te ost betil nds t

Srr ws nintenty srigt-sded bowl

in witis glss

Srrs gsskers wee lso renowned

o king sll bottles or tings like peres.

Soe were per-sped, in ble nd geen glss,

wit or sides nd nerly ylindril nek

Tese were evie n reently deoe

TOP The glsswe i ndustry ouished in the Muslimwold. OTOM: The insciption on this 1th-en tuygilded nd enme led Egypti n glss bott le edsGl to ou Mste, the ise, the ust King.



with cutting At Saarra, outstandingy beautiful

fragents of nnth-centuy cutgass bowls with

strongly stylized decoraton have aso been found

So uch glass has been uncovered in exca

vatons at Al-Fustat, "Od Cairo founded in he

640s C.E., tha fro the eghth century to the ater

Middle Ages ths area ust have been a center

o production he eaest daed ites from 708,

are conlike weights stamped with the names

of rulers or governen ocials hey cae in

a varety o colors, fro dark green light green

and turuoise to white and purpe. Soe o the

ost sophisticated Egyptian gass vesses were

decorated with uster the shiny, someties

metallc effect made by painting copper or silver

oxide on the surface of the object which then was

red at a teperature of about 600°C ( 112°F)

he glass industry was not restrcted to the

east, because in A-Andalus gass was in the sae

great deand as the pottery Jars with two, four

or eight handes and bows with handes and ribs

have al been found The chie centers for gass

works were n Almeria Murcia and Mlaga and

M i R K E : C L\ S I N D U T R Y

it was Alera that had a worldwide reputation

Glass goblets blown n these three cties iitat-

ng astern wares were ound on the tables of

nobes in tenthcentuy Len.

he technique of cutting cystl was said to

have been introduced by 'Abbas ibn irnas n ninth

centuy Crdoba lAndalus He was a scholar and

invenor in the courts of Abd al-Rahan I and

Muhamad I, who could lso decipher the ost

complex writing and also attepted to y by bud

ing aicil ings With glass he understood its

scentic propeies and contributed to the eary

experientaton wth enses and the dea of agn

fying scrpts, hang establshed Andalusa's crsta

ndusry based on ined rocks

So gass had a coorful history as it traveed

from the urnaces of Syria Egypt, Iraq, and Anda-

!usia around the known world adornng peoples

tabes and houses as a status sybo as well as

practical necessty

LEF: Glass from Samarra in Iraq was paricularly famous

in Muslim civilizat ion This mosaic glass vessel shows a

colorful design. RIGHTA glass blower in Venice, Ialy



10 I N V E N T I O N S : T -l E N D U R N L i \C Y f M I I I I _ Z . \ T I N

1 2 JEWEL

As you have read the glass, textle potteryand paper industries formed the back

bone of a successful empire wose goods

were traded as far as China. Other vial industries

included goods from mines and the sea like jewels

and pearls Emeralds were extracted in upper Eypt,

turquoise taken in Farghana rbies found in B adakhshan

and carnelian and onyx obtained in Yeen and Spain

Te cnnabar mines o Almadn in Spain ad a

workorce o somewhere near a tousand; some

cttng te sone own in e pit oers rans-

portng wood or smelting making te vessels

or meing and ening te mercury, and man

ning te furnaces

A surprisingly precious mned item was sat

or wte gold, at Hadramawt (in Yemen) Isaan

Armenia and Nort Arica, wic was carried by

grea came caravans. "Trougout the greater

part o Arica wrote Leo the Arican a hstorian

and geograper wo roamed Arica and the Medi-

terranean ands in te 16th century, "sat is entirely

o e mine variey taken rom unerground

workngs like those or marbe or gypsum

Precious stones were dressed and polised

wt emery ound n ubia and Ceylon Egypt and

TOP: A 17th- cetur Indin gold pednt i inlid

with t- cut rubie d emerld nd lrge fceted

dimond i the ptte of ying bird gint le

bckground of rubie BOOM Thee bed hve

incription ofthe me of God o ec h one. In theQur there re 99 nme of Allh.



(h th is lik tiul id

h nds n mnmd jls t

hightn h vlinss"

HAI GBRA BA WRTR

Suda bth had alu ad arts f ws gt

ab h as a Vall had non

whh was usd whtg r thad ad

li ad als r urig lahr was i dad

wth drs glassakrs ad gdss baks

ixd i i wit thr dg ad s sd

it as a tdizr f at.

Fr th sa a th bafull sth

ars that dratd a ks ass h

wld arl diig was arid t bth

sds f th rsa Gul i th Arabia Sa

ar Sa ad th slad f Ksh ag

Bahra ast tward th islad Dahak ad

i

Fr th 1 tur b atuta fs t

arldiig ds "h d atas a

rd hs wais ad dis h sad h

btt h ds ss bddd th sad

ag sall sts H dsldgs t wth

hs had r a kif brugh dw wth h

th s ad ts h i a ahr bag

slug rud his k Wh brath ails gs

a th d t sig f t a hdig i

ba h i u agai akig f h ah

bag th th slls ad u ut wih a

ki s sh fr sid

r w ral rs g t asts f

Nt fra ar Siil ad Sardia ldrisih 1thtur ggah gs a a

f al gahig "ral is a la wih has

grw lik trs ad sbsqutl rid

d th sa btw w hgh

ais t s sd with a ald hp

al; his s d r hig u i th si

trads ath th a bras as th

R K

16thcentuy bic mnuscit shows uce omking tiicil ubes nd shies. The bic texon the m nuscit descibes how i woks

t h ad th sr h daw up th

tak ad ik ut it h r sdr

abl uati f ral

al alg w arl was th usd t d-ra was ad ak rar bads ad jwr

Tda lik al jwlr ral is wr i a ss

fr g stads f bads t ard as ad

s but ris r is ar baut a as

uh as $50,000 f a -llitr-diatr

ih) bad as ra rs ar dsrd ad

a as a wl bs sarr.



01 I N V E T IOS: T i l E lD\ R I NG LFCi \Y 0 1' \1 US l :v C Y I L/ ,\ I N

1 3 URRY

n t past mony was alv bcaus camls cattl or sp wr usd topay for goods n t tim of Ibn Battuta t 14t-cntury Muslim trav

lr t Maldivs usd cowr slls as currncy as ty wr igly tras-

urd and ts racd distant rgions suc as Mali in Wst Africa Today

w us crdit cards nots and cons, but tis is a small quantity compard to

t amount o f "invsib, intangbl mony soong around t world as

ancial markts ma tir lctronc transfrs On day our cons and nots

may b as usful as bn Battuta s cowri slls would b toda

Dar alslam r the Muslm wrl srea s wngs

een uner searate ruers r sultans usng g

a ser ns as ts nternanal urren f we

are glbetrttg a we ether take taeler's

heks r rsk hang ur urses full f ferent

urrenes But n the 14th entr aeles n the

Musm wrl u su ee market nk an

ann an use nars r rhams frm atal t

es t the smaest lage

te utse he Muslm wr an transa

tns were a fferent sr gan bn Battuta

an te us a lt abut he wrl nearl 700 ears

ag as he ha a surrsng nanal exerene

n hna The ele f hna . . bu an sell

wth ees aer the se f the alm

e han wh h ae sae wh the sulan's

stam f anne ges t he baaar wth a

sler ihm r a in t s nt aete an

he s sregare

n the seenth an eghh enures mne

was mstl mae f gl an ser an Musl ms

mae ther ns arg t the Quan whh

sas When u measue ge an exat measure

an wegh wth an aurae sae (ra ).

t was the ah's resnsblt t ensue the

r an weght f he ns he stanar was

establshe b the hara law as see mthqals

f gl ten rhams f sler n ns that

nt measure u fregn urren an l

ns were brught t the mnt alng wth gl

an sler buln t be rene an struk nt

new urren t he mnt te bull was rst

examne t etermne ts ut bee beng

heate an mae ang t the estalshe

all stanars

n as eeaon shows 1henu mehansondung business.



CLOCKWSE ROM OP EF showng the ont nd bcko ech con Two e ly myyd cons 6969the

lowe con shows the column plced on thee stepstopped wth sphee eplcng the Byzntne coss sl e Nsd dhm o Muhmmed , Gnd EyFt md cons l-Mhdy 99 gold Nsd dhmoMuhmmed X Gnd gold dn o Clphbd lMlk om the myyd dynsty 696697

h dinas and dirhams were used b differ

ent Muslim rers. The rst alih t make his wn

ns was maad alh bd al-Malik in Mar

wan w ruled frm 68 t 0 These dinars wee

the rst gld ins with an rabi insritin as

resl mne had been siler assanian ins

and gld and er antine ins makng

his wn ins in 69 r 692 alih bd alMalik

uld nw kee his rule ndeendent frm an

tim and unif all Muslims wth ne rren

Ts new in was ied frm he ane

urren the slidus t was smilar i th se

and weight and n the fae were three sanding

gures like the antne in whih had he

gures f Herales Heaius nstantine and

Heranas big differene was the rabi tes

timn f slam surrunding the design n he

reerse There s n deit but llah he ne

Wthut ua nd Muhammad is he Aste

f llah

The antine emerr was urius wth this

deelment as new mne meant metitin

and he refused t ae it esnding wih a new

in This angered ai bd al-Malik wh made

anther in with an ught gure f the alih

wearing an ab headdress and lding a swrd

aga wth the esimn f slam n the eerse

where he in was als dated n eight f these

earl rabantine dnars dated arding t

the new slami alendar hae sured

The in hrwing ntinued and true t frm

the antine emerr relied wih e anther

and at ths int in 69 he ali had had enug

and intrdued he rst slam in withut an

gures n bh sides f hs new dinar were

erses frm he Qa wih made eah iee

an indiidual message f the faih He then ssued

FA B L D C O N S

here are o abe Islamic coins the One

Thosan Mhrs an the Oe Hnre

Mhrs. The st eighe in at 2 kilograms

(265 pons) o pre go a the seco

as a baby in compai so beng a mee 094

grams o pre gol. The estimate a e toay

s abot $ 0 mil on an $4 mi ll ion espectely.

The coins ee ognay minte or theMog empeors Jahangir son o Abar the

Great i 63 an his son Shah a han best

knon or biling the Taj Maha in 1639. The

coi s ere presete to the highest ig nit aries

he Oe Thosa Mhs as hge at

20 cetimeters (8 ches) i ameter a

oer the centries o r or e ee m etone

as h ain g been esere or the ambassa ors

o the poer rlers o Pesa. Only oe

comparable coi is recore rom a plaste

cast n the itish Msem a To HnreMhrs last reporte i Inia in 1820 an

si ce ost. N oe o the egen ary giat gol

Mhrs are kno to hae srie an it is

ass me they ee melte o or thei r bl

l on ale. t e kno they i exist becase

taelers mentione seeing gigatic coins in

the teasy o Shah Jah an.



5 0 I N V [ N I O S: Tf1[ L D U R IN l E G ACY O F ! l i M V I Z \ I O

Fatimid cois

wr of such

hgh q uaity ad

so abudat

that thy bcam

th most wi dsprad

Mditrraa word.

WIJA Al EE HIRIA

a deee maing t the nly urreny t e used

thughut mayyad ands Al remaining Byan

tine and Arab-Byzantine piees had t e handed

t the treasury t be melted dwn and estru

hse wh did nt mply faed the death penaly

The new gld dinars weghed a bi less than

he slidus, and the state ntred he auay

f their weght alng with the purity f he gld

used mayyad gd ins were geneally struk

n Damasus, whe siler ad pper ins wee

minted esewhere

After this rst n, mre f dferent alues

were struk ad afer nuering Nrth Afra

ad Spain the mayyads established new mints

eah prduing ins with the name f thei iy

and date f mng

The dina ntinued be he man urreny

used unl 6, when alph Al-Mansur bult Bagh

dad and he gd mint med the new apital.

The names f persns respnsible fr he ins

began t appear n siler ns aled dirhams

But these had a shrt life beause the next aiph

Harun alRashid abandned them when he amet pwer in 786 He minted dnars wth the names

f genrs f gypt instead, us ing the tw atie

mints we knw abut ne in Baghdad and the

ther in ustat, he seat f the gern f pt.

The atmds, wh ruled between gog and

171 used dnas wth u srpts and these

beame the mst widespread trade is f the

Mediteranean wrd beause f their high qua

ity and bease there were s many f them

When the rusades aptured alesne, hey

ped these ins nstead f sriing ther wn

and these raged frm eelent pies f the

riginal t bad imitatins

t was frm Andalusia tha gld dinars traeled

arund urpe frm arud 71 Then under the

Nasrid rue in Granada frm 128 t 14 the dina

beame the diham. These ns were heay, are

fully struk and e lng legends with passages

fm the Quran and the ules' famiy trees Nne

f he Nasid ins shwed a dae, u they ae

identiable by ther mtt "Nne itrius sae

Gd At the same time, in the hrstian kingdms

the nrth, Arab and Freh urrenies were the

nly nes used fr neary 4 years

After the 1h entury the Muslim aiph

ate wen frm being uled by ne alph t

many small dynasties eah prduing their

wn ins Lie urrenies tday, hey arred

the names f aius gernrs frm the semi

indepedent staes These were al minted

independenty bu still aknwledged the nm

ina leadership f the aliph

Like tday, ins were n t the nly ways f pay

ing heks were arund enturies ag as well

hek mes frm he Arabi skk a written w

t hnr payment f mehandise when its dest

atin s reahed. n the me f Harun a-Rashid

n the ninh entuy unde a hghy deeped

aning system a Muslim businessman uld

ash a hek in antn hna, drawn n his bank

aunt in Baghdad The use f sakk was brn ut

f the need t aid hag t transprt in aslegal tende due the dangers and diulties

his represened Banes tk t the use f bils f

ehange lees f redit and prmissry nes

fen drawn p t be n efet, heks n prmt

ing the nept f he bill f ehange sa,

hek Muslims made the naning f mmere

and interntinenal trade pssible







HPE E

(Medicine is science, from which one lernshe ses of he humn body . . in order o

reserve good helh when i exiss

nd resore i when i is lcing"EEVENCENURY BN SNA FROM S BOOK CANON

••

HO ILHOS T DEEOENT • NSTRUMENT O ERFECTO

SURER • C RCULTON • BN S N'S BONE FRACTURES

NOTEB OOK O r THE OC UST • NOCUTON • HER B MEDC NE

H1 R;C • EDCAL KNO EE

D E THUD W FE F D THE TMT HH

sopstcat ed e osptas of medeva sl am wee osptals n te moden sense of te

wo d n tem was te best avalable medcal knowledge dspensed fo fee to al wo

came I t coud even be sad tat tey wee a foeunne to te Unted Kngdoms Nato na

Hea Sevce and tey floused as ues of Isam competed to see wo could con

stuct te most magn fcent ones Some osp tas wee uge otes wee suounded wt

gadens and ocads and most offeed advanced socal welfae to patents ncudng

teatment by musc

e facltes tey used wee customdesgned an d te sugca nstuments wee outstand

ng oceps ae just one of te nstuments stll used today desgned by Muslm sugeons

moe tan a tous and yeas ago uttngedge teatments suc as cataact op eatons egu

la vaccnatons ntena sttcng and one settng wee also pat of standad pactce as

was a goous medcal educaton n a teacng osptal

OOSE: Ffnhcn uy m n s n Sfddn Sbu ncuog us errhyye'ul iyye llus h mnof ns nd sho w vous sugcl pocdus



0 1 \ r N T I S : T i l f D U R ( G C O f· . S l C \ Z O

0 1 HOS P I TA L D EVE LOPM EN T

The idea behind Muslim hospitals a thousand years ago was to providea range of facilies from treatments to convalescence asylum, and

retirement homes. They ooked after a kinds of people, rch and poor

because Muslms are honor-bound to provde treament for the sick whoever

they may be.

Frm the ealiest Mslim times these hsals

wee fne b artale egs enw

mens ale tgh mne frm the

state ers was as se fr e mainenane

f sme hsitals. t was art e t tis fn

ing the beame srngls f senti mei

ine an an inegral art f it life in less than

tw enries

Befre the Mslims the Grees ha temles

f h ealng n these heath are was ase mre

e iea a mirals e rather than n

sienti analss an rate A Greek Bz

antne haabe nstn e xnodocheion

(literall raeles' hstel r inn) ame ses t

eing a hsal where are was gen the le

ers inalis an the r

slami hsials began in eighth-entr

Baga an in sme was these resemble

Bantine traelers hstels as the als lke

ae leers the inali an the estitte Bt

te rst rganie hsial was blt in Cair

etween 82 an 87 The Ahma ibn ln Hs

ital teate an gae meiine t a aients

free f age Wth tw bahhses ne fr men

an ne fr wmen a rih librar an a shi

ati wing it was an inrebl aane instit

tin. Patients esite their street lthes an

their alables wth the hsital athrites fr

safekeeing befe nning seial war lthes

an being assigne hei bes

ther imrtant hsias inle a large

Bagha Hstal bi n 982, with a sa

f 24 hsiians welfth-entr Damass

ha an een larger hsital the Nri Hsi

ta Here meial instrtin was gien an

rggists barbes an rtheists as well

as lsts an hsians were aring

manals mse in the 13th entr exam

ne b maket insers" n he bass

sme set texts

Ibn Tuu n Mosqu Co, Egypt ws th e st orgnzd

hosptl tht provded fr tetments nd medcne s

for ptent s.



O ' I Tf 1 : P Tr\ l D V O P M L N T

AL·QAYRAWAN HOSPITA

The AI-Qayrawan hospital in Qayaan, Tunsa

n a, a had thee immense hstas

the ms fams was he -Mans Hsta

When he -enur Mamuk rue f gt,

-Mansur Qaawu, was s a rine, he fe

i wth rena i duing a mar exed

tn n Sria The treatment he reeed n the

Nuri Hsta f Damass was s g d tha he

wed t fun d a simiar nstiutin as sn as

he asended t th e hrne True hs wd he

bui the -Mansuri Hsia f air and said,

hereb dete tese wqfs he bene f

m equas and m infes, fr the sd e and

the re, the a ge and he sma, te ree and

the sae, f men and wmen

The 124 -Mansri was buit with fur

entranes, eah haing a fntain in he enter

The king made sure it was rer safed wth

hsans and fu equied fr he are he

sk He anted mae and femae attendans

t sere mae and femae aens w were

hused in searate wards Beds had mattresses

and seiazed aeas wee mantaned Rnnng

water was rded in a areas the hsa n

ne art f the buiding the hsian-n-hief

he nthentury AQayrawan ospial

was a saeothea nstte with we

ogaized a s ludg wai g roos or

vistors, feale uses fro Sudan, a osque

or patients to pray and study eguar phys

ias ad teas of Fuqaha a Badan, a grop

of ia s who pat ied edi i ne and wose

edia servies inluded loodletting, one

setng, and aterization. It also had a speia

wad fo lepers a ed Dar a l - udhaa, ui l t

ear the A -Qayrawa hospta , a a t ie wen

esewee eposy was deeed an uneatale

sign of evi l . I was naned y the state tea

su ry, and y othe peop e who gave gee ouslyo oost hospita l inoe so that e est are

ould e provided.

[The hospls] dy s o gve

re o he l poo0 men nd women

n l hey reover. I s he serve

of he powerfl nd he wek he

poor nd he rh of he sbje ndhe prne of he zen nd he

brgnd w ho demnd for ny

form ofpymen b only for he

ske of God he provder."

H NSIUIN SALISHNG

A -ANSUR HSL CAIR

was gien a rm r teahig and eturngThere were n restrtins t the numbe f

atets wh ud e treated, and he n-huse

disensar ridd mednes f aiens

take hme

Frm ese ea nsitutns hsitas sread

a e the Musm wrd, reahing ndausa

n Sain, Sii, ad Nrth fra hese were





ttenig hsiin r surgen n his wr

runs ws see s er imrtnt Me

ne stuets bsee the tr tking

the hstr f n eminng ients n ls

mking resrtins fr them in the uttient

ertment the hsitl

ne f these meil shls ws n the l

Nuri hsitl in Dmsus Uner the iretn

the hsin b lMji lBhili the th

entur rule Nr l-Din in Zng fune the

hsit ws nme fter him n he eie

t with sues f n metin whie

ls nting lrge number f meil bks

whih were huse n sel hll.

t ws le fr meil reer t blssm

r in the 1th entr hsiin nme l

Dkhwr sere in the Nuri hsitl lw

sr, then s he inrese in fme his inme

frm rite rtie brught him muh welth

! r J t\ D E V v

n he strte meil sh in the it This

ree rute s fmilir t mn hsiins t

Mn enwne hsins tught t the mei

l shl n hsiis n rtines sme

times ssemble befre the stn Nur l-Din t

isuss mei subjets t ther times the ls

tene t the three-hur letures tht bu l-ji

the ietr f the hsitl ge his uils mng

the wellknwn Muslim hsiists wh grute

frm the meil shl were bn bi sbi'h

hentu me histrin n b l-Ns

whse iser f the esser crultin f the

b ls in the h entur mrke new ste

in better nerstnig humn hslg

E mnte lltton how n Ottomnchephycn RIGHT: The entnce to the Nur aliimaista o Hoptl, n Dm c Sy mk e nmpee ttement The b ldng now hoe themem o b medcne nd cene



58 1 0 I N N O N S : T H EN D U I N G L 1\CY O F M S I M C I V I IZ t\ I

0 2 RM O RIO

f someo ne showed you a tray of surgical instrumens from a thousand yearsago, could you tell the instruments apart rom modern tools? If you are thnk-

ing that the thousand-year-old ones woud be rough and crude, read on to

d out mo

f we urnee bk t tenth-entur suthern

Spin we ul lk er he shuler f t

tng-ege surgen led u! Qsi Klf in

l-bbs l-Zhrwi, n knwn in the West s

bulsis. He wul he lre wrtten -Ti

his eil enpe, in whih he nue

tretise lle On ue whh intrdue stg

gerng etin f re thn 2 srgil tls

prt fr se skethes f nstruents re

in nient gptin tbs, ths he been the

rst tretise n the hist f eine illstrte

srgl nstrents n f, their esgn ws s

urte tht the he h nl few hnges in

illenniu n t ws these ilustrtins tht i

the funtins fr surger in urpe

l-hrwi illustrted eh instruent using

ler hnrwn skethes n s prie

etile infrtin n hw n when it ws

use Fr eple in teriztin he sttes

ring t the pinin f the erl [phs

ns] ueriztin sng gd s better tn

when using irn n r pinin the se f irn is

quiker n re rret.

He wrte but the srper [m] tl n

is use when treting sl in the nse D

trs gie the ne stul' t wt en

quil When u he trete it with ute r r

with usti ring t the instrutins gien

preiusl, n it is nt ele there i s n ler

eth f tretent exept t ut wn n the

tur t is ripening n let ut ll the hui

it r pus therein, ti u reh the bne When

the bne is rehe n u see necrsis r

196 Syrn comme mortve st m shows n rtst 'smresson o tenth-centry Sns h Msm srgeon-Zhrw.

blness, srpe t wth n nsren ike hs

piture. t is lled rugh-e n is e

nin irn ts he s r un ike buttn but

is engre with rkings nel engre, like

tse le r rsp le t n te sie f te

isese bne n spin it between ur ngers,

pressing wn itte with ur hn, till u

re sure l the isese bne hs been srpe

w. D this seerl ties hen le te p le

be resse wth stnhing n stpti reees.

n if the ple hels n esh is generte

there n the w f snies [pus fr wun]

is ste n there is n reurn fter leing fr



((Al-Zahraw i remains a leading

scholar who transformed surgery

in to an independen t science based

on the knowledge of anatomy His

illustration and drawing of the

tools is an innoation that keeps his

contrib ution alive, reected in its

continuous inuence on the works of

those who came after him."

. ECLERC, 19TH-CENURY

FRENCH MEDICAL HISORIAN

forty dys nd there is no sweing, nd nothing

emerges, you my know it is p erfectly heled"

The cse of urethrl sones ws the subject of

mny pges of s tudy Al-Zhrwi devised n insru

men al-mish'ab he drill) for cushing these_ He

sid, ke seel rod with trigur shrp end .

tie thred proximl to the stone lest it slips bc

Introduce it genty till it reches te stone, turn it

round to perforte it urine comes out immedi

tey press on the stone from otside nd crush t

by your nger it breks nd comes out wth uie

f you do not succeed he do cutting_"

Commenting on this, Georey Lewis d Mr

tin Spink, recent trnsltors of A-Zhrwi's oo

descbed e oigaliy o e insrume: This

device of Abulcsis does seem to hve een in

mnner true ithotripter [ stonecrushing

mcine used to shtter urinry stones] mny cen

turies erlier thn the modern er nd completely

ost sight of nd not even menoned by the gret

mddle-er surgeons Frnco nd Pr no by Fre

C6methe doyen of geito-uiry srgery

Ibn Zuh 12-cenury Seville physicia

improved on this device by xing dimond t the

end of the seel rod As well s dills, Al-Zhw so

mnfctured knife to perform cystoithotomy

I S ' I A L N T R U .Y O F P E R C T I O N

Oher instrumens discussed by Al-Zrwi

iclde cuterizion tools of vrious shpes nd

sizes ; sclpels, vey shp knives tht re used for

mkig vrety o ncisos ; hoos usuy with

shp o bunt hlf-crculr end tht re still sed

nd nmed in the sme wy blunt hooks were

inserted in the veins to cler lood clots shrp

hooks were used to hold nd ift sm pieces of tis

sue so tt they could be extrcted nd to retrct

the edges of wounds); forceps, metl instruments

with two hdes sed i medcl opertions or

picking up, ping nd holdg issue (crushig

forceps used wo ws fo crushing nd remov

ing uriny bldde stones; delivey forceps hd

semicrculr end designed o pul the fetus from is

mother, n instrument still used tody)

So rther thn nsophisticted tools, surgicl

instruments from Musim civiliztion ber much

esemblnce to those we still use tody

A 1532 woodcut illustates cauterization, which appears

in a work by Al-Zahrawi also known as Abulcasis, in the

Latn translation by Gerard of Cremona



�

b

W t

uf lt·z�





62 0 1 ! N V F O : T -l . D R I N G E t\CY O M U S l ; C I V L Z \ O N

0 3 SRERY

oden sgey s a hghy sopscaed cmnaon of cenes of nnovaon by dedcaed peopeben on savng ves Ths fe-savng ehc was beaing

n he hea of Mslm sohen S pan a hosand yeas ago whee he

Msms pefomed hee ypes of sgey vasca genea, and ohopedc

One f the s t faus Musli surgens at this

te lied in Crdba at the heght he sai

perid l-Zahraw r bulasis bsered

thght prated and respnded t eah his

patients with skil and ingenuit uh s that

he was regized in hs da as an einent sur

gen and was ur phsiian t the uler f l

ndalus l-Mansur

He retinized surger b intrduing

new predures re than 200 surgial instru

ents and giing deaed ans f the fl

dental pharaeutial ad surgial disipines

his tie His bk AlTsi als estabshed

the rules f pratial ediine b ephasizing

the ds and dnts n ast eer edia stu

atin enunered

lZahrawi has a list f firsts t his nae

and reading hs urriuu itae is ipes

sie New predures he intrdued inluded

atgut fr internal stithng whh s sill used

fr the splest t the st pliated su r

ger tda Catgt sees t be the nl natu

ral subsane apable f dissling and being

aepte d b the bd.

lthugh -ahrawi was the rst t use a

gt in srger it was -Raz wh was the rst

t use ania sheep gut fr sutures l-Zahrawi

als used twsted bers fr strings f usia

instruents fr surgial purpses.

Respnding t eah ase with ngenit he

relutinized edial predures in an

was like using bne replaeent fr lst teeth;

desribing hw nnet sund teeth t hse

that were lse b gld r sler wire ntrdu

ng a srgia treatet r sagging breasts;

beng the rst use ttn t trl bleed

ing perring a trahet; reglarl using

plaster ass; and r stnes in the urethra he

intrdued the tehniue f using a ne drill

inserted thrugh the uriar passage

OP lZhrw ntroue tg ut or nternlstthng n the tent h ent u n t s stll welyuse toy BOTTOM Moe surgl tools use ntoy's oertng rooms er lt tle rom thosenente by l-hrw





0 1 I V E O T H F I· D U R I N O J M S l ;' V I ! \ I O

He als detaed hw t eme a uar blad

der ste afte ushg t wth a strumet he

desge He dsusse simple suge ke se

plp remal ad mplated predures lkethe rema f a dead fetus usg spea feps

he desed. He mets auterzg burg

the sk eee pa ad hw t rre shul

der dslat

Wth all hs ats he kept hs patets

md ad rde t t frghte them

hs surgal peats he eted a ealed

kfe t pe absesses I te ase slle

tmes he held the tgue wth a tgue depres

s, ad remed the swle ts hldg twth a hk ad sppg t f wh a sssrlke

stumet Ths ad traserse bades, whh

ut the glad ad held t f remal m the

thrat s the patet dd t hke

-Zahraw dsplaed a sesble ad humae

relutae t udetake the rskest ad mst

paful perats as he was awae f the ds

mfrt the ted patets Ths was

a dese brearugh he relatshp

betwee the srge ad the patetr the rs me medal wrtg l

Zahraw deted a hapter Chapter 6 f hs

surge b t the tehue f emg ur

ar bladder stes wme. On Surgry was

e f the 0 bks t make up Al-Tsri

s ths makes u appreate the amut f

wk he dd

He als desre de al hs w tehque

f remg urar bladder stes males

addg seea reemets t the tehuedesrbed the et Susr Smi Hdu

mede Bth l-Raz ad lahraw sressed

that the er s shuld be smalle tha

thouandyea ago patent wee teated n hoptalo a wde ange o health eut a they ae today



the eternal ne t prevent eakage f urne The

stnes shuld nt be pulled t but eraced

b frceps, and bg nes suld be bren and

delvered ut bt b bt hs demnsaes he

cae t avd damage t te tssues, ecessve

bleedg, and frman f an una sla

l-Zahaw als sad ever pece suld be

(Srgeos ms e very crefl

whe hey ke he k fe

Udereh her e c sos

srs he ClprLfe

ML DICKO AMRCA O

emved because even f ne s e wll ncrease

n se s advce s st l sressed nwadas

n gnecg, hs wk ag wh tha f

ther Musm surgens, was pneeng He gave

nstrucns f tranng mdwve n w pe

frm uusual delveres and remve the afebth

He als desgned and ntrduced vagna specla.

There wee man ther medcal dctrs

and surgens n he Muslm wrld wh carred

ut grundbeakng wrk, ncldng bn Sna

n the th centur wh was frm present-da

Uzbestan He wrte Canon whch addressed

e breadth f medcne, and can read mre

abut hm n bn Sa's ne actures

n the pn n bn Sna cace, a-aatan

n rabc was a cld tumr at dd n ge

named, and was paness at rs Ceran

frms became panful and ten ncurabe whente eached an advanced level. He sad can

cer grew ut the cener ust ke te legs a

crab, rm whch t tk s name he ntea

cances appeaed whut the paten's awae

ness ad despte her pan patents culd lve

que lng wth them Te n rms f cance

upn whch the surgen cud ntervene were

the lmted cances Here the

ncsn had t be perfect, s

all f he tumr wud be

eracted. Hwever sur-

ge was nt awas

cnclusve and dene

fr te cancer culd

fen reappear bn Sna,

n fact, advsed aganst

O S R G R Y

the amputan e female breast f

t faved te spread f e dsease He sug

gested tha de cpper r ead althugh

unabe t cure the cance, cud be ecent n

stppng he spead he dsease

bn Sna, lke lZahraw, spke n man

tpcs. On te retenn f urne due t a bad

der stne e epaned f the patent les n

s back and s bucs ae ased and he was

saen, he sne mves awa rm te pas

sagewa . une sreams ut, ma als be

eas t pus awa e sne b a nger he

ectum f ta des n w, use a catheter

push e sne back f t was dcul be

passed d n push hard Ts s smlar hw

mden urlgsts handle an bstuctng pste

rr urehral sne he push t back eter b a

catete endscpcall

ccrdng t bn alQuff, a t centu Sr

an phscan sugcal reamet f lage bladde

snes was ease an that smal nes because

the arge nes ee spped n te uretha

wee n te cav f te badder and ee the

cud be me eas fe

Frm all s evdence, we can see that a thu

sand ears ag ang peple were treated nhsptals and ed after ncredbl wel Ulke

tda we d n ave survva aes statstcs

f success, bu we d have cpus nes rm

the great sugens f te tme Tese ntes

practces and research changed suger rrevers

bl the betement f all, even thse us n

the 1s centur



66 N V NTN N D RNG M C V Z N

0 4 LOO IRLAION

he aet Greeks thoght that the liver was he og of the bood belevg food reahed the ver fomthe testes throgh the ves. I the lve blood

wod be led wth "atral srt before t oted the

orey to the heart.

Ten Galen a Greek hsan and slar n

the send er ade urter bserva

tins He sad that te bd reahing te igt

sde he eart went trugh invisible res in

he arda setu the let side e heart

Hee it ied with ar t eate siit and was

ten distributed t the bd

r entes ts eanatn was aeted

as the rh ntl Wilia Harve erred

gundbeakng eseah i e atn

the bd and the ntn the eart n 1

entur re Have aged a he eat

was at the enter e rulat sste and

he was knwn as te esn w disveed w

r bld ravels aund ur bdes

Bu in 92 a ve irant anusrit was

und and ade knwn te wrld b an g

tan hsiian Dr Muhi alDeen a-Tattaw This

disver revealed a uh ealer rs desri

tn una irulain

his anusr Commnt on t Ant

omy of t Cnon of Aenn was witten b

bn alNas a usli slar brn in Daass

Sra n 20 and eduated a e as ui

Hsa. We he "gradated he was vited t

ar b the sltan g t wk as the rn

ial te Nasiri Hsal nded b Saadin.

As wel as aving a bus essinal areer

as a siia and egal atrit bn al-Nas

wte a nbe bks a varet subjes

iluding Commntry on t Antomy of t

Cnon ofAnn

Avienna (als knw as bn Sna was a

plath wh eelled i ils law and

ediine b al-Nas's teatise a ena

n Avienna's nuenal Cnon was grnd

breaking its wn wa n it bn al-Na s auatel

desrbed the unar irulatin elaining

he rle te eat and lngs and easng

hat bd was ured in the lungs were was

ened n nta wit e ar naed r e

atshere uside e b

n w e bds una uat

sste wked bn aNas eained that te

sste was based n he veent bld

r ne aber he hear the lungs and

hen bak a dieren haber he heart

Ardng t hi bld enhaned wh val

nm (air the lungs) wed trugh te

arteres t all ats the bd His innvatin

was t sa hat he venus bld the r igt

venrile te heart (t be enhaned wit ai

the lungs) had ass rg the lungs

bere eneing e et venrle at whh int

it ld enter e ateries as ateria bd

n his wn wds he said e bld r

te gt abe te heart ust ave at

te let aber but tee s n direc atwa

between the. The hk seu he heart s

nt eraed and des n have vsble res as

se ele tught invisibe res as Galen

OP il e pge fom book nslng he wok ofGeek physicin Glen. I ws only hough bic hhe wok of Geek schols such s Glen co ud be found



The h ik sepm ofhe her s no

perfored nd does no hve visble

pores s some people hogh or

invisible pores s Glen hogh.

IB AA U S

hugh he bd fr he gh er s

w hrgh he unar ae he lungs

sed hugh s sbsane be ged wh ar,

ass hugh he unar e reh he ef

habe f he hea.

n der aguage hs s ransed as

ws Bd h has wase es he gh

u hg he age e led he e a

Flled wh s wse-rh ld he gh

hen ras ushg e d hugh a e

w ae he gh enre ur he rgh

enre s nd nras, sendng he bld

n e r er wh nes wh

he lngs ee he allares he ehange

SPI;\ I T

f rb dde and gen aes ae he

bd s w gen-rh s ees he u

ar es rerng e he he ef

aru The le aru s and nrs ushg

genh bd hugh e-wa ae n

he lef erle The e ele as, f

ng he bd he r fr whh s jure

hugh he d begs

hese r bseas wee n kw

n ue ul ears er when Ade

lg f Belu rsed se f b l

ss wrngs a n 547 wng hs,

ber f es were ade ela he

hene nldg b Mhae Sees n

hs Crsinsm esi n 55 d Re

ds C hs bk e nom n 9

F ws S Wll ve 1628 wh ws

eded wh fr he dser f rula whe

-as reaed he eer f he esser

r ulnar ran

ws 57 7 ers afe hs deah

h s ws reded wh he dser

T H E B LOOD C R C U LA T I ON S Y S T EM

n t 1 3th cury n a -as

xpa d th pulmonary lood

crculaio systm th sys

tm o oxygnat o o oxyg-p oo

ood y lugs h rg vn

trc o th art p umps doxygn

atd lood o lungs oug

t pumoay artris is

oxygnad and turnd o

aum o th h a roug

pulmonary vins In th 17

cntuy Wil am arvy dscovrd

fu ood cculaory sysm

n hich th lood rurs o th

har rom ody xrmiis

t u arros o hart on

d iagram

V e n acaa

R i g h__

_

a t r u m

g t -

e n i l e

Body

Aota

Lea u m

e e n i l e

Oxygeated blood

eoxygeed bood



s B S IA O FR R

bn Sina, known as Avenna in the West was so highly regarded thathe was omared to Gaen, the anient Greek hysiian and was knownas the Galen of sam Beause of his great fame many nations om

eted t o elebrate his annversary Turkey being the rst in 937 oo years

after his death.

T appriat his ntribtn in dpng th

phispha and dia sns, a brs

f UNS bad a thsand as atr is

birth n 980

H was brn in Afshana, nw n Ubkistan,

ad ft ag spnding th rst f his if n

aus rsia twns, bing a rnwnd ph

sphr and dia dtr. rugh s i

psd 6 wrks, a wrin in Aabi, xpt

fr a fw sa bks writtn n his thr tngu

rsan Unfrtunat, st f ths wrks ha

bn st, bu thr ar si 68 bs r

tratiss aaiab in astr and Wstrn

ibraris

H wrt n a brans f sin but

h was st intrsd in phisph and

dn, s s rnt hisrians ad

hi a phisphr ratr han a phsian but

rs sa was th rin f th hsans

during th Midd Ags.

Th ajri hs wrk was in diin

Frt-hr wrks wr n ts ara 4 in ps

ph 6 in phsis 1 in hg; in psh

g in atatis; g; and 5 n Quran

itrprtan H as wrt n asts ,

ad usi and h as wr s sris.

AQnn -i r o of ws in Mi

ne was his st iprtant wk, and s knwn n

ngsh a s h non t was wittn in Arabi, and

as bn dsbd as t s faus dia

txtbk r writtn, bas it is a unu r

rn fu f a knwn dia knwdg

((Medne ws bsen

n l Hppores reed

ded nl Gen revved

dspersed n l Rhzes l-Rz} o l

leed nd deen

n l Avenn bn Sn

ompleed ."

OR UROA HCA

gatrd fr an iatins up t

his ti

th h ntur th ssas f th

non wr ndsd t ak th das

r rad assib, and nar

s w wrttn t ari t tnts h

st ppuar shr sin was ad

onis Book of Meiin wrin n Sria

b bn aNas, w did in 188

h non was ad p f bs

s was nnd wt gra d

a prinips h snd with atria

da t tid with dsass rng

n a patar part th bd h rth

wit disass nt sp t n bd

pa s as rs and as trauati

injuris suh as faturs and dsatins

f bns and jints Th na b n

tand a fra ging ips f

pund dis



C C x

r

i m le r

Th cov o h an d on o Ibn Sna's o Mee

h furth bk ha tw ratiss n wasall Fraturs as a Whl, an h sn was

Fratus f r Bn Sara.

Fraturs as a Whl sib th auss

s frms mhs f tratmt, a mlia

tins f fratus talking abut fats in n

ral whil Faus n Sara

lk a h sa haarsts fatus

ah bn bn Sia b usig this fm f a

ain was s t fllwg h frma

mrn ma tbs.H w attnti t th nssi f slin

ing h fat mmat, asng stn

ing it bn th fth a a, this s al

th hr Dla Sintag, a ss

Gg rkins 189-199), wh was bas at

St hmas Hsital in n, s nsir h

in f this th

l

nyone who wns o be

good door mus be n

Aviennis"

D ERPEA CMMN SAN

n Sina talk abut what is nw all

Bnts fratur 188 a thusan as

bf Bnnt

h arragt mrnsiss an

mths f lanatn f th Cnonwr sima

t th aut f mrn mial ttbs wih

rga lassan auss isass, i

milg smms a sigs a tatmt a

rgsis hs ma th Cnn th mst wils mial b in bth Musim an an

utis i was kw t urans in h h

tu m th Latn tanslatns Gra f

na mai in us i ma shls

a uan an Mntllir unt th 1h ntu

a arng th jual f NS it was

still i us a Brussls Unirsit until 99 wll

int th ag f mrn mii

Th school o Salrno s dpcd n hs 1h o 1hcnu y a n anslaon o h manuscp Meiie by Ibn Sna.



CANON OF MEDIC N E

THE DOCTOS CODEA Book ofMedical Knowledge frm Man Civilizations

LEGACY Influenced meical practice unti l the 19th century

LOATION Persia

DATE 1oth-t century

KEY IGE Ibn S ina knwn as Avicenna, ctr an plymath

he h-cen scholar n Sna woe and agh wdel on medcne phlosoph and

naa sciences nown n he Wes as Avicenna hi s mos nen ia ook was AIQanun

a/-an s aed a s Code of Laws in Medicine, known mos commonl as he Canon.

n he Canon n Sina coeced ogehe medical knowedge from acoss civiizaions

creai ng a ma se eference wok M ad e p of ve vo mes he ook covered med ica p i n

cp es medicn es diseases of varios od pars genea di sease and amas

n Si na descied n deai h e cas es pes and compicaons of faces an d he

varos was o ea hem He advsed agans splining a faced im igh awa

ecomme ded waing ve dasa procede ow niversa adoped n his wiings he

inc l ded deaied in srcons fo ndesandin g am ac in ies o ever oneand even

descred a hm in now known as ennes fracre hndeds of eas efore he

schola ae whom i is named

On e hn ded an d forwo popeies of he a emed ies wee i nc ded i n n Si na 's

Canon. Wih hisoica roos in gp Mesopoamia China and ndia hes had een

mpoan o heah in ancien Greek and oman socieies n ear Ms im civi izaon an

ncease in ave and ade made ew pans rees seeds and spices avaiae aong wh

he possii ies of new hea medicin es

he Canon was ceain comprehensive when n Sina woe near a hosand

ears ago he cod no have foeseen how ong s wsdom wold as Gerard of Cemona

ansaed he Canon io an n he 2h cen and soon he medca commniies of

ope wee al sin g he ook li ke he docors of M s i m civi izaion efore hem he 3h

cen concse ain vesions of he Canon had een pished aong wih commenaies o

clai is conens he Canon was sil cons ed some docors ni he ea 8s

n Sina wroe poical a his iand on man opics Aong wih vaios medca

ooks he woe 26 ooks on phsics 3 on heoog 23 on pschoog 5 on mahemaics22 on ogic and sevea inena works of phosoph He aso fond ime o wie ao

love and msc

Aong wh ohe schoas of Msm cvl izaions n Sina qesioned spersios

eiefs a nd sogh o deveop a raiona n desand ng of he ahs ssems He d iscssed

soces of wae and he fomaion of cod s in hi s wiin g i nc di ng in The Book of Healing

a compehensive chape on mneaog and meeooog eamining how monans fom

he concep of geoogical ime and wha cases ea hq akes





72 0 1 N ' E N : R N U

i , S \ V / . N

6 OBOOK O LI

N eal eve medcal book b Muslms a housad eas ago coveedsome aspec of ee dseases The sudes wee lmed ol because

amal ees wee used sead of huma ees, because he dsseco

of he huma bod was cosdeed dsespecful Howeve ha dd o sop

he oldes pcues o f he aaom of he ee fom beg cosuced

Muslim ee surgens r htalmlgss he

tenth t he trteenth entries were errming

peratins dssetng disering and writing

abut their dngs in tetbks and mn

grahs rding t ressr uius Hirsh

berg an emnent 2h-entr German ressr

mediine hthalmlg teks were

rdued and 1 hem sill eist tda

Mdern terms were sed lie njuntia r

nea ea and retina eratins n diseases

the lids like trahma a hardening the inside

the lid were als mmn rate The treat

ment glauma an inrease in the ntraular

ressure the ee une the name headahe

the uil was uar but he geatest single

ntrbutin n hthalmlg b the Muslims

was in the treatmen atarats

The term r aarat n rai is -ma' al

nil l 'ayn meaning waer desends nt the

ee whih reers t the water aumulatng in

the lens makig t s gg and lud

T reste isin l-Mawsil m tenth

entu ra designed a hllw needle and

inserted it thrugh the limbus where the rnea

jins the njuntia t reme the atarat b

stin Ths te aarat erati, amng

thers is still arried t tda with sme

added mder ehniues suh as reezing the

lens bere sutin.

Sholrs in Muslim iiliion ook ee diseses ese iousl, us s phsii ns do od.

Frm his sd and raie he then wre the

Book of Coe n e Temen oye eae

whih disussed 8 diseases. This manusrit

N 89) an be und in he srial Librar in

Madri Sain.

ntl the th entr -Mawsilis wrk

was nl aailable in rabi and a th-entur

Hebrew rasain The German ersin was

made as reent as 19 b ressr Hirshberg

wh wrte tha lMawsili was The mst eer

ee surgen the whle rabian Literature

K H

10

D v 0 8

f H V Kt Z 5z

H C

Z V K

•



O O _ O O O

,

{

;

.

"

i\

(

C

1

Th anaomy o h y s sad n a h-cny manscp ha s o h as on ophhamoogy by nayn bn Ishaq, a n nh-cny Ch san om Baghdad

Dng Msm c a on Msm and non-Msm schoas wokd sd by sd.



74 0 I N V N S : T - [ D U R I N CY F M v I A T I N

tmra l-Mawsili a th mst

amus f all th ulists sam was li b

sa, as r t-tu aga, aq H

wr t Noook of ui s a hs wasth mst mlt txtbk disass

whi was trasatd it Lati ad ritd

i Vi i ga rfssr Hishbrg

ad s w surg Lit asat

i it Gma 1 ad th glish r

si b mra ist ad aadm as

W aard 136

ul phyi i hve een n

he orerot o e eor to pe

vent l ne ine when

Rz ee he rt otor o e iethe eex io o he pu pi l A ot the

e t e, Mwi l i invene he

tehni ue o u io-reovl o trt

y he ue o ho ow needle

MERY DY

A BiCATIN TH AIATIN F

OPTMETRI, NGAND MARH 8 1 97

Drig hi s ol drkss

i mdivl Erop hy

{h Mslims] lighd d

d h lmps o or s i

[ophhlmology]rom

h Gdlqivir Spi]

o h Nil i Egyp d

o h rivr Oxs R ssi}.

Thy wr h l

y

msrs

o ophhlmology i

mdivl Erop.PROFESO JUli HICBG

ONLUDG ADD T

AMAN MA OAON, Y 5

b sas bk Notook of t s was

th autritat xb halmlg r

tuis dsbig 30 dsass il

ig sral frms tama ad htalma

t s als t dst Msm wk talmlg a s mt a sris i h

rigial stat Dr ril lg, a htu

British mdal hista, wt Th rst art

is dtd t aam sd t th xt

a isass f th ad t hr at t

itra isass th whi ar t is

ibl u isi Th ars aa

tat li maks t mdr ti f

disas as a maistati gral disas is

w h urgs h atii aiz tatdft is ma du t a isas h

stmah r bai just as mh as a iii

t atarat

sa was t l srg t urg

tat dsass f h d b sigs f hr

ailmts bu Ruh Muamma ib Masur

i bdllah kw as l-rai m r

sa aud 0 wr a b al g



of s e hate dealt wt iseases

hat la hidde t whse sgs wee ea

e ees a isi lie hd ee aass

d dses ad xii

uist wh as ee italed i a

st Ca suthe Sa s Mua

ad i Qassu i sla aGaq e lied

ad atied Ca wtig a aled

ig Gu i n lmi Dug e

is t ust ed t the ee ut gies detas

the hea ad dseases f te ai ee

ageh aa sad i te C's An m i

o of uo ta l-Gaq's teatet f

the ee disease taha was aied ut uti

Wld Wa is us i the uiia sita

f Cda was eeted 6 e

ate he t aiesa f hs eah

H O HBK U ST

the Uited Kigd da ataats

ae e s ause lidess i

ele lde ta ut tee's g ews

e Ra Clege algiss

Caaa t suge has exellet es ad

aes a eus difeee t atiets

lies udeds f tusads aaa

eais tae ae ee ea i te Uted

Kgd aig it the st

efed eetie eati i the ut.

W wld ae thg tat l-Mawsil's

w e teth etu wud hae laid

e fudats a edi ula

2st eu suge

B the 1th entr, ee rgen were red inve tigting the ee' trtre nd deveping new w ttke diee



0 7 NOLION

V acciatio today ca be a coroversial isse, ad twas rejected we it was rst brogt to Egl ad fromrkey early 300 years ago e Aatola Ottoma

rks kew abot metods of vacciatio ey called vaccatio sh, or egratig ad tey ad erted it rom

older rkic trbe s

Vainatin i s a ress whee a esn i s gen

a weaene r inaie se a isease-asing

rganism Ths simates the immne sstemt re atbies t ths sei isease

Ta the eelment f new aines akes

eight t twele ears an an new ane has

t be rigrsl este ee t an be aee

as safe.

The Tks ha isere that if the in

late their hilren with wx taken frm the

breass f ate he wl nt eel small

Ths ki f anatin an ther frms

f ailat were inre int nglan ba Mntag a ams nglish letter writer

an wife f he nglsh ambassar a stanbl

TOP dy My Wotly Montgu 1689-176 ntoducdth sllpox ccnton fo Tuky nto EnglndOTOM n 1 8 cctu ttld th CowPock bys Glly shows D nn ccn tng ptnts tth St Pncs Sllpox nd nocult on Hosptl



between 1716 and 1718 She ame oss the Turk

ish methods of ination and eme greatl

interesed in smalox inouation ater onset

ing to hae her son inoulated b he embass

surgeon Charles Mitlnd

While in stanbu Lad Montagu sent series

o letters to nglnd in whih she desribed the

roess in detil. n her return to nglnd she

oninued to sred the Turkish tradiion of

ination and had man of her reltes nou

lted Se enountered ere oositon to the

Fr mre h w h dred yers

vies hve mde prl

leled ribi pbli helh .

Csiderig he lis f killer diseses

h e held errr d re w

der rl, il dig pl i me

sles, diphheri perssis, rbell

mmps, es, d emphils

ieze pe b ib, e mighexpe vi i hve h ieved

mirle ss.

RIHARD GALAGHER EDIOR OF HE ERAOA

MAGAZE AD WEBIE H CN

intodution of inouation not onl from the

hurh uthorities, wo used to oose an inter

ention but also from man hsiins Trogh

her enat thogh inoltion beame inreas

ingl widesread nd hieed great suess

The brekthrough me when a seni

desrition of the intion roess ws

submtted to he Roal Soiet n 174 b D.

mmne Timoni who had been he Montagus

fmil hsiian in stanbul. This was frthe

augmened b Cassem ga the mbassdor of

O t O U

c

:"-

c3c:-

100

tm iued y the ukih Potl uthoity in 1967deict the th nney o the it m lloxccintion

Troli who roided rsthand aount of ino

uaion nd its safet reord in Tro, Tnis nd

lgiers whih gae luable reassurne about

the ong safet reord of the ratie in Musm

ountries nd for whih he ws eleted fellow of

he Roal Soie in 9 noulaion ws ten

doted both in nglnd and n Frne er

half a entu before dwrd enne to whom

the disoer s attributed

t is urrentl belieed that in 796 enner herd

ht owox roided immunit to smox when

he saw the se of mes his n eghterold

bo, who was nfeted wth owox from ut on

the hnd of a milkmid, Srah Nemes.

n 1967 Turke ommemorted the th

anniersar of the st smallox nton

The stm shows hild being inoulted n the

bakground is an slmi dome and in the fore

grod a surgeons salel



I F I O T H t D U I . U I /\ T I

o 8 RBAL II

A houd ye go gde wee lo e ed b ooelooked fe by eme ei who woe mul o he medl popee of pl Hebl mede w o ee le

ve medie bu w vey muh p of medl pe wh myhopl keepg gde ful of heb fo ue mede d ew dugwee doveed d dmeed.

This kid f herbl diser hs bee mde sie

the d f iilizti here re rerds frm

gt Mestmi Chi d d tt reet trditi tht eisted befre e dsered rit

ig the West the rst herbl bk listig

d eliig the rerties f herbs s Greek

:

·lI

_

�

.

e

�

.

-

;

�· . - �

-v'¥Lt

.

'

l1PO

n illued pge fom 1h-cen uy bconicl ee

And he leves he ree were

r he helng nd he resrn

he n ns.

HE E EVEAI 22 2

d ritte i te third etur b Dies

Crstus flled b Crteus i the rst etur

he l rk ht hs survied D Mi

Mdi s ritte i 6 b Disrides

He emis te thri mg the

Greek d Rm herblstsAs the Muslim lds gre mehts d tr

elers me rss eti lts rees seeds d

sies reiusl uk t them The l

leted d brught bk huge umber f sm

les f r gredets g ih kledge d

ifrmt but their use mbig the rd

d its hrshest f eirmets gig s fr

eld s the stees f Asi d the eees The

diser d ide se f er s me th

-he-st detiled rerdig f their jresd bsertis uld e mde

With this st mt dt d mte

ril uled ith teir sieti medil

kedge m e rdiil d herbl

mediies beme ilble All these ds

eries met tht huge mut f ifrmti

s bilt u d sied ut f lssl el

ed rks



-·;lS

l

c

L

J

�

l � - . . v

� � c

r

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.

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w

c

l

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J

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·

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e

l

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:

,

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C

,;. .. J, I

>

CLOCS ROM O LE ne fo 1th centuy bc botnc l tetse n llustton fo Doscodes'e Materia Mea depcts the physcn hndng hs studen t ndke oot, whch w s egded s hg hlyeffect e edcne botnc l speces fo tetse by Ibn l·Byt of Mlg. The tppng of bls tee

s shown n 1 th-centuy Pesn nuscpt.



8 01 N V N O N : H E N D U R N LEC:\l OF W S V Z O N

\

/

1

·

\

-

/

•

_

)

i

·

.

·

\

t

¢;J

l

_

\;

pf

u)i# L_

4

•

bn Saa wh e i 2 wrte oll

ion of impls Miinl Plns n sling

Miins This was a lassiatin ants an

their eia rerties base n the wrk his

reeesss s i he h ent n Sina n

his non lste 42 rerties herbal reeies

Btan the sienti st lants an the

se ants in eine went han in han Whie

en like b ania al-Dinawari alle the aher

en bta were iling ast liss lants in bks like his A Tris on Plns thes

le l-Razi a tenth-entr eial shlar se

lhi as a rg r the teatent gt

s a eae a aae sene

heisr was aaning at an inreibe rate

an bth these eelents hele t rel

erbal eine int the ainstrea e

wth th aarane ire watr-aisng

J

;f

J

(

l

cL

·}+ >2j'!tl .\ �;·

The 1h-en y ese b bn l-By o Mlgdeps deen bo n l speesh e exmple les om he mnsp AKi nd gh om hemnsp Alilh The ese ges he physologyoplns nd despon s o he sowng en onmens well s he mnenne

ahines a new iigatn tehies in he

tenth entr exeriental garens srte

an herbs were tiate

lnals r Msli Sain was a sring

ar r herbal eele n hentle San an ate n Seie the rst a

btanial garens re ae their aear

ane nitial he were lease gaens b the

as ie as trial grs he aia

an lants brght r the Mle ast

an rea abt bn al-Batar Malaga in

the Phara setin bt he basis his wk

Don of iml mi n oo a



enms phml enylpedi, eets

his btnil skills n ths he stdied ,000 die

ent lts nd the medil ppeties

One f the best heb mediine bks ws

pded by Al-Ghi wh died n 6. Ths

ws lled T Book of Simpl ugs t ws

eetinlly e nd ws epblished by

M Meyehf in Eypt in 12

n the tenth enty bn ljl wte m

ment n Disidess -yed Mri

Mi nd tnslted it int Abi, ddin mny

new sbsnes sh s tmind mph, sn

dlwd nd dmm He s identied mny

new lnts nd the ppeties ln with thei

mediinl les f tetin s diseses

A ey simpe bt mj ekthh tht

Mslims mde in hebl mediine ws wthin

hw the heb feted the ptient Nw this seems

qite n bs thin t d, bt they wee te

nly nes sin nd elyin n sent methds

expeimenttin nd bsein t th time.

Elsewhee in mediel e, bs n hebs

wee e nd knwn nly mn smll nmbe

f shls nd ntil the end f te 1h enty

mny Epens wee sin he Abi tes nd

Abi esins f Gee es tnsted int

n between 00 nd 600 thee wee bt

8 edtins f Disdes, the Geek shl

l O S P I T t\ L : 1-I F R I M [ D I C I N f

d i i ) heir drik

is mied wi h giger."

RAN : NON NR

A ON O RN OF PARADODA IR D O

RV AA AD VOM

The sess the Epen shls ws

mesed by wht tey bwed fm Ms

im btniss nd hw they mde Disides

me pminent , bt thins wee nt n wel.

The ne et len shl ws in deline

bese f lk f blity in Ltin Geek, nd

Abi nd they id nt flly ndestnd the

Geek ets s mst the time they wee tns

ltins f tnsltns

Epen hebliss wee fstted by n

ne mltie flts in ele bd Gee

nsltins, nd s m nt bein ble t

deny nedents ety bese they wee

desibed in l diets All this led Thms

Eyt, 16th-ent Enlish dilmt nd shl

t infm his edes th he deied n nde

stndin fm the nients nd tht they e n

litle yte nenyne myne wne helthe

Ftntely hebl mediine hs dne wy

with sin mhes bld, whih ws smetimes

dded in etin mediel Epen eies.

Tdy, in the United Kndm, ne Bitn in e

ses mplementy mediine nd, din

t eent sey, ne in ten ses hebism

hmethy And £10 mil lin is spent n ils

pins, nd ps eey ye n Btin, nd he

mlemenry nd tentie mediine inds

try is estimted t be wth £16 billin nnly

F Mslims tdy hebl mediine is ein

imptne s mny heb hysiins

he stted t emee, thh

in illes nd l es hebl

mediine hs pesisted thh the

enties s n inteted pt f tditin



o g ARMAY

0 ay vy bu ad mo upma, a phamay o hm a b foud Bu hy

a o mod-day op a phama w

pgg p Baghdad aq mo ha a houad ya ago

At the beii the ith etry phrmists

ere depedet pressils ri their

phrmies These mily-r bsesses

perti i the mrkets ere perdilly espe

illy i the 12th d th eries) ispeted by ermeppited il A-Masi d

his des. hey heked the ry eihts

d mesres, s el s the prity the drs

sed, remi mpstrs d hrlts ith the

thret hmiliti rprl pishmet

Hspits thsd yes ls hd

ther dispesries, pdi drs d

her phrmetil preprtis

the prtil sde phrmly s el

deeped d sppred by shrs lke brb hl i the ih etry, h s the rst phy

si t desribe lre riey ds d rem

edies r imets -Rzi, h prmted hemil

mpds i mediie b i, h desribed

00 preprtis their prperties tis d their

ditis; d Al-Kidi h determed d

pplied the ret dr dse hih rmed the

bsis medi rmry

Other ietil shlrs ilded Ah

r pi, h the teh etry pieeredthe preprti medies by sblimt d

distilt hih met hle re e

drs d be prded As he hd lredy

sed tt r iterl stithi, he ls dmi

stered drs by stri them i tt prels,

hh ere edy r slli he y

ke d psle dy emember tt ts re

rer is mre th thsd yers ld

AlZhris rk ATasi s trslted

i i s Svs d tld the rederh t prepre simpe d mre mple m

pd drs He s e mehds prepri

sbstes sh s lithre r led mide

hite led ed slde brt led) brt p

per dmim mrsite r sde yel rse

i, d me d mers itrs d slts

Ab lMsr Mff brke e rd

he he re T Fndains e Te

Pps Rmds i the teth ety. his

desribed rseis ide d he ke btsilii id Oe se this dy is pills tht

help rm prtetie membre i esily iri

tted stmhs He mde ler disit

O Th 1thcen ty Pen phmcy w edby pothece to toe ded heb mnel ndothe medcne. The glzed fce o fpottey dgj cold be ely clened OOM n bc edt onof Docode e aea ea lltte phmy wth che mt pepng medton



n bic mnuscip wih phmclgic l blesscibed h cenuy Ibn lByr shws descip

ins f sympms he lcin f he ilme n pplicins f he medici ne nd wh dsge shuld be used.

etween sdim arnate and ptassim ar

nate and drew attentin t the psns

natre f pper mpnds espeially pper

itril and als lead mpnds

n the th entry AlBirni wrte ne f the

mst alale wrks in the eld alled Th Book

of hmoogy iin detailed knwlede f

he prperties f drs, and tlinin the rle

f the pharmay and the fntis and dties f

the pharmaist

A primary aim f the pharmaists was that

their wrk had t e expetly ranied mak

i it f maximm pratal ale t he apth

eary and medial pratitiner his meant that

they isted drs aphaetialy in ales f

easy referenn and ik sae and medal

I O S ' ! Tf l' tR , C

enylpedias were aailae as fll wrks r se

tins n media speialties.

These early dr reatises passed int Erpe

with all this ial phamaetial infrmatin

inenn 1thenty rpean pharmaists

like hannes de ant Amand and Pietr

dAan a prfess n Pada taly frm 16

t 16 Wks that tk this rpean jrney

inlded ks y n alWad f pain wh

was plished n Latin mre than tmes is

main wrk was alled h Book of Sim Drg

and ran t 00 paes takin 2 years t mpile

he Latin translatinD mimni imii

b is nly a frament f all hs wrk.

The 1thentry Mlaa Mslim n a

Baytar was a eai tanist as well as the

athr th e lares phaalial enyl

pedia tht ha s sried t r time Diiony

of Sim mi n Foo desries mre

than 000 tania samples listed in alpha

etia rder A Latin ersin f the k was

plished in 178 and its mplete translatin

appeared in 1842

Erpean pharmaists were trly inspired y

these wks s Comnim romriorm

writen y welknwn thentry physiian

aadin f Asl was diided int seen parts.

t flws exatly the earlier Msim ateriza

tin f sets

Physiian Li dal zz Tsaneli

wrked at the Flrentine Cllee f Physiians

whih prded a 17thentry editin f the

onon Dinory his listed tanials

minerals simple ad mpnd drs fr exte

nal ad interna se is pills and ataplasms

a reeain a pssile Mslim nnetin

A interest in Mslim pharmay was reently

reied y Amerian histrian Martin eey

Befe he died in 19 he had transated Ara

texs and nearthed he lists f therapeti treat

ments inldin mpnd drs pills pastilles

pwders syrps ils ltins and tthpastes





medica k accepted it he s-caed Arie

Ars meiine a cmpedim f medica ext

bks widey sed i medca schs ad ive

stes at ae Mtpee Ba ais, ad

Oxfd. t caied emakae descips smapx ad meases

The tasated Aabic ks s became pp

a i a cetes f eai icd ae

hch ih its medica sch as a ma cee

f ea i pe

Othe asated medica ks that had a

ma impact pe cded thse by b

ia as he "ce f hysicias i the

West is h-cety Cnon a ahe e

ms medica ecycpeda hich emaied the

speme athiy the d f ad six ce

tes is scietc phisphica ad thei

ca ves eft thei mak p may imptat

es sch as Abes Mas t Thmas

Ds cts, ad e Bac

The st k aphabetica casscati

medca tems, isti the ames f esses med

icies physiica pcesses ad teamets,

as caed i M' e ook of e

Wite by A-Ad as k as ahahabi

i as caed Ki M' becase he d

M ate appeas as he st ety

A-as 0-vme Comreenie ook cv

eed evey k bach f medcie asated

it a as ier Coninen i as pbaby the

ms hihy especed ad feqety sed medi

ca texbk he Wese d f sevea ce

es t as e f he ie bks hat cmpsed

he he ibay f the medica facty at te

Uivesity ais i 15The thee as he k f AZahai a

tstadi physcia i da she

pai ad the yea 000. Th sica pa

f his 0-vme medica k Aif as

tasated a by Gead f ema

ith vais edtis pbished i Veice i

17 i Base 11 ad Oxfd i 1778

H O S I ' ! T t\ L . : E D J C ; L K N O W L

The bk became a maa sey f mst

pea medica schs sch as ae ad

Mtpeie payi a ceta pat i the medi

ca cicm f cetes

asty e k at the k a-Nas, ayia physicia h died i 88 e has et s

e Comee ook on Meiine hch as cm

pied i 80 vmes Mascps f pts

ths he k ae avaiabe cecis i

Damascs Aepp Bahdad ad Oxfd as e

as a A afia hic has a ae a

met i aNass haditi

Mch medica kede as came thh

diect ctac ith Msim physcas as hey

eaed sme sades Eve chad the iheat as teated by the pesa physicia

f aadi

e las '

ll

Fst pblshd n 88 Gry Amy s ldngmdcl ncyclopd tody. It ollos on th trdtonbgn by Mslms whos ttss gnd ql poplty t nst s.





CHPE X

ah hath promised gardens underwhih riers Row to dwe therein ) and

beautifu mansions in gardens

of eerasting biss "URA

OTON PN G • RCT T UR • R S

VULTS • T D • T SP R • NLUNT DS

CSLS ND KPS PUBLC BTS • T TT

ROM K OSK TO CO S RVTO R • GRDNS

ONT NS

N TS LK NNTH- ND NTH-NTUR CRD N PN ND GHDD N WS

a pleasuable expeence Ts was g cvlzatn wt fee educatn and ealt cae plus pub

lc amentes suc as bats bksps and lbaes lned te paved steets lt at ngt Rubbs

was clected n a egua bass b a dnke cat and sme sewage sstems wee undegund

Negbds wee peaceful wt uses f man tugfaes cnnected b naw wnd

ng and sadegvng steets al wtn east f te lcal msque Busness and ade wee kept

t te man steets and publc squaes Gadens bt publc and pvate wee an mtatn fPaadse wt attentn and cae t detals uge wateasng macnes culd be seen pump

ng wate fm ves nt te eds and t te ctes Te funtans f te Alamba Palace n

Ganada Span stll use te 6eald wate sstems devsed b Musm engnees

Advances n actectue saw uge msques and cevcespannng bdges mes and mnaets

dmnated te sklne and wee s mpessve tat usades tk tese desgns and smetmes

te Musm actects back wt tem t Eupe t mpve upn te Rman desgns bult tee

OPPOSE 16hcenuy mnuscp om he e epcs l ces opeopl n Isnbul 's Topkp Plce



88 0 I V I I D I \ f v C I I Z I

0 1 TOWN LI

J ust as traditoal European towns have ertan eatures suh as market suares hurhes, and parks Muslim towns were also designed

aordng to the loal populations needs based on our main rteria

weather and landsape religous and ulural belies Sharia (Islami law)

and s oial and ethn groupings.

Mny f these ciies were in ecely ht cles

s f sde ws needed prvide this

twns were plnned with nrw cvered

streets inner crtyrds terrces nd rdenseliin ws vil cltrl ife s te

se lie crc d centrl psitn

And he se reded nrw windin

iet strees t led wy r he pblic pces

i c-de-scs nd prive le

ci nd el isses wee ndled by he

eliis hries w lived n cenr plces

clse t te in se e in pbic nsti

in The lw r exple set he eih f

he w ve he heit f ce de s

pssery cld n see in prpery

Hw nd where peple lived ws bsed n

filies nd rps f pepe fr the selies nd tibes wh si enic riins nd

cltrl vews epre rers clled Ay

develped r ec rp s there wee ers

r Arbs Mrs Jews Chrisins nd ther

rps sch s Andlsins rks d Berbers

n he cities the Meb Nt Aic e

Arcn cities were divded n rers r

n l ew shws he ndlsn llge o Zhesn Cdb, Spn.



Msis, Chisins, nd ews bt this ws en

ln nd nt ese. Wihin hese

tes the hd kship sldiy, defense, sil

de nd sil eiis pies

These sepe es did t peent he

siety f bein siy ese, s he e

el tend eeted e Qi ese

d deed We he eted y le d

fele nd de pepes nd tibes

knw nd ppeie e he ndeed,

te s nble f in the st Allh is he

s ihtes ndeed, A is Knwin

nd Ainted Qn 493

Ne the n se wld be e

e f si theins, the sk,

et, nd then ide ne n e defensie

wl sndin esidentil tes, ll jned

b itie steet newk t e te wl

The s ws split it es spies,

d, sh, pee, d e wih ites

sh s ndles d nense sd lse the

se hee wld ls e bseles nd

bindes neb, t

The itde, like Westen stle, ws he

ple f he en, witin its wn wlls t

ws distit n s wn, wih is wn se

ds es nd esidene t ws slly

hih pt f the twn ne he e wll

Neihbhds steed nd ses

nd ld n be fhe th te eh f the

eins l t pe. e sel ped, e

e hd is wn se, sl, e, nd

shps. The een d hei w es, wh

wee sll sed t i.

A this ws snded y we-defeded

wl with ne f tes , nd sde te wl

wee Msli Cist nd ewis eeteies

st end the n te wee pie dens

nd eds nd ls he week ket wh is

n nl stlls.

Te st ebte it f s dy, te New

Yk Ci he nn ent ws Cdb

pnng llustrtes nrrow Crdob street typic fet ure of od Musi town pnning

Te phsl sdes f Cd eel ine

nis nd nenie Msli e Te wee

lel dien ipe n the ps, t den

ize he d ke it bette pe t lie in,

nt st f he les b eene Tee

wee dzens f ibes, fee sls, d hses

hd nn we, nd ws e, e stees

wee ped d hey wee t, e kd e

ies Lndn nd is wd e f fthe

seen ded es, sd epe e O

in the Cs An smi H o

he seeits wee il es nd lntes,

lit t snse, d e dstit eplyed

peple t te ite ws ls l

leted n e bk f dneys whi tk i

tsde the it wls t speil dps he

steets wee dined sste e sewes

nd lened dil.







0 RIUR

an Eopean bildings oda ave dsin aaeisis and eaes s as domes and ose windows on aedals e aes o

ain saions, and vals in es ma spise o o lean a

man o ese wee developed and peeed in aieal ems b Mslims,

ad owed ino Eope a osand eas ago va soen Spain and Siil

Bilding desgns and ideas wee also aen ome b solas Csades, and

plgims visiing Jesalem as e aveled oveand og Mslim on

ies and ies lie Cdoba Caio and Damass Tese designs ipoved

pon e Roman designs poding a speaa mixFo Msis, hitete hd o e oss

e of des ike h's o God's ite

poe hih s sho epeed eoet

pes ese ess H d

os ee e deotios ese

hs ok s thess. So ise hh

sized oe oe otis ee sed

iph ded toh o f et to the

idi oti fo the Q, hi e e

does toes d otds e fee of

spe d jesti poe

The deoo of these ids oe

ted o is eshetis ese thoh s

opposes eessy spei, does ot oppose

h ooe ife o ejo it, s o s

peope ie ithi he od o Go's

ide his es Mss o ot he to ie

ise. The Msi sdo "Ste o o

eth e s o ie foee d stie oo hee

fe s o i die tooo ss p he Msi

ttitde to hitete, too if o e o o ke

soethi, ke odest d eti

ose idos e ood expe o ths

Looki t he des o os Eope the

ds hhes o ot hep ot thei

iposi ey d ho the deote he s

oe the i ee. Histois he o

eted the oi o f these he idos

o s, he six-oed osetes d oto

ido o he oe of the Uyy Pe

of Khit Mj. his s i od

etee 7 70

he sdes s ths d ioded io

hei Eope hhes st i oese

The crc r wndow t Khrbt -M ordn rom0 to 0 s thoght to he n enced the desgn othe stn ed-gss rose wndo w n Drh m cthedr nDrhm nted Kngdom



arhietre h t 12h entries in plaes like

Drham Cathedral and later n Gthi arhite

tre The rse wndw had a ftin lettin

ht in wle sppsedly symlizin te eye f

the Lrd Others thh, laim the idea is frm

the Rman ls a irlar windw n the dme

MA S T ER A RC H I T ECT S I N A N

he Sel im iye Mosqe in Edirne possesses

the h ighest, most earthqaedefying

mi naes in al l ofT rey. It s the wor o mas

te arhitet Sn an who was the arh te fo

the Ottoman Empire He designed and i lt

a staggering 477 i l d i ngs dr i ng h i s l ong

aeer in the serie ofthree s ltans in Trey

dring the th entry, anowledging the

i mportane ofhar mony etween a rhitetre

and l an dsa pe, a onept that di d not srfae

n E ope nti l the th entry H is Tr ish

designs reot ionized the dome, a l lowng

for geater hegh and sizean ostand

ng adane in i l engineerng, whih later

eame his trademar.

he Selmye Mosque Ede Turkey

The Suleymniye Mosque 117 designed byrhitet Sin n rowns on o Istnbuls seen hills.The buildings inlude mdrs hospitl dining hllr nsry h mmm, hospies nd shops It ws lson eniron mentlly riendly dsign ontining terroom tht lened the ir o soot rom ndles nd oillmps be ore ehusting it in to th e tmosphere

f the anthen in Rme t hs was mre ike a

irlar penin piered n the rf

This eampe is st a taste f wha y wl

disve n the fllwin setins at the

varied wrd f s lm arhitetre and hw

it inened ildin styles ver the entres

slm ahitetre ften as envirnmen

tally friendly feares T rede smke pl

ltin frm he thsands f andles and il

lamps, nan desned the interir spae f the

eymanye se in stanl s hat hest was hanneled y air rlatin nt a ler

rm efre ein dishared int the ity he

lle ed st was nveyed int a water fn

tain, where it was mied and stirred t prde

hih-aity ink that was sed n aliraphy

This ink als repeled s and kwrms

whih prlned the ife f the mansripts



0 I I O : HI E D U R I G . r Y M I I I O

03 R

A hes are essetal i ahtetre beause they spa large spaeswhile aso bearg hge oads Strog ad exible they have bee

made bgge ad wder ad today we see them i bildigs om

shoppig eters to bridges They are so ommo owadays that it is easy to

orget how advaed arhes were for thei time thosads o yeas ago.

n the ile arh the rt e r e

wei f the an n t e a and

idewa r he ulave wede ain f

e oussois r he ah bi Thi ve te

ah eatit and it an e aed t a han·

in lad haine a tad a the d hain

han Ti ilet dnai he ar wa

kwn in the u wld tuh the an the

ah neve lee

ie the befre the li were e a·

te the ah he ved thi tif a h a

the ved al ee tatin he ve the

raeu anhe in the tin. Te hei

al nature f e univee wa a inan fr

deveent

Knwede ee and e aw f tai

ean tha vau te f are wee eaed

Wat li did rutall wa redue the

tt f e arh a ew int te and ide.

Thee uld ten e eail einfred lein the

aea fee fr t l ie wal and vault

uld be built avin ate bldi

EF: poton o th wt lton o th GtMoqu t Cdo t th outh n lgmnt(961·976 how th ollowng n ckwok t ch(lntl) mmdtl o th doow mcculhoho lng ch o t, lnd co cho th pnl to th doow nd · lod(o cnqol ch o th wndow : h clocktow o Bg Bn o th Plc o Wtmnt n

ondon how th dopton o o ch oth ·lod om



r o a c o i n ac Og arc

The pins nd he Geeks sed lnels whle

he ns nd le he Byznines l seici

cl ches pssily ecse he bndnce

sn le The ns sed n dd nbe

ch bicks wh cpsne keysne bein he

ps sne in he ch This�

pe ws sple

bld b n ey sn The sides wld ble

wd s hey hd be spped by sny

pshin he bck n

Al hese pedecesss he ch wee inheied

by Msls wh hd nd pns he ses

nd pces. F hee hey needed sn ces

spnnin e disnces whch lked d s

well hey deelped new s like he hse

she li-il pined nd ee ch ll ccil

chiec dnceen

• The Horseshoe Arch

The hseshe ch ws bsed n he secicl

ch b i ws eended slihly beynd he sei

ccle ws n s sn b ked pessie

nd ws he s Msli ch dpin sed in

he Uyd Ge Mse Dscs which

ws bil beween 06 nd 75 n s he hse

she is sybl sinhd nd hiness nd n

lck s in he cles clly he hsese

ch e e heih hn he cssicl seici

cl ch

The s e he hseshe ch ppeed n

Epen si ws in he Ge Mse Cd

whse bildn sed n 6 nd lsed 0 es

The ch hen eled nh wh e Mzbs he

Chsin pnish liin in Andlsi They wee

I n r c i n g a r c e

iss schs bides nd chiecs in

eween he shen nd nhen Chisin ps

pin

These ch desins cld be nd in e ills

ed nscips he chiecs se plns

dwn by he Mbs. One ws cled Bus of

Ln nd is h ned Mns wked

he nse Miel de Escd ne en

Ths ws le eiis ildn in he Mish

stye wih hseshe ches nd ws bil by nks

in Cd in

The hseshe ch is nwn in Biin s he

Mish ch ws pp n Vicn ies

nd sed n le bldins ike he iwy sin

Intersectng arches at Bab Mard Mosqe now caedChrch of Cristo de a z were bit between 998 and000 n Toledo, Spain.



00 I N V E T O S : E E D U R C � L G Y O F ,v\ l -1 V Z i O

ennes in ivepl nd Mnese These wee

desined by hn Fse in 80 nd he es

hese w bldins e like se in he Ge

Ci Tdy yu n see e hseshe h

n he n e Cheehm il ynue in

Mnhese 180)

• Intesecting Aches

Muslims wee s nden hei msey

he h h ey ied u sme speul

epeimens wih ms nd ehniques is n

suin One ese ws he induin

inesein hes whih pvded n ddinl

suul bnus men hey uld buid bie

nd hihe nd dd send h de n p

s lwe level This n be seen bes in e G e

Msque Cdb

• The Pointed Ach

The min dvne e pined h ws

i nened he us e vul n nw

vetil e h uld be suppted by yin

buess mj eue upen Ghi hi

eue Tis men h hes uld lihen

he wls nd buesses wih hd peviusly

been mssive supp semiiul hes Ohe

dvnes inluded eduin he lel

hus n e ndins lln level wns

n he hes e vul mkin i suibe ny

und pln

Mny peple ink he pined h n

whi Gi ieue s sed ws n inven

in upen hies yin veme

pblems in mnesque vulin bu me

upe m Ci vi iily h Amln me

hns They wee din wih yp in 1000 nd

i ws hee he beuiul bn Tuun Msque

Ci dispyed s mihy pined hes n

upe i ws s used in he ph he Abbey

Mne Cssin in 1071 wi Amn mehns

eneusy nned.

A is ime in he le h enuy Mne

Cssin beme he ei in pe Tunisn

Chisin shl Cnsnine he Ain whm

yu n ed bu in he nslin Knwlede

sein n he hl hpe A pysiin ns

l nd disinuished s in mhemis

siene nd hely he ls hd e de

epeiene in Musim buildin eniques ined

m he Musim F imd N A Cnsn

ine wuld hve undubedly iven his pinin

duin he bldin pess in Mne Cssin

The pined h ws pssed n wen

Huh e bb Clny in suhen Fne

sied Mne Cssin in 108. ve yes e wk

n he hid huh Cluy sed nd i evenu

lly hd 10 pined hes in s isles. This ws

desyed in 810. Bu he juney e h did

n sp hee s he ne pesn in s vel hin

ws Abb ue w vsied Cluny beween 1

nd 11 He nd his eninees wen n build

he huh . enis he s G hi buildin

The dpn pied hes nd he

Muslim mis n C uny nd Mne Cssin he

w ms nuenil hues in upe enu

ed he es Ch isi upe ke hem

n ike ny new shin i pidly sped ss

he poned rch found n bu ldng lk hcnu Bolon bbey ned Kngdom m hv com ouop from Co' bn ulu Moqu, b ul n 876



mh f Frane, espeia in the sth, then t

German in the mid-12th ent, an d eventa

t the rest f Erpe n Britain there were man

bdins tat had hese arhes, amst a f

them reiis bidns

• Te Multi-foi Ac

t was in amarra in ra tha the rst m

fi arh was desned befre passin int the

rest f the Msim ands, indin pain and

ii and then t Erpe ts s appearane

was in the wndws f AMtawakki Mse,

bit between 848 and 84 in amarra hese

windws were n the ensre and spanned b

ini arhes

The mti-fi arh reahed Nrth Afria and

Andasia, where i eame very pplar derat

in mst Mrish bidins espeia Crdba

Mse Frm the tenth entr, Erpeans e in

lve wih i and adpted it in their bidins, pans,

and arts. s mst ppar se was in he ref

frm, whih sited the nept f the rinit in

Christianity Like man f these arhes thse seen

in the Crdba Mse were the main inspiratin.

LEFT n IndoImc eon of the fo-onted chcn be een t the 16th-centy tomb of Hmyn otde Deh. CNER The n teo of the Get Moqe ofCdob dy emoed che on the e ndmtfo che to the ght Thee wee bt n cce on bet ween the eghth nd tenth c enty RH

tyc gee ch known Gothc ch n Eoe

• Ogee Ac

After the semiirar arh ne f the mst impr

tant arhes was the ee arh therwise kn

as the Gthi ar in Erpe This is an eeant

arh, a styized devepment f the pinted arh

The arh rve s nstted in the frm f tw

shapes fan eah ther and was sed mstl

fr deratin, smetimes th a stne kn at the

tp The new arh desin was deveped n Msim

ndia and ater reahed Epe n he 14th eny

bemin partial ppar in ate Gthi 16th

enry arhitetre in Venie, Enand and rane

an see it everwhere in Enand bease

amst a hrhes and athedras have a ee

arh, r se in he frm f an ee mdin. he

are sed in deraive sreens, entranes and ater

Gthi styes The are sed in derative sreens

entranes, and ate Gthi ses



I N : D U R N G , O F C \ N

0 4 AL

A n arhtetral valt s a stone arh that makes a elng or anopymakng t possble to have a roo over a large spae made o bks,

sone bloks, or a mxtre o morar and debrs Untl metal grders

and trsses were ntroded n the 19h enry, he only alternatves to stone

valts were long wooden raters or stone lnels These were mh smpler

materals o se bt were not as sophsated and were more expensve, and

the bldng was lmted by the length o he wood

Vals le arches, were sed by the ans, b

Mslims ened the s they cld bild ber

and hiher. hey mae als that were as strn,

t ner with hinner crtain walls, s mre iht

was let in Unil the h centry, ms f Erpe

sed thick man alts which needed rbst

(as hck as metes, r 66 feet) and shrt walls

t cary the, bt when Erpeans saw the Ms

lim at Cdba they bean mtte their

desin ad technes me these became

ypical he manese perid (tenh t wee

centries) in rpe, and they were rst seen n

reat cathedrals like Drham n Enand

• Rib Vaulting

The Geat Mse f Crdba called he Mes

ita was the spinbard fr mch f Epean

archiectre s ast hall plyche, hse

she and ntersectin arches, ribbed alts, and

des al made their way nrh, and i is wrth nt

in that ribbed alts d nt appear in chrches

that existed hen, sch as thse in the Len rein

(wester pain, becase they were bilt befre

the Great Mse f Crdba.

A ribbed ault was a ceilin r canpy f stne

that was strenhened by sinle semicirclar arches

added beneath the alt t pride extra spprt

These added arhes lked lke ribs, and they sp

prted the crw This meant a are amnt f the

Ribbe unnel vul 1h-euy Se.Mrie-Meleine

thrst f the alt was cncentrated n these ribs

reliein the pressre n he walls, enablin he

bder t ae the thier and hher

nstead f sin the ld rbble mi the lae

assie pieces f sne sed by the mans Ms

lim architects itrdced sall stnes r bricks

between the ribs, arranin them like he bldin

a wal in he early staes f cnstrctin



The earliest form of rib vauling was aced to

the eghthcenty Abbasid Paace of Ukaydar n

Iraq Ths achiectay ch ese palace con

ains eg ansverse aches an ribbed vas

Tis system of ribs is aso on in many of he

tunnel vaults of te Ribat of Susa in Tunisa built

in 821-822 and these greatly inuenced the cross

vaults of the nave of St Philibert at Tournus built at

the end ofthe h century of Ste-Marie-Madeleine

at Yzelay (104-1132), and of Fontenay Abbey (1139-

1147) The idea of bidng vaults like this came

from contac with Nh Afca especally te own

of Susa in Tunisia.

The cisten of Rama n Paestine is made of

pointed arches standng on cruciform piers of

masonry which were covered with six barrel valts

reinforced with wals. I twas built by Harun a-Rashid

in 789 A simia val was built n Susa, Tunsa

in the two main mosques of Banu Fatata (834841)

and the Great Mosque 850-851). This idea appears

in the Notre Dame d'Ocival cathedal, built in the

2th century n Puye-D6me n Avergne France

TOWN : VAULS

• Gothic Rib Vaulting

As yo have aready read bbed vats wee

nown to the Muslims more than 150 years

befoe they appeae in Christian cahedrals an

crches A second tye of rb wic became

known in Europe as he Gothic ib was more com

pex and it rst appeare in the grea mosques of

Muslim Toledo and Crdoba

The ribs of Crdoba inspired European archi

tects and thei patrons to adopt them in the

Romanesque and Gotic movements and really

he hisory of Gotc acitecure is also he istoy

o te rib an yng buttresses

Bab Marum Mosque n oedo has a unque

form of rib vauting that laer developed nto

the quadripartite vauta vaut with supporting

ribs n the form of dagona and intersecting

arches, which is accepted as the orgin of the

Gothic style

Rib vut ing in the mqs ur dome of the Gret Mosque

o Cdob w dded in the ten th e ntuy



00 0 I NV cNTIO S D U R G r M \

This Ted msqe ws bilt by Mslm rh

tes Ms ib li nd Sd between 8 nd

000 t ws in the shpe f sqre mde p f

nne smll mprtmens nd ered with ninediferent ribbed pls r dmes h dme is

ttle t spprted by inersetin rhes ht

k lke ribs thwn e ms fntsti wy

rss ne nher

Frenh r hisrin lie mber sid The

rb rhitets knew d emplyed n her

ts sine the end f he tenth entry nt nly

the sme priniple f he b bt ls the system

f rssed rhes system whih beme lter

knwn in Frne s the qdriprite ltinSimilr ln ws sed in nther msqe

tht ws lter rnsfrmed int hse nmed Ls

LET ND RGH Thee church oof nd cloiterdemontrte Gothc rb vu ltng

The Arb rchecs . knew nd

employed n he r ls s nce he

end of he enh cenry no on ly

he sme prncple of he

rb bls he sysem of crossed

rches . . . known n Frnce s he

qdrpre vlng

ART, RNCH AR ISRAN

rners in t ls hd nine ribbed dmes

mbinin rety f ribs ht dmined he enr lt mkn it n impressielkin hse

bese it ls sed plyhrme hrseshe nd

refil rhes

Simlr ribbed dmes n be seen in re

nmber f Spnish bildins espeilly thse



built by the Mobs They lso be see

huhes buil o the oue o the lime to

to de Comoste, hee these ibs deote

the domes o buildis o the mz huh

Cstie, Toes del Ro Ne, e

Pyeees i t Coi dOloo, d the hostl o

t Blise. Ribs e lso oud t the eml huh

t eoi d the 12thetuy hte house

t lm

The teli o the ibs s due o he

imoemet o eltios betee Mozbs d

Muslims t the time o bd l-Rhm s ell

s the e ultul d tisti heemets

o his e tis ime o ee d tolee,

t ouished less lm times the tue o

Toed mosques iludi Bb Mdum must

he e Euoe tists d hitets lu

ble lessos he eh, i tiul beeted

beuse they ee losely oeted to oledo

te t s tke by the sh Ch istis

• rhe lst ult e ll isit is the stlite

ult o uq They e thee-dime

sol oms mde om eometi shes

d ed ito ults, domes, ihes, hes

LEF honeycomb dome or cn be seen lhmbr Plce n Grnd, Spn. RGHT muqrns u l s found he enrnce L ofollh Mosquen Isfhn Irn

d l oes. Deeloed teth-etuy

Pesi, te ide s lte se by the eljuks

Tuksh dysty tht ued oss Pesi

toli d Tukey betee 18 d 27

By the lte 1 1th e tuy the muqs beme

ommo hiteul etue ll oe the

Muslim old

Oe o the best emes o muqs is the

hoeyomb o he lhmb Ple Gd,

desied moe h yes o he hoey

omb ult o the l o he beejes s

oized i eihtoited st mde o

le umbe o iteloked smll squihes o

lozee shes, ojeti om the lls i ells

ey muh lke the hoeyomb These symbol

ized the hoey juie hih the ood beliee is

omsed Pdise t s lso desied ith 16

idos, to o eh sde o the st h let i

eomous mout o liht Ths ll eled to

e-ete i the lhmb Ple isio o the

omsed Pdise d its etelity hih ould

ed those ho stoe to eh it



2 01 I N E N T N S : TH f N D R I N ( , L G !\CY F U .1 C I V I I / O N

0 5 THE DOME

h dom s fcv a hdmnsona ach,and in Isamc achc had wo man sm

boc manngs: o psn h va of havn

ad h dvn domnanc ngng h moona and physca bng of h

fahf I aso had a fncona s whch was o mphasz paca aas,

sch as h nav, o h mhab wh aso ghng h nsd o f h bdng

Te developent of does d to overoe

te proble of o to ke sre by fro

doed, red spe Te Bynines ons

nd ersins ned tis onsiderle tie

before Mslis by sin pendentives, trin

l seents of spere pled t te orners

o estbs te ontinos irlr or elptil

bse needed for te doe Tese penentives

ook te eit of te doe onentrtn it t

te for orners ere it old be spported by

te piers enet

Mslis sed pendentives for ile bt lter

developed sines tt tre res t te

orners, retin sll nies Te se of ese

linted in pressive stltite snes

or vts knon s uq t deorted te

insde of e does

• Semicircular Dm

Te ost oon for of te doe is te sei

irlr for, i is te oldest nd ost de

spred Erly ose does ee sll nd

it on te rossin befoe te ib, s in te

oses of Qyrn (6767) nd te Uyyd

oses in ss (7-77 nd Cdo

76-796 Over e entries does e in size

nd nber nd ere lter sed in te enter nd

soeties overin te entie roof of sole

s Under te Otons te se of does e

to over entire sntries srronded by ser

does like tose in leyniye Mose

Trditonly does d been e sn

ixtre of ort sll stones nd debris, bt

tis reired lot of ood nd te sons d

O: S. Pul's Chedl in ondon shows Si ChisopheWens dopion o he Islm-inspied chiecue of he dul odome nd owes. BOTTOM Semicicul domes heSuln hmed Mosque o Blue Mosque in snul Tukey.



Th physs d phlosophy

of h Arbs sprd hmslvs

rop d wi h hs

hr rh .IR HRIOR R 163272

RH ARHIECT

t wit f it t dy T mke the bldin pess

esie, the wden entein ws eped with

bik sin nd the se f f sqinhes mde

f ditin semiles t pde il bse

f the dme

The Msims ls sed ibs, whih enbled

them t nstt the dme in simil wy t

ibbed vltin

• The Blbs Dme

The blbs dme nin-shped dme, ws

fved ptilly by the Mhls, wh sped

it t Pesi, the ndin sbnnent, nd Sth

Asi S fmili tdy in Msw, ssi, bl

bs dmes st ppeed in Epe in Venie

whee they wee sed t dete he lnens

f he dmes f St Mks Cthel The dmes

espnd t the ee h Gthi h s

new htetl fshin fte its widesped se

in the Mslm wld, espeilly Asi nd Pesi in

the 14th enty he bbs pls t esheti

lly pefetly wih his fm h.

The blbs dme ws dly intded t

esten Epe, st i wden hitete befe

stne, nd this pbby me fm the Msqe

f the me f the k in Jeslem, s well s

fm Syi whee illsttins in Umyd mss

hve been nd shwin the ey devepment

f these dmes

• The Dalty f Dme ad Maret

The dlity f the dme nd minet eted n

esthet ppe tht ws imitted by mny West

en hitets, inldin S Chistphe Wen

The imperl plce of Tsrskoe Selo osdeS Peersbrg n R ss dtes from 11

W N : H

n his eest eve pet, St Pls Cthedl

in Lndn, the Mslim inene n be seen in

the stte f the dmes in the isles, s wel s

in the se f the mbinin f nded dme

between tw twes Si Chistphe Wen std

ied the hitete in Ottmn nd Mish

msqes, bemi nvined f the Mslim

ts f Gthi tete, esblishin he S

en They

Wen explined his we nw ll the Ghi

mnne f hitete s the tins lled wht

ws nt fte the mn style, thh the Gths

wee the destyes hn bildes I hink it

shld wh me esn be lled he Senstyle his mnne ws intded int Epe

thh Spin lenn flshed mn the

Abin ll the ime tht thei dminn ws in

fll pwe . he physs nd phisphy f the

Abins sped themselves in Epe, nd with

these thei hitete mny hhes wee bilt

fe the Seni de







26 I N V E T O N S : T l- f. D U R G O f W�

0 6 THE SP IRE

inare comes fom he Arabic ord manaah hich means lighouse bu no in he meaning of sea ligouse as some iers

hough as raher a symbolc s gn cance referring o he igh

of Isam, ch radaes from he mos que and s minare

By the eihth ety n he Geat Msqe

Damass the minaet ha beme an essentia

feae f Msim elis ahiete Mina

es hae tw main pats the lwe pat has a

sn blind base with ittle n deatin

a all and the hhe pat s ey aefl and

ihy deated. This setinin f the twe is

seen in many Enish twes sh as Si Chi s

tphe Wens St May le Bw Twe

The eaes siin Mslim twe is the Qaa

f Be ama, whh was lt n 100 n easten

Aea Wh is he sze expess he pwe f

Ben amma he we was sed as a wathtwe

as well as a minae t was hly eaed wth

penins pdin iht and edin he weiht

f the stte ais types f ahes wee sed

n the fames f hese winws inlin tefl

inqfil semila and plylbed ahes.

t was feates like these tha apidly inene

the haate f the manesqe and Gthi w

es f the West Gd examples f this ae the

Chh f St Abbnd, Cm, taly 16-1),

Chh f St. Etenne Abbaye a mmes at

Qt o Bnu Hmmd s th rst survvng Musmtowr o ts knd but n 007 n gr. Fturs t dspdrh dcorton nd rh dsgns o th upprstonswr tr sn n th Romnsqu nd Gothtowrs n Europ



Cae ae (066-6) a t Edm at y

Ea ) al ae te iee

Qa'a e Hammad i eabe ad the

Erpea trae k w N Afra mt have

bee epble t tafe.

Erpe e twe r appeared i the te

ety maee per, bt beame ai

aed wth Gt ahitere me believe

te we ame m he miaet a t bea

appear i Erpea atle ad atehe

we te Cade ame hme h vew

pb e t he ieaed mbe f wr

appea al ver pe ate e Cade

bt i bvily iret a we a well a

h twe appeaed mh earler

pie were ever ed til the miaret wa

bilt ad i Elad thee wa pre befre

00 te irt bei that f t al Cae

da Ld hed e pire wa

detrye by iht 16 a the h

by te Geat e f d i 666 rebilt

by We i 70) he maet f AlJeyh

Me i Car bilt 08 wee patiarly

eial i aly ad Ela aeaped

miaret e t iee Erpea tw

er, a ee i aazz Vehi a iazza della

iia 199) i taly azza Dale i

a y i parlary iki whe i i mpaed

t he mayya Me i Dama he ta

ia we ha te ame aal prre he

su-shp a h s bubusdme at e tp e e arade f th e lie,

whh he wer emere frm hw a imlar

val ad trra mbiati t e e

ed the mayyad Me

Ti rae, ilar rm f mae wa

al mtate i Gemay i bldi le te

Hy Ape C Cle 90) i

Ame Cahea 100919) ad i Wm

Cahedal h th etrie i hiela.

The Ce we a partlaly breataki

prprti a i t ar i the ar

O The chch o St. bbondo, n omo Ital,dates om the th centr. BOOM The minaretat the maad Grea Mosqe n Damasc s was btn th e eal egh th cent.



28 01 I N V N O S : T H E E D U R I N G L /\C Y F M S L M C I l i Z A I

0 7 L U E I A L E

A ot o Musim rcitecture rece Europe troug cpture rtistsn eveopment o te Normn style ppere t te sme tme

s te st countercmpign ginst te Musims in Spin n in te

Hoy Ln One rt ist wo ws tken prisoner ws Llys Hs new mster ws

Rcr e Grnville o Engn wo Lys esign te bbey o Net

in Sout Wes in 29 Llys ten becme te rcitect o Henry The Normns ro o o nis rie

re fer her 1066 insion Te so opied

Sii where e mde on wih sims

ws ee he eme e ides insed

o desoes n f, s eh Om om e

BBCs An sm Hiso of Euo sid: Arhi·

e ie emns in Sii from e sim

ime nd he idins h ook smi re no

The were in he h en he No

mn onerors who were sined Ar

le. Te -en Nomn kn oe

o Sii ws prr pssione o s

im rhiere He ws so en in Ai

ws hese rhier smied Nomns

who e ped edin pr in idin

Erope. Goh ise hiee so deeoped

de hese Non kins

The 12h·enry Norman

kng Roger o S ly wasparlarly passonae

abo Mslm arhere

He was als en n Arab

REH R R

HE e' N C Y F EE

dwd sen mssdoi exne mis·

sons o Pesi o me ies of he onos

who hd ken e eio nd wee enemies o

he sims Th is mss ion ws ed Geoffe

Lne n 1292 nd sed er inded

oers Spo, who s hoh o he o

k wi him nme of des sh s he oee

h wh wee hen inoded o Enis i·

ee he end o f he en

Ler, Edwrd hd ood ons wh Pesi,

nd his sdin expeene ps his re o

eno of Csile poded e on wih

sim Spin These ons e ommemo·

red in Enish foore orris dnin s

known s oiso The sm ons so ed

o Tdo rhiere, sh s he s poon

pn Windsor in he ower of Henr V nd in

The Plne Chpel n Plermo Sly ws desgnednd deored by Muslm rss n he regn of NormnKng Roger



te wndws f is pe nd te trrets f W

ses ret te t Ofrd nw ed m wer

Oters t tke bk ides were pirms nd

rtiss isitin pt ike imn imen d

H te m ntr Bt were rismen w

isted te H Ld in d w pssed

tr pt nd sw te Msem

Mstp Ps 6- in ir is dMsim perpendir dertin tt beme

mmn fetre f Gti ritetre in te

United Kindm

Te pes f te Knits Tempr Order

ded b nine Fren knits in ersem

in fter te rst rsde were bit wit

entriin frm wi ws deried frm te

its me f te k Mse is frm f

r ter spred west nd n be seen in te

irr empe r f B in Lndn ertnd wi is te Nrmn nd te Gti

ir bt in 24 e nmber f mmn

fetres nd te re bt sbet t e sme

emetri sstem me Western srs insist

tt tis sstem me t rpe d Frne rm

te G reeks espei Pt nd Vtris bt

ters wnder t tis perfet timin estinin

The Tj Mhl n gr nd ws bu l n 160

w te ren did nt rediser Pt erier

r ter bt inided wit te time wen tese

fetres were er eident in smi strtres

isibe t rsders ter treers nd trders.

Anter fms bidin is te j M

in ndi bit b te M stn nin memr f is wife Mmt M w

died wie iin birt t teir 4t id e

mse is ed te terdrp n eternit nd

ws nised in 68 fter sin preis nd

semipreis stnes s in d e mnts

f wite mrbe tt ner bnkrupted te

M mpire Te j M s mpete

smmerexept fr te tmb f te stn

wi is f enter in te rpt rm bew te

mn rMre min smi ritetre indes

te tedr Mse in rdb pin nd

te Ambr Pe in Grnd A f tese

sti fsinte pepe td nd te M

srpsses te Ambr fr te mst isitrs

wit ree miin er wie te Ambr

drws 22 miin r 77 pepe d



I I O S : - D UR I G L ' • I I O

o 8 AL A P

C ities today are no oner designed with a potenta sege mentaiybt ook arond the word and the fortications of the ast are now

accessbe to s as torist sites sch as the ower of London.

ve hh he Epea Csaes ad spe

ii i amm a mapwe we hey

we esalem he Mslms wee ale

ssai aaks ad a seable ie e

impessveess f hei ila ses ad as

les was ls he Epeas w k hese

aheal ideas hme wi hem. he vible

desis f he asles f Syia a esaem wee

aed i Wese las wi ey feaes ie

d wes aw sis babias maia

s paapes ad alemes s appeai

efe he Csades ls via baes Sala

i he 12h ey ms Cisia miay

wes had sae eeps Salais d wes

pessed p he Csades he eed leave

pje ales bease hey eae

ak e he s ee pea example

aba he sae ad adp he we

was Sae whi was bil i 20

h Lphls

he ples aw sls i fied was wee

s se ad 200 by Ahmedes p

e Syase ese ad aw sis ea

a wma l sh a e eemy b e p

ee m ei e hey wee als sed

he fias f me a wee impve ad

pplaed by Mslims i he Palae f Uhay

da a ehey ai paae ad e

e Sssa ia i isia he s eded

se f hem lad was L i 0

• h Barbcan

he babia is a walled passae aded he

eae a asle f f e mai defesive

wa hs elayed he eemys eae i e

asle a als ave e efedes me pp

iy hld p he aakes by hem i

a sall spae he eemy d he be aaked

m ave a m he sdes e w ba

bia is ake fm he Aabi bab a-baqaa

eai ae w hles

he ei Csades fe b Mslim

mass wih hem ad hey bi hese eaes

i he defeses f pea asles i e

e hee wee as peaefl peids i he

Csaes whe e ahes ad iles wh

e Csades wa ad ea w lal

Mslims desed a bil hei as

Chsa mass als had ea ei livi

espeally i mes f peae ad se f hem

urpn ct k th n n B Gmnym ttd th dgn ct n Sy nd um



wee hied by uli t help in repi in new

ntrutin The try f Eude de neul

dentte h n enunter he p

nied t Lui n the Cude between 124 nd

12 nd wrked t f nd hen n Cypr

• Bonng Columns

ui ued bndn lun inide

ny t enthen the wl They hd tken

nd deeped thi ehnue f Rn hi

tet nd ennee r Viruiu i he

w f the hb Ae were bilt in thi w

t w the eir f Eypt Ahd ibn un wh

in intuted tht hb be bilt with he

tnet t epel the we nd eney

ttk like ibe be wee ineed int

he ny f the wl teel i dy t bnd it

tw e tethe Afte the Cde' u

tin f Ae in 11 they lened thi ntutin

tehniue nd intdued it nt thei ilitry

hitetue h th n Cere in

• Maccolatons

hiltin wee n iptnt fetue in

l defene Thee wee hle p in the

ehn f ppe Thuh the defende

uld e w nd dp tne il n thei

ttke They ppeed rt in Q -Hy ne

Ruf in yr n 72 nd e t Eurpe in the

12th entuy rt t the Chteu Gid bult by

Rihd the Linhet llwin hi eturn fr

he Cude Then they ppeed in Nwih in

117 nd in Winhete i ye lte Like ny

f thee defene the etunin Cude lened

the ide f the uli wld

• Battlements

Bttleent e eie f tne ndenttn nd

ied etin dded t the tp f w f id

in Orinlly they e e t the defende

but in den tie they e detie They

bee ppur in Eupe in the 2th entuy

O

TOP drawng how a n eary 16th-entury ode atewo of thee ode woud be wheeed no a arge edand woud hod 60 ghtng n, n fu ary dre ready toprate t anuer BOTOM: The ruader werepreed by Saadn' round tower and but artower n urope h exape n Podzaze, Poand.

with etunin Cde Thee i et le

ne between the been f the 15hentuy

huh t Ce n Nfk the Pzz C' d'O

in Venie nd buildin in Ci uh thethentuy Zyn lDin Yuuf que nd he

tenth-entuy Al-Azh ue epetiely.

Althh the Crude wee bldy tie thee

wee interpeed ent f pee whee ide

wee lked t nd wpped he t e

ent f peple l ent the eent f ide

whih helped ten nept ite t he Wet



22 0 0 1 v E O T D U R [ (i • O f U S I \ I O

o g B LI

S p d helth cb hve pg p ove the wold tody, ettig lxite i thei te d e op bt thi w ot lwy the

ce. I the oc led D k Age o Eope the Ro bth bece

pticly hiobe

Aer the disierat f the Ra Epe

the Ras ad st f teir pbli aeities

dsappeared Fr the Ras he ath was i

a elabrate bildi ple plete with a

edi heated r r Tepidium a ht stea

r r Cldium ad a r with a ld

ple pl Fiidium se f the larer

aths thee were ther setis with a

rs alled Apdtum a readi r ad

a sprts area. B these treatet eters were

r te rih ad p itia elite y

Whie these bahs ell it disrepai as the

Ra Epre radally lapsed the ther

side f th e Mediterraea the Arabs wh hadbee der Ra rle i tries like yria

Men relax nsd agaloglu Haa, a urkish bath,or hm mn n tanbul that was bu lt around 1690



inherited the rditin f in he bth A he

Rmn left he Arb nd then Mlim e

them pe imptne bee lm

emph lenlne hyiene n d

heth Reprter Reh Omr preei he

BBC An slm sto oEuop id tht there

were thnd f hmmms in ity f ter

f milin

{deed God loves hose

who r o Hm osly

d He loves hose who keep

hemselves pre d le"QURAN (2:222)

The bthhe hmmmw il ple

nd it rnked hih n the f life eentil

The rphe Mmmd id "Celine i lf

he Hmmm e were elrte fir

with elent dei der nd rnmentn

Under Mmlk nd Otmn rle they were epe

illy mp bildin n thei rih dein

nd lxri dertin frnihed with betifl fntin nd dertie pl

he hmmm w, nd till i nie il

ettin fr me Mlim mmniie plyin n

imprtnt le in he il tiitie f the m

mnity A n inime pe inern fr

i i rp rh frien nei

br reltie n wker tether relrly

ndertke the whin ril in relxin m

phere Grp bnd trenhened friendhip

rekindled nd ip exhned hi herpei ril w rried t by bh men d wmen

t eprte time wh he wmen lly bhin

i yiht nd men i the eenin nd niht

The inrie nd ibility t the hmmm

did nt jt tp rbbin nd ip t

ditnly he ein pyed inint rle in

mthmkin n nerte mmnie h

]

The exterio o fthe pbl b thhouse i n Tbilisi Georg,s oered with dzzlng nd olorfl tiles.

the f Nrth Afri wmen wh were kin

fr itble bride fr heir n wld t thehmmm Here they hd he pere pprtnity

t he er lk t the bride-t-be nd ele

he m phyilly Hweer thi rdiin

h dlly l t pp ity rrned mr

rie in thee eie re bemin re

ly re he rle f he ie pbli h

h been reded

t i l tmry in mny prt f the M

lim wrld fr the new bride t be tken with her

frend t the hmmm where he i prepredrmed, nd dned ylized dein wth

hnn the herbl pte th lee reddih

rwn r n he hir hnd nd feet. The

r m l ee there the niht befe he

meet h bide

The rt f bhin in hmmm i ied by

mny rle h men mt lwy be ered



0 N O N S : l N D U R J (; G ' S J O N

n lower res woe e obien o

enter i en re present Qite ew books e

been written bot ts; one is lmmm nd

ts Mnners ro e nnt centy by Ab s

br ib s rbie sopsction o e b process

tcentry B inoe prite cbers

n tree owels csin bn Bttt to sy "

e neer seen sc n elbortion s l tis

ny ciy oer n B

As we e i e bt ws kown to Erope

on ie b t ell o o se s oe ell

n te 2 wo by o rey Grete hebl,

we cn re bot bin tti tes My olke

tt t bte te in cole wter e yeHnres o yers te bts wee reisco

ere in te rses wen te rsers

econee Mslistye bs in Jesle

yri Tis reiscoery ws brie to

s neos crces bnne eir se prly

becse tey belone to "te cre o Ms s

te inels n prtly becse o e spre o

ery n b sex bits n seses ol

lown eir or se becse e nnes

o te Ms li were o oowe

y e cey s were eis

coere we Eropens treles encontee

Trkis bt i s ws t te se tie tt it

bece sioble o se ste bs n

enine owes n Enn n plces sc

s onon Mncese ees is ws

re cze Te rst Trks bt or nio, ws

opene s erly s 16 o o ewte teet

ow Bt teet Lonon ws bilt by

Tkis ercnts rkis bs wee lso bt cotn n Einbr were e os

se Bts were esine by o Br

et in 882 e elborte nre o te bt

ws ecete in its loy s ts cont ine

ste o Tkis bs wit oe sppore

o bc n sone srctre wi eoetic

lce winows res o orsesoe rces

Menwile e ce ws ecote wi

elent Mooris rce wit ion rles in

eoetic pero it s belee t te is e

orin o ost o e oen elt tess

cbs n retet centes now on ron

te oern wor s oweer re si to

be o cnnin ete wet ses

o iprities eps s ose t e

o wter ncese bloo cction n se

e plse ebolc rte e extion

e lBrrni (tnslte s "e xeo r) te

eilent o te rest oo o on odteium, lets te boy res benet ro preios

execse wie te soci ecto e

iey tospere beet l

The exero of an od Turkh bah and n thhadow of S Noran oer faou bu dngknown a he London Ghekn. The forer bahhou now a pzzea



16thn tur Turksh manusrpt shows a pub bath on whs as part o a prosson onratsmanshp that paradd n ront o Sutan Murad on th oason o hs son's r um son

O W : 'l . C f1\H



6 N VE N S H E R " G J!C v S M C V O

1 0 THE TE

nts ths dys o p imgs o in-dnhd mpsts o btil wddng mqs Thy hv ptil nd soil ntion

lg o smll, nd min t to thi oots om th tm whn

Mslims nd Bdoin Abs sd thm s shlts nd mting pls

Th ld b lbtl dtd st

ts i sts mis whih w bti

fll ld fis with silk ws d isd

sti t dd xt spld d mjst s id

w mftbl sts d pis lfl

pts pls sm f th slts fit wp

s d tilis. Th tt flwd h slt

hi s tls f w hti tips d t iss

d ms

ps fll i l wit th Ottm tt

th st tim h st s t. th bii

it ws sd f ls d h ih d

pis d l mis Th Fh ki

is XV ws its tst dmi d h d

m mil tts Turque Ths s

l mpid xt pssis d

l ptis wth wk displs His s

sttmts ht with th s f t

hshlds p wh dd t wt t b ft

t th ltst d h tt dmtd mst

17th

s XV hd itst i th slmi

wld d h thd kwld bt it hh

tls sh s s d ll-lGz

d -p st Ti ll

d th l t wi si dss

is ls hd i s si tw wd Abi

lists dAix d Ai Glld

Vxhll Gds Ld ts

tts ws bil 17, d ld di

wit tbls w ms fms Tksh ts

i ld w bilt d 0 th ds

16th-cent nature fro the e byMehed Bure, ho the acen on to the throneof Sutan Se he ar ou un for cafyrank n the goernent. enor oer eanngto k the he of the utan ' coak Kng the he an Ottoan tradton to deontrate oyatyand obedene.



f inhil rrey ned by the Hnrbe

Chrle Hmiltn nd in trhed Wilhire

ned y Hey Cl Hre hn rnel mde

terlr illrtin f the ent inhil fer

he iited i in 76

The ite f the tent t trhed rilly

intended fr mqe ith minet bt the ide

hned int tent tht dimntled in the

170 third Trkih tent bilt t Delny

Wil ed y Did L he i the lte

18th entry bt tent nee elly t there

bee f the eter

rpen imitin f Trkih ten t

n lt f the mi rhitetrl tyle nd in

the 18th entry rhitet hn Nh prded

ttl eti eterir efet f y ilin

hih retly pleed hi ryl prn. He ed

the Etern enery derbed by 18th-enry

lndpe pinter hm Dniell. Dniell

l he hr f Orntl Sn1, d ired

ltt t hep den Brtih reidee

ih h fetre blb dme ith rer

httrs nd ernin ee ped rhe

nd pinnle t Dniell h inpired Nh,

h mmiied by ere V t remdel

n nihed trtre t the yl lin in

Brihn he mbined blb dme h

ne-hped rf imitti the Tkih

lip te tht ered the nqetin nd

mi rm f the bildin He l ed minret

like tre t diie the himney

Thi tyle f bildin till eert trn i

ene d ne till rie t Cnterbry rk in

Hmphire The rf f the tnd in Vhll

rden tent ith ble nd yell ltentn tripe ppted by 20 pillr Enlih

riter Nhniel Whittk in 182 deribed it

erin i

Ote fm peple t enjy nd n tet

ilded Frne mpre ephine h hd

Mlim tent rm t Mlmin nd Kin ere

V ften dined there The Mrqe f Hertfrd

TO N T

niknmed the Cliph hd tent rm mde fr

im by Deim Btn t t. Dntn He.

Th bed dn n 0 n ei in

dierent dein

hs Oon nusrp s eo r of he ryoeen durng n expedo n of Sueyn heMgnfen gn s Hungry he ens of derenoors possby refer o d fferen regens phedround he er br of Mro, oed n heLepos un p y of Kosoo he wrng nsesge snpsho o f h p on rd Sfr (or My 1, nd ree h he regens oedsx es n wo dys



28 0 N ' N N : f N D U R N G>\C WS C J Y Z • N

11 N

hat we ow thk of as a gade smmehose ad the badstad the local pak o tow sqae came fom what was alled

a Tksh kosk o Kohk Ths was a domed hal wth ope ad

ahed sdes attahed to the ma mosqe de the Selks. Gadally t

evoved to the smmehoses sed by Ottoma sltas

Te most fmos of these ioss wee te ii

Kosk d Bhdd Kosk Te iii Kosh ws

bt the Topkp Pe s i ,

Mhmmd ltih d hd two sores topped

with dome, with ope sides overlook he r

des of the ple The Bhdd Koshk ws lso

bilt t the Topkpi e i 16816, b lt

Mrd This lso hd dome d he vew it

ve of the pes des d p s well s te

rhtetre of e t o sl ws mi

Ld Wole Mot wie of the Elish

mbssdor o ostiope, wrote letter o

April 1, 11 to Ae Thistlethwte metioi

"hiosk desribi i s "rised b ie or te

steps d elosed with lded tties bt it ws

Erope mors who broht it o Erope

The ki of Pold ptilrl liked t s dd e

fheilw f Los tisls o Lorrie, who

bilt kiosks for himsel bsed o his memoies of

his ptivit Te These kiosks wee sed s

rde pvilios for servi oee d beveres,

bt ter were overted ito the bdstds d

torist formtio stds deoti m Ero

pe rdes, prks d hih streets

All ood desis evolve, d i this se the

osk evolved io wh we ow l oservto

ries, lss rooms bil i rdes or o te sdes of

m Eope oses. The erliest osevtories

were ose mde b Hmphe epo o the

ol Pvilio t Brihto The were smptos

irs, with orridors oeti the pvilio to the

stbles, d with psse of owers ovei the

lss The joied the orer reehose,

vir, ecosre for phests d othoses

The phestr re ws prtilrl Mslm i

oept, s it ws dpttio of the kioss o te

roof of the ple i the ort of Allhd i di

uopean glasshouses, o onseaoe eoledfo kosks bu l a the Topkap Palae n sanbul.



TWN : FRO;v\ KI S C [ VAY

A 6h- nury n ur how Suln Murd nd h on ng n kok fro he Sinnne-i-Mur by Mrz A bn Hku



2 N N D U N ! G\CY M � ; r i

1 AR

S unny ay a pnt cuttng th ga wh ho png t o not antoo much. Inct a alt wth, mol a mov on, an b a

ma to f wlcom . awn, wth th hbacou bo om

nat many gan n Euop pcally n th Unt Kngom Bac n

th M l Ag though, gan n Euo p wr lmt to th cout of

nobl o monat, an th man u wa fo hb vgtab an

om fut fo lf-utnanc

Fr uslis, rdens he lwys been sure f wnder nd ehntent beuse

lnts trees nils, insets nd ll f nture

re bessed ft f Allh nd sin f s

Gretness sl erits s t use, enjy nd

chne ntue but nly n ethil wys, s

sli dens were desined t be sy

thetic t ntue nd rdens this dy enjy

n eleted sttus in uslis ind

Grdens suh s Eden were reetedly

desribed in the Qurn s les f ret

beuty nd serenity, nd s idel les frntetin nd refletin These heenly

rdises were re-reted nd sred rss the

usli wrld, fr in t ndi, inly fr

the ehth entury nwrd Abut hundred

yers ter, the Absids innted desns

f the wn r h t int n, rdens wh

eetril fwer beds, shllw ns, nd

funtins were built eerywhere n sli Pe

si in, iily nd ndi t ride eeful

selusin fr the utsde wrld ust lk

t the Ah br in G rnd, in, r the Tj

hl n ndi shws ths.

Gdens were nt nly fr edittin ny

hd rtil funtin nd Arb rulers l

leted lnts Kthen rdens nt nly s

lied fd, but ls e rise t tye f

Arbi ety knwn s the rdi the

den e whih njured u t he ie f the

Grden f Prdise

t ws n Tled in 1th-entury usli

in, n d lter in eille, tht the first ryl

btnil rdens f Eure de thei er

ne They were lesure rdens, nd ls

tril runds fr the litiztin f nts

brht f the ddle Es n the rest f

A 16t h-entu y iniatue shows Sueyan theMagnifient he Saai gadens in ukey of Sueyanthe Magnifient utiated tuips



O G R E N

he eneralife gadens a he Alhabra anada Span,show he geoerial planng and wae feaues ypial of slai gardens



22 001 I N VLNT IONS : i l [ N DU I " N G UcGICY OF ,v\ M C I ! ZtT ION

re the se rdes ered but ve e

ries te he uversty tws ly

dy the iluee the us m de

be wdey see i e m he Sbbet

de i Fee t the yl vil i

Bih ld

t ws t ust the et des tht

sed wih the uslms beuse they ls

bht lwes m the Est tht yu

w by dw t the rde eter. S h

trveers ilude the rt, tli d is

Sme ele beeve the wrd tuli mes

m Dlban, whh mes trb s ee

used t wer the lwe the trb thers

sy the wrd "tul s lized ves

rly Mslms eerywhere

mde erhly grdens h ge

gl mpses o he heenly grden

o ome. Long ndeed wold be

he l s o erly Islm es

whh old bos hge epnses

o grdens. To ge only ew

empes Bsr s desrbed by

he er ly geogphers s

erble Vene wh mle er

m le o nls rssrossng hegrdens nd orhrds Nsyb n

y n Mesopom ws sd

o he grdens o r

rees n d Dmss

ND . N AGRIULTURAL NOVO

THE ARY SAMC WORD, 93

dulab whh is ersi r tuli Frm er

si, the ui ehed Cstile thruh

mbssdril it exhe where it ws

rely lted i the Sri des esei ly

i the ki le i stbul

The uls jurey it Ere hs bee

ike wel-thuht-ut ivsi erume

d lr t stred i 1 wth Cut ier

de usbeq the Hbsbur AusriHr

i) mbssdr t Sueym he ii

et whe he tk e with hm Abu te

yers lter it rehed its w ms "hme

i Hlld The Du e Semet ris

Ceti w tui let d h 1 17

his t rde i the 60s The ets

re's erseuted rtes tts tk the tul

1th-en tuy anuspt shows Sutan Babu hodnga pan a nd wathng hs gardenes easu e ower beds



up bee h ugey popu n uope fe heyed fo oun e n he Mu word.

with them ito deret couie he ed

l i he 680 h cled i

Geore Wheler boht i to i rom te

Serl de o ottope

The crio d ii were e we trveled

lower but poplr decoi ed ukh cermic Wih i hpe the

ctio w uccel cobito with

he tlip i i pote h dei w lo

copied Erope decorio d ppered

umber o mbeh chre cemic

produced t Lmbeth ld dti om

660 to 00

The iri w ued i horiot d circulr

orm b ei potte, prtculrl der

the vid de i he 6th d th ce

turie The i wet o ike the crto to

iece Europe de uch the rito

dewre cemc.

The ih love rdei d tll clivte

hee ower d ower how e boomi

Oe o the be o how hele d ithee ire e thi to o b, rdei

d rde re r rom di Ech how

cot bou £3 milo d ove how week

6 pece o cke 000 0 cup o te d

coee d more th 8000 roud o d

wiche re old the kee rdeer uti

their ppetite or ll hi ree



1 3 FOUNAN

F oais sooe e wo seses o sig ad sod a oceTey povide a camig amospee ad scee o ba

oises like ac oad dills, ad bakig dogs i odays

eve oise wold Tey also povide pivacy wi qely spoke

wods o eacig oes i e viciiy ad ae a ba fo ids

Wer feures re n inerl r f rdens

d jus s he wee husd ers in

he sli wrld hen he were dsl f

e welh s wer ws sre nd wer

disl ws rerded s hn f wnde u

is bee rerses f sli nd

rhieure d e f he bes ees is he

unin n h in Grdens f he Alhbr

in whih is re hn 60 es d ws

issined b uln Mhed V fr he

ur f ins nd bul beween 14 nd 1

The unin hs rud bsin enirled b

lins ved rble h riinll wud

he been rihl pned sl in ld The lins

reresen he 12 sis he zdi nd he 12

nhs Wer ws rried he b quedus

fr he surrudi unins nd wed

r heir uhs i n elbre ied ss·

e f hnes n he r

h hur ne lin wud rdue wer fr is

uh iin he iressin f 12 nhs elsin

s huh he were hurs The sense f ieless·

ness reed ws hihl sinin beuse he

ien le ws nsidered s rdise

n Erh nd ie in rdse s nneisen s he

dweers hee lie in eern hness

A he ede his re fuin is e

wrien b bn rk his rises he beu

f he funins nd he wer he ins bu i

ls desribes her ineius hdruli sses

nd hw he ull wrked whih hd bed

ll hse wh sw he his d he sse hs

reined el he se is us i nd

wer ressure

• The Banu Musa Brothers' Founans

Musl enineers sen l ie n ef

inenin rius ws f reresenin wer nd

nrli he w i wed beuse wer is n·

need wih rdise e f he s nenius

O ate featue and fountan ae a oothng ghtn gaden ao the wold BOTOM The Lon ountanat th e Alhaba Span s o e tha n 60 yea old It beleed that th e 1 lon fo a wate lok ateued to put out o f the lon n a oneute anneuh that the wate eegng fo the ft on n d·ated on e olok, a nd o o n fo eah hou



O OU N \ S

T H T H R B A S I C ST Y S OF FOU N TA I N B Y T H B A N U M U S A B R OT H R S

h ba a c wa a p p a carr war from ma rvo a a wo poon

hozona an ai. Wh n h ozoa , war w fom rrvoi o l a wc

f pip a wn ogh o bu maig a pa-hap founain A hi wa appnig,

m a conai nr aac o h am of baa nc lowly wi war. h vna y pp

a lan c am o rai po on W a, war from ma n vo wa c a

o a k o h g ig h -a p T ma l l coa on h i owy

mp, i baanc ur o i orizonal poon an h poc pa ovr a

ov a on g a wa wa in h ma in voir.

y hid parA llusr ss e ree m desgs ffui by e B u Mus brers.

ppl d h w h a ua bh

h al ih

h bh, Jaa haad Ahd, ad

A-aa w h Book of ngenious D

whih iludd ai ha iul

had h hap F h h u, ad

v a h ai pdd a

i ad aa a h p

d ad va wa hap.

Srely he Godfearng

shall be among gardens

and fonans.

QURA :

h au ua bh' a d

w ul i hl, lk w a

valv bala a ad wa ad wid

ub All hi hwd hi p a

d, ad a a h h bai

hap w h ld pa ad ll ad al h

uld h a uaiidd

h bahaki ua w h

ha ud ha hap a pa a

h d ad bak aa a a ival

a la v wa had b plad

hih abv h uai ad u ih

iv i uii p a h dd

wa hap

S ua d w a ad a

v hlw "av valv, ald i i i

hapd a ha' avl I wa hi valv

ha di d wh h wa wuld p

du whih p hap

h h w ad whl ai

i h lwi wa h vlv

pip wa a a lap wad i h v

i l i whihwa ial h iv aai

ahi du h duial vu

Fai da a ai hi ad

i i pai h a i h

u w hi ivlv h ad ui

wh wa A ili la wa

plu hua ui il aazi u





CHAPR N

(The Earth s spherical despte what s popularlybeleved the proof s that the sun s always

vertcal to a partcular spot on Earth"

N AZM A ENNURYMAN O RS FROM CROA, SAN

ORDPLANT A TH • ATH SCINC • NATUAL PHNOMNA

GOGAPH • APS • T AVL S AND PLO S • NAVIGATION

NAVAL XPLOATON • GLOBAL COMMUNICATON

WA AND APON • SOCIAL SCINC AND CONOMICS

D VRN N XRN DIRN UNTR R T R N AR TIT

bu globeong s no a moden concep Even oug ey dd no ave planes ans o

auomobles medeval Muslms wee nsp ed o avel as plg ms o n e annual a o Mecca

o gan knowledge and fo ade Tey wee enowned fo dscoveng e wold om e

expeences we ave compeensve avel books a sow us e medeval wold n deal

Medeval Muslms wee also makng obseaons and calculaons abou e suoundngs o

make sense of e envonmen Al-Bun dscuss ed e eo of e Ea oang on s.own

axs 600 yeas befoe G alleo wle also explanng e ebb and ow of des Oes noed wy

e sky was blue causes of anbows and sze of e Ea's ccumfeence ommuncaons

wee mpovng and e dese of one sul an a ousand yeas ago o ea fes cees naed

e b of pgeon pos o mal Te pevous cenu saw AlKnd layng e foundaons fo

code beakng wc led o passng sece messages n mes of wa Open s cape o sense

e global vson of ponees of a ousand yeas ago

OPPOSE Mul exploe wee enowned fo he eyewne aoun of he wold n whh hey aeled



8 01 I N v E N T O N S : i E fN D U R N G l. [ ; ·\CY f l L Z ! O N

0 1 LAE AR

Tee was a te wen te dea o te wold as a tltng wobblng,land-andseacoveed olten globe spnnng on ts own axs wletacng an ellptcal pat aond a ey ob wold ave been an absd

sggeston ny tog centes o obsevaton and expeentaio n byscceedng cvzatons can we now be se tat ts s ealy te case, and s called planet Eat

m n 1711 wa amn ari k

r i h ra ba A a ra anr

an mahmaiian aiqui, h ima hha n ln h x ar b abu

1° nr anal, whn h

rib h u arhn

unv a, hi

mvmn i kw a " r

in h qnx,

a i unr a h

a wl wbblin n

i rain ax r

i rb, au b hravainal u

h un a mn

h Earh' a

ral bl.

Wa w a w

a i a v a l

al r 787 ar,

w inn h m

a whh arh i l an

a m n, an uia, aa h iin an a ma

ar an lain lwl i wwar

Mulim arn bain inrai a

r ur ab rin h qnx

an a w h-ur

aa arnm Muamma aaani a

wa in ar, 4. n annum,

84 ar r a l an bn unu

wh i 009 ai wa 70 ar 14

n r anum, r a rain in 7 a

hi ma aazil wl wh n-aur ab 07 r annm r abu

787 ar r a m an

i h a' ax l h lan

h ial r ha i

mai au h an;

r xaml, whn h

rhr mi

iin wa h un,

w a ummr.

A h Mu iu h hnm

n f an h

w a u

a aulai h

l ah

Divi xa

l am a

ma r in bra

an arm an aha

iian in ni lwi mn h la h nu, a ai an mahmai

ian an arnr nam Al-Khja bul a

hu brva i a nar ha a

v a i mra ran n

h l him aa, wh a r r

h i a' axi av h n

a, w nw hi il axia °4,

an lKhuani aur i a bin °19



o e wa qute cloe Uing thi infomaton e

alo compie a it of latiue an ongitue of

mao citie

A ceur befoe hi icover, the elig

ene t-centu caliph AlMa'mu egage

a group o f Mum atronomer to meaure the

Earth circumfeence he i it b meaur

ing the ength of the terrerial egee whch

the foun to be 56,666 Arabian mile or ,82

iomete 6977 mile), which brought the cir

cumfeece o 0,534 klomee 25 ,02 mie)

oa, we now the exact gure o te a

cumerence i 40,068.0 klomete 24,897 mile)

a the Equator an 0,0006 kilomete ,855

mile) through the Pole, o the atronomer were

not far off either

Aruni, an h-centur polmath ai wth

a touch of r humor "ere i another meto

for the etermination of the circumfeence o the

Earh t oe not reque wakng in eer e

calculate the gue b ug a gl complex

geoeic equato an wote it all up bo

On th trmnton ofth Cooints oCts

r ) l' Nf_T L H

Len eggre, a otempora wter, ai "

oubtle glaene alrui eart to how ta

a imple matematical agument combine with

a meauemen coul o a wel a two team o

urveor trampig about in the eert.

A-runi book alo mae a tematic

an etaile tu of the meaurement f the

Eart urface e meaure lattue an lon

gitue, an etemie the antipoe an the

ounne of the at e wa a man genuine

aea of i time, an even cue he teor

of te Earh oag abo i ow axi 6 ear

befoe aleo

Man eucate Mulim, icluing Aluni,

at th tme took or gante that the Earth wa

roun bn am, a tenth-centur man of let

ter from Croba a, he Earth i phercal

epite what i popularl believe the proo

i that the Sun alwa vetical to a particua

pot on Eath hi aother example o where

Mulim c enit wee carrg out grounbea

ing eearc that wa bae o obervato an

experimenation raher tan heaa an mt

S EA S ON S OF T H E Y EA R

N

2

3

5

Autumn Equ inox

Ax

s oroaio

Wnter

Sostice

N/

//

-

-

N

- - - -

r

-

-

�

Obeng the eaon of the yealed Mul hola to t udy andalulate the tlt of the Earth. Vern qu nox

//

N

S u m m e r

Sostice



O V E N T S : H . D U R N G l A CY F M M Z A I

0 2 ARH SCIEE

uslm cvlzo ws ousdg s nul olook owrd huvs humy, d l. Muslm scss hough d woddbou h og o mls ocks, mous rhqks d w

he nient gytin, Metmin, ndin,

reek, nd mn kne f ertin ietie

f miner reiu tne, nd gem Mt f

the nd thee ee beme rt f the

Imi Stte r Chte One their riting n

gem nd miner ike te ubet hd been

tnted int Arbi n te rt 3 er f the

m d Mum ientit nd exer

ied n the k nd reeh

he enrmu re tht the Imi rd

eed ment tt Mum d tud nd dee

erth iene nt n in the Medierrnen re

the eek hd dne, but in ure Ai

nd Afri Knedge f miner nt nd

nm gthered frm e fr

the M Ind nd bught tgethe in bk tentur r bn Sin Th Book

oCu hh eenti n enedi f

hih nd ntur iene

Ibn Sin, knn Aienn n the et,

true rdut Muim iiiztin t the height f

it ienti grth but he i better kn d

in mediine nd hih thn erth iene

eer in hi Book o Cu there i n imr

tnt hter n minerg nd meterg,here he reented mete erge the

nedge f hi d egrding t hen n

the rth ugh it tin tntn it beme

nn in enine ure, here it

ue f inrtin t the under f geg

thught in ure men uh 5th-etur

Lenrd d Vini, 7h-entur Ni Sten,

nd 8th-entur Jme ttn

bn Sn n the n Muim h

h uhing the bndrie f knedgealy th etuy hol a Al-Bu pet mot of htme tudyg da whee he oetly detfed th eedmetay atu ofthe Gage e Ba



nher bi nae in he el f earh siene

was l-iuni , wh was a eprar f

b Sina.

r in Khwarz in 973 -iruni ann

be vere b nl ne ael pressinal,

beause he wre prlfiall in an aeas

inuin aheais, asrn ee,

phisph hsr, phaa a earh see

r ineral

R E C O G N I Z I N G G E M S

Ge and neal facnaed anen pepe

og soe a pe es rogh

o I nd ia . heaed so e oe heyecae ore ed here ee o very dar

pieces, oe as ih redd ish colo he oer

as less red I p oh peces a crcle

a d d ieced he a e a e or a perod

scen o e so mthqal o god. oo

e peces aer ey cooed . I oiced a he

less red p iece ecae p re h a ose red

coor. Te oe deep ed p iece os is coor

ad ecae ie Sarandi [o Sr i aa]

qarz. hen exaied is aer pece and

o d a as soer ha he yaqut [ry] . . I coc ded : Wen redess i s l os i

ea ing, e heaed aera is o yaqut

his concl s on ca o e revesed; e. he

eaed aeal says ed s o necessari ly

yaqut ecase i on says red aer heang .

TENUY IENTIT UNI NVTAN UI E

M REE N HW RECGNZE GE

e mus cler our mnds .

from ll cuses

h b lnd people

o he ruhold cusom

pry spr,

personl rvlry or psso n

he desre for nuence .

LI N EGE HE

rea ea his ie was spe n a

where he earne he lanuae an suie he

pepe elin an plaes. his he we p i

hs vas bk alle Ce fda s wel as

speakin i he als kew reek Sanski an

Sria, alhuh he wre al h s ks i Pesian

an rab s ie in Ia ean he ke

inenl a is naura hisr an el an he

rel esre he seiea naue f he

anes asin. s rea inealia wrk was

ale Tea Hw Rgiz Gm, an

i ae hi a leain senis in hs area

Oher shlars ae heir nru he

sene we w kw as el

Yaha n Masawah e 857) we Gm

ad e Prt Kini ie abu 87)

wre hree nraphs, he bes f whih

was Gem ad k u whh is w ls

laai, a enheur shla, we hee

ks n aba n whih he esibe ehs

explrain fr l, slve, a he inerals

a es a wh heir prperies an la

ns he eher p f shlars knw

as kwa aSaa he rhers f r) wre

an enlpe wrk ha nlue a par n

ineals espeall heir lassiaif

Of he enus nuber f wrks we n

he suje inerals, snes a es, u[has been ls , b a few wrks have survive an

are nw prin.







1 01 V O : I l D U I L \ F ! J L I O

04 GEOPHY

ravelers explorers and ercants: People lvng n Msl cvlzatonwere otward-lookng observng and recordng ter srrondngs

near and far Ter nterest n geograpy was partly de to te envron

ent n wc tey lved Tey ad to ove along wt ter precos ocs

and erds n searc o res and better pastres so knowledge o ter sr

rondngs ncldng at o plants and wld anals was vtal. In tese crc

stances te scence o geograpy develped as a practcal necessty

The hl pilgrimage r he hajj, wa al a valu

ae ure maeia . Man plgim ue

wr--muh aun f ue Mea an

Meina a he ame frm ian egin Thee

wee laer pu in wien frm ravel guie

pae n he helping hem n he ng an

iu urne heir hl pilgrimage frm all

rner f he Mulim wrl

The renain he mue wa Mea

wa anher mpeu gegraph a wa

he nee nw he ein f he Kaah

in Mea r al paer inal, war an

invain an he piial an ainiraive

eqireen f he expaning Muim wl

reae anher enin in he earh r

gegaphia knwlege

Wih he evepen re auae arn

m an maheai gan ep were mae

in he pgre f gegraphial u, a map

pling eae ne i repee ranhe

Al-Khwarimi, a ninhenr eian hlar

wa ne f he earlie ieni eripive geg

rapher an a highl alene mahemaiian

i famu k, h orm o t at, inpe

a geneain f wier n agha an Mui

Spain, r AlAnalu, unearh, analze an

rer gegraphal aa

Anh gegaphe name Suhra, a he

eginning f he enh enu, we a k

eiing vau ea, ilan, lake un

ain an river f he wrl ne n he

uphrae, Tigr an Nle ar e ver ignian,

while hi aun he anal f agha i he

main a he renu in f he meieval

plan f ha i Th enuin wa ne

Geogrphc l knoledge deeloped n Mus l soceeshrough rel.



in 895 b u e Srange wo inorrel rea

Suhrab name a ha o a well-nown hiian

name Ibn Sarabun or in Lain, bn Seraion)

e Srage alo ue work b alYabi wo wa

from he nin enr, in hi reonruion. Te

wo ex Suhrab aoun of he waer em

nework an al-Yaubi eriion of he igh

wa oming from agha, omlemene ea

oher ver well

l-Muaai wa a enh-enur Mlm

geograher e ravele hroghou he Mu

lim wol, obervig, orroboaig weiging

an ifing eviene, aking noe an wrig

The oome of ear of ravel wa Bes i

si ns fr nwledge of the Regins, omlee

n 985 I a eale o a varie of eole whie

alo being an eneranng rea Like man

before an afer im hi reao for olal

reearh were ivne inraio Wha he ro

ue wou be a wa o geing o kow o

beer an h e woul alo eeive j rewar

for hi eneavor i grea book reae e

emai founaio of Mulim geogra,

W O R L D : G E . O R A H Y

a he inoue geograhi e rminolog he

vario meo of vion of e ah an

he value of emiria obervaion

e of e earle Trkh geograher wa

Mamu al-Kaghari, wh wa ao a wel-kown

lexiogaher e rew a wor ma, whh looke

unuual an irular on a lngii ba

aear in hi maeee work a reaie on

grammar alle Cmendim f Trkish iaecs,

omlee in 03 onierable orion o Cen

al ia a wel a China an orh fra were

alo ilue, bu le beon he Volga i e

we Thi i erha beae i wa rawn before

he Turk began o move we.

e h an enrie, wo Mm wri

er, a an bn Jbar, ollee an ollae

he informaion aembe b eir reeeo

ino an eail geible forma Te of hem

wa he on of he goveror o he rove of

uelva an Sae n Sain akri wa an imor

an mnier a e our of Seville who unerook

evera ioma mion. Dee hi bu o

a ie, he wa an aomlhe holar an

S U R V E Y N G

Suveying is vit p ofconsuion oday

oman s reyors se a s imp e t iag ar ee h a p m

l ine to a l ace o eqa ie the l an , a ech qe co ine

n M s l im an Chr st a Spa i

Wha the Romas not hae as t anga ion hich s

a metho s l se oay in s reyig an mapma ing. I as

tro ce rom he as n he astroa e treatises o o M s im

Spa ns h scholars , M asama an I a -Saa a Masam a's o

as tran slate o ati y o hn o Sei l e in he th centy.

A tehcenry ook cale Geome gae eals o a aiety

o tranglatio pocees tha col e se ith a asoaeespeca l y or pro cin g straigh on aries o la rge aeas o an

As toay teams os reyors carry ot th e cha lengi g pojects l i e

sreyig rrigaio canals In a Aas hese eams ee cal le

muhndi, an n easte Spain they ere ko as soguejdo

Toay, tiangaion is stll se to etermie he locaion o a

nknon pont y si g the las o plan e tgonom ety, th te

he p o aace ech ology, sch as he Gl oal ositonin g System.



An a endng how AId n he o of

oge of S y wh h ua ap ha howed heknew ha he wd wa phea.

ait wrot an important oraphical

work vot to t Arabia ninula, iclu

n th nam of variou plac Ro and

ngdm wa alphabticall arran, inclu

in th nam of villa, tow, vall an

monumnt i otr major work wa an nc

clopic tratmn of t h nr known worl

bn Jbar of Valnca, who wa crtar

to h ovrnor of ranaa, Spain, wa on of

tho who habituall rco hi hajj ourn

to Mcca h 700arol travl book wr

rnal, vin a tail accou of t atn

Mitrrana worl i iina an roa

book all wnt wll bon th cinc o f o

rap to incl botan, culinar information,

an travl avic

n Mulim Spain, th paion for kpin

travlou thriv an thi inpr th com

pilaion of th mo t comprhnv worl atla

of th tim, b th hih cbrat choar

Alri wa commiion b o

man k of Sicl or , in 113 to com

from Croba to Sici an mak a map for th

kin pnt 1 a on ti, joi xal

tatu a th kn Palrmo court inrviwi

thoa o travlr an proucin 70 accu

rat map, incun om trrtori prviol

unchart

work wa ba on hat on b pvio

author a wll a on information h atr

in S icil A w a itratn t fact ta h

art wa a ob, h alo ai tat h ah

rmain tabl in pac lik th olk of a

whil ivin accout o f th hmipr,

cimat a an ulf work pcicall



contaned a mne o exceent nfoma on about

he more remote arts of Asia and Afica

In the 13h century, Yaqt alHamaw oured fom

Mosul n raq to Aleo in Sya, and he Paesine,

Egyt, and esa Only our of his woks hae sur-

ied unt today he best known s hsDctoay

A S P H E R I C A L G L O B

Arab sc ie ss had ong known th i s

[tha th e ea was roud] bu E ro-

peans s t i l c l g to the be l ef a i t was

a . He [A Id r i s i] a so inc lded a t ave

guide a d m ap, surpr s i g y accurae o 350

years beoe Co um s I descred ng la d

as g ri pped n pepetua l wn te . ' . . . I s an

essent ia l igredient i th is Is lamc schoar

s i p hat e lped shape ropea c iv i l izaon."

RAGEH OMAAR IN HE BBCS AN ISLAMC HISTRY OF

EUOPE ON 1 2H-CENURY GEOGRAPHER ALIDRII

Mulim geographers areed he world as round andmade detailed measurements ofthe lobe.

\ O R l D: G E ( ) R . ' I Y

Widely recognised a s being

the greatest single wo rk of

geography in the medieval era

{Al-Idris i 's book] also included a

travel gui de and map,

surprisingly accurate for 350years

before Columbus. It descr ibed

England as gripped in perpe tual

winter'. . . It is an essential

ingredient in this slamic

scholarship that helped shapeEuropean civ ilization"

RAGEH OMAAR IN THE BBC'

AN ISLAMIC HITRY OF EUROPE

ofCounries. is a ast geograhcal encycloeda,

whch smmed p neay all mediea knowedge

of the known world, inclding archaeoogyethnog

rahy, history, anthroology, natural scences , and

geograhy, and gave coordinates for eery lace.

He descrbed and named most owns and ct-

es, gng detal of ther eery moument,

and ther economy, hsoy, oulaon, and

leadng gues

Lke many aeas of scece, echnology and

at, the ls of ersonalies dedicated to the sdy

o geograhy s mmense Many of hem stc

out nto he world o gathe informaon rsthand,

to quench a thrs t for knowledge and undestnd-

ng, to sate ther curosty, ad to eae nfor-

maton that would hel others Today, we hae

glossy magaznes and V saellte channes to

exerence or word Although some eoe

undoubtedly trael fo r ease, we oten learn

and understand thogh rofessonals" from our

amchars, uke ose rom e ast mllennum

who were guded by cosity and fath to make

sese of ther srroundngs



ADRIS I 'S ORLD MAP

VIE ROM ACULTURAL CROSSROADS

The First Map to Show Europe, Asia and Norh Aica

ECY Wit is map te mst accurate is ay Al risi joined a ng ne

skille mapmakers i n Musl im cvi zation

OCTION icily

DE 2t century

EY FIURES Alrisi Muslim sclar an King Rger II Nran king icy

thousan years ago auate plans of ountries ontnents an waterways were

unnown. But as more people began to travel the wor for trae exploraton an el

gio us easons the ema n for goo ma ps n ease.

Some of the wols most preous m aps wee rawn by great sho as of M us lm vl iza

tion who assembe a the geogaphial nowlege avaabe to them. They also rew on

eyewitness aounts of the meieval wo whih oen ame from M us m geographes a n

taveers who ept etaie iaies as they ournee

n the 12th entuy sholar Al- rs poue an atlas s how ng most of Eu rope Asa a n

North Afa fo the rst tme. Almost 850 yeas o the map was eate entures befoe

Ma o Polo or Cou mbu s exploe the wol. A- ris range wely rawng on ol er now

ege an i nterviewng tho usa ns of travelers to mae h s map th e most au rate of its ay.

he Aab text shows that Al-isi ew the map wth the south to the top an north to the

bottom as was ustomay then .

The map was ommssone by Roge of Si y, a Noma n in g who ha reenty over

thown the Muslm rules Nonetheless he nvte Ars who was at that tme vng n

Spai n t o mae th e ma p fo h ima tas that wou tae 5 yeas. wehentuy Si y was

a globa ossroas fo ult ure an ieas an A i si be ame a espete m em ber of the

ngs our befoe nay returnn g to hi s home n Moroo.

Al- is ew n ia Aabia Asia the Me terranean Eu rope an norhern Afra on a ir

u a map an mae a l arge s ilver pla nis phe re for <ing Roge. People h a aepte that the

Earth was sphera sine anent Gee times an Muslim sholars mae etale measue

ments of the globe n A-rss witings he alulate that the Earths rumferene was

22900 mles at the Equator about 0 perent ar from the moern gure. He also wrote

about the hemspheres of the Eart ts limat zones the seas an gulfs

n early Mu s m v zaton measur ng an h artng the Ea rths featues was a ey am

of mathematial geogaphy an shoas use sophstate astrolabes to help assess

heght an istane. n the ninth entury Caliph AMamun ha ommissone hs astono

mes to etermin e the Eah s i rumfeene wh h they to wth in 1 25 mi es of the gure

we aept toay.





4 01 I N \ N O S : T H E D U R I N G .CY F ."' M C I L Z A I N

o s AP

aps have been helping people d their way or about 3500 yearswith the eariest inscrbed on clay tablets The introducton o paper

eabed a leap orward in mapmaking but the most recet carto

gaphica revoutio was with te deveopment o Geographic omation

Systems or GS This meant that in 93 the rst computerized largescale

digitized maps appeared in the Uited Kngdom ad by 1995 most o the

industriaized world was competey digit ized

fr hs mn thnl, whh ss a

ssm f satts an rvrs t mpt ps

tns n h Earth maps wr n ma frm

travlrs an prms aunts.

h ravl u b svth-nur Muslms,

a h ba lav t ms a an

rlus rasns, t xpr th wrl th v

wa rus, smms smpl at

knw abut nw plas an whn h

urn av ants was t a

n an th ppl an sts th ha nuntr st ts was w f mt, bu wh t

trutn f papr t ht-ntr aa,

t st maps an ravl s b pru.

prts wr mmssn Abas

alphs t hlp thr pstastrs lvr ms

sas arsss wtn tr mpr s

ants ma up th Book of os an ths

nura mr ntnsv nfrmatn ath

rn abt arawa pas an fr n lans,

n hr psal ansaps prnapas, a mma avs

Whl Musms wr xplrn t wrl, n

Eurp fw, xptn h Vns (-h

nurs) wr travn suh sas an

t ava Eurpans kw f h wrl

arun tm was m t al ara, wt

aps usual pru b rlus auhrts

ra pn prs th an

ntus wl pba nt av s , wr

nt r h aphrs an mapmakrs

slam wr

maps w hav ta ar n th sl

Erpan maps b th a nl a fw nrs

l nrt a s nvntnal a tp

a map s aral, aus Erpan avatrs

sar usn t r Sta an mant

mpass r navan r tha th tp f

h map n upan maps was t as, whh

s whr th w "natn ms rm nmval urp rusalm was sall pa

a th tp r n h ntr baus that was

l Lan

A snan frn twn slam

maps an Eurpan ns was that Musms

sall rw t m w t su fa pwar

an nr wnwar Wh Muslm vlpmnt

f mr aura asrnm an mathmats

map plttn am a rspt branh s

n, an as fa as Muslms wr nrn, thmaps Wstrn arraphrs rw latr n wr

ups w wth h nth fan upwar an

sut wnwar

n shars wrkn n rks pkap

ala Musum svr a stn f an arl

6h-ntu map t wrl sn b a rk

sh aptan nam P r ajj Mamm s

(mann amra) a Muhaam r



({Colmbs sded rbc

mps . who Jewsh

or slm experse Spn

wold no hve become he

grees colonl power n

16hcenry Erope

G M N E 'S

A SLAMC HSTOR O R

5 hi ma i known a the famou Ma

of Ameria, an wa mae only 2 year afte

olumu reahe the ew Wo

When the iri ei ma wa oere, there

wa grea exitement worlwie, eaue of it

onnetion with a now ot ma mae y olum

u uring hi thi oyage to he ew Worl

an ent to San in 498 In an inriton in

the area of razil iri ei ai: hi etion

exlain how the reent ma wa omoe o

one ha eer oee uh a ma h oor

man [ hmelf] ont ute i with h own han

uing 2 regional ma an ome wor ma,

the lae inluing . one Aa ma of nia,

four ma reently mae y the ortuguee

tha t how aktan nia an hina rawn y

mean of mathemaal rojetion, a we a a

ma of the Wetern art rawn y olum

. he oat an ian [of the ew Worl

on thi ma are taken from olumu ma

o other trae of the ma mae y olum

hae een foun

Vey eenty, a worl ma y the Mulim hi

nee amiral Zheng e wa ioere t ate

ak to 8 We o not know whether iri ei

ha ome aro it

hare agoo, in 966, uggete that the

iri ei ma how Anatia 7 year efore

i wa ioere ow though, th i heoy ha

een hooughly ireite an it eem more

likely tha it i the South American oatline,

WRLD t\1J'S

whih ha een en to onform to he anima

kin ahment on whih the ma wa rawn

Alo hown on the ma are the Ane Mountain

of South Ameria whih were agai r een y

Sania n 52 4 yea afe he ma rou

tion hi fragment of the 5 wor ma how

the ajaen oat of Sain an Wet Afia wh

the ew Worl an wa rawn on a gazele kin

iri ei i not to thee, t mae a eon

worl ma in 528, of whih aout one-ixth ha

ure. hi oer he northweern art of the

Atlanti howing the ew Worl from Veneuela

to ewfounlan a wel a the outhern t of

reenlan ioran hae een amaze y the

rihne o f he ma, an regre that only a fag

ment of the rt wor ma wa foun he eah

for the other art ha emane fruile.

Fro he eeh eu ry o Mul have u derakehe ha o r plgrage o Mea joureyg houadof le o h orebak by ae l or o foo. h heroduo ofpaper eghh-eury ha plgrould produe ap o gude oher



242 00 1 � E I O : D i R I N l G \ O f . U S C V L J Z ,T O

EF: hsophe olubus R: epla ofhstophe olub uss gshp, he S Mr

So wo wa Pr Rei, an w i hi on

tribution to maman abent from o man

htor book

Pri Rei wa born aroun 465 in allioli anbean h marime e uer the omman o

hi ilutiou une, Kemal Rei towa the en

of the 5th etur. e fouht man nava battle

alonie hi unle an beame a naval om

mane, leain the ttoman eet that fouht

e Pouee n the Re Sea an Inian ean

In between hi war he retire to allioli

to evie hi rt worl ma hi Th f

a o a manual of ailin iretio , an a

eon wor ma in 528. Mte ronhi lon iene between 528, when he mae the

eon of the two ma a hi reaearane in

the mi-6th entur a a atain of the ttoman

eet n he Re Sea an he nian ean. A a

en ame to Piri Rei, a he wa exeute b the

ttoman ulan for loin a ritial naval battle

Like a ot of the information in thi book aout

Invention, no mh of it ha reace the

reent ubi eha beaue uroe ha on

entrate on it own hitor, unoolin it own

ramati torie o oean voae overie an

ommeal an oonal emre ui ma

were iven little attention, o wronl ae Itaian.

ut in atual fat rkih nautal iene

wa ahea of it ime With Pir Rei reeninhi ew Worl ma to the ttoma ultan in

57, the urk ha an aurate ertion of the

Ameria a the irumnaviaton of Afria wel

before man eafarn uroean

Perha the mo amazin ma of the wol

that o Ali Maar Rei mae in 567, wh et

the worl i uh fine etail that it reemble

moern-a ma an we an almotwoner if Ali

Maar Reiwa lookin at the arth fro the moon.

e moran ma nue eional mathat A-i mae for the orman kin Roer I, in

Sil whih toether mae u an atla o f the worl

a it wa then known e interviewe thouan

of traveer roin arate ma hartin

revioul unoumente teriorie For three

enturie eoaher oe hi ma without

alteration. More an be rea aout thi fanatin

man n the aviation eton of h hate



W O R L D : \ r 1 ' 5

A map by Turksh admral Pr Res, from his 16th-century book Kitab-i-ahriye, sho ws Cyprus.



PRI RES'S MAP

A MAP TO INTRIGU

EAST AND WEST ALIKE The Oldest Surviving Detailed Map Showing the Americas

EGACY xciting i n itsel, Piri Reis's utstandi ng map shwing America is als thenly recrd we have tday a lst m ap Ch ristpher Clum bus

LOCATON Turkey

DATE: 6th century

E GE Pi ri Reiss, a Tu rkish admiral

929 sho ars woi i reys opap Paae M se m d isoveed a seo o a eay

16hey ish word map. I was sied y a apai amed Pi ai Mohammed

Reis (mea "adm ial ) ad was daed 15 3 N ow ow as he amo s "M ap o Amea

i was made o ly 21 yeas ae Chris ophe Co m s had eahed he New Wold.

Pi Res was or i he seod haloh e 1 5h ery i Ga l po a d ea his maiime e

de he ommad o hs ll srios e emal Res e oh may ava aes aoside

his e ad was laer a ava omm ade ead he Ooma ee ha oh he Porese

he Red Sea ad di a Oea o daw he map eds overed i he Palae M se m Piri Reis

did o rely o persoal expeee o rave or sa as yo mih expe. e assemed i

y eerri o 20 reioal maps; a Ara map o Idi a o Porese maps show Id a ad

Cha; ad a map "ohe Wese Pas he oass ad isads draw y Colms

I was his las a ha made he redsovery o Pi Ress map so exi o hsoias

woldwde The a s map h e meios was m ade y Co m s d i h s hrd voyae o he

New Wod Co m s se i o Spa 498 has ee los or yeas. Now we a

oo a Pr Ress map ad see wha Com s m s have reoded

We ow ie more Pi r Rei s hi ms el. I ewee hi sea aes h e eed o Ga

ol whee he devised his map o 513 ad wroe he Boo of Se ore a maal o sa l i

di eios 1 528 he made a seod word m ap owhi h ao oe-s xh has s rvived Thi s

overs he ohwese pa o h e Alai ad he New Wod om Vee ea o N ew

odad as we as he soher p o Greead. isoras have ee amaed y he

ihess o he map a d ree ha oy a rame o he rs wold map was o d. h e

seah or he ohe pars h as remaed less Mysery s o ds hs o s ie e ewee

1 528 whe he m ade he seod o he wo maps ad hs eappeara e he mid -1 6h e

ry as a apa o he Oom a ee i he Red Sea ad he Id a Oea A sad ed ame

o Pii Res as he was exeed y he Ooma sla or losi a ra aval ale

oday Pri Reiss map s he odes-svivi deaed map showi he Amerias I shows

ha ealy 6h-ey i sh a ia see was way ahead o is ime. Whe Pi Reis p re

seed hs New Word map o he Ooma s la i 51 he s ha d a aae desipo

o he Amerias ad he imaviaio o Aia wel eore may Eopea res



�

'

/

I



H D U R

o 6 TAVLR A XPLOR

n th rly 1s, Dr lIslm th Mslm world ws on o th grtstlnds strhing ovr mh o th known glob, bond ogthr by th prin

ipls o Islm Al-Brni n h-ntry polymth, wro in hs The Book of

the Demacaton of the Lm t of the Aea tht Islm hs lrdy pntrd

rom th Esrn onris o h rh to h Wstrn It sprds wstwrd o

Spin [AlAndls] stwrd o th bo rdrlnd o Chin nd o h middl o

Indi, sothwrd o Abyssin nd h onris o Znj Zn mnng blk

Ar rom Mli o Kilw (Tnzni) nd Mrini o Ghn], swrd o

h My Arhplgo nd v, nd northwrd to th ontris o th rksnd Slvs Ths th drn popl r brogh ogthr n m ndr

stnding whih only Gods own rt n brng to pss

e arterie at ue tu th i reat b

ivin it life were tran an il rue

Witn thi itermehin te inviual

Muli ultan ule an atu thee were

militar aain beween them after the 3t

entur an rnar Mul ul a tuh,

albeit mete nl wth a arIbn attua ai when in nt Sra, "

ne ma a i lae withut a art r

E a a eaue f retin fr a ern

et an f reautn aant ie f

Ira a Mnnuee unt hi ra

uner e eu in t nfal e mth

wn te an that n ar i eft it, en

e vernr e in te rnn an examine

e an I e an rak n it e reue

te rab fet te en wh ae it ante et ut i uru im an neve fai

ath

Te Mulm were naural exler, ne

te Quan ai ever ablebie ern ul

ake a irmae, r hajj, t Mea a leat ne

i ther lifee Tuan travee frm te

farthet reahe f the I ai emi re Mea

r e event enur even thu tanr

wa n ft, wh nl the frunate ne iin n

ent n amel, n xriven ariae, r arie

hre an nke te travele, the mae

eritin f te lan tat te ae thruh

Sme f tee were the rt aunt i abi f

man lae, nluin CnaTe rt eritin f China were he

ea nnth entur when rae wit te Chinee

wa rere in te eian ulf bu Za aan

wa a Mui fr Sira, an l that ba were

ain r Cina ara in ra an fr Sira

n he eran u . Cnee bat, mu lare

than Muli bat, al viite Sia, wee the

lae merane bu fr ara

huan f ear hee ba ale

an the rabian at t Mua, hen man,an fr hee t Ina. l an te wa, tae

an exhane wee ae, untl he bat reahe

China an he it f uanzhu (Khanu n

rab), whee an iran Muli ln ew

Hee, Muli raer ha eir wn etablih

ent, an exhane k lae invlvin the

eerr ia wh a r hie r wat



And He [Allh] hs set p

on the erth montins stnding

rm) lest i t shold shke w ith yo;

nd rivers nd rods; tht yemy g ide yorselves And mrks

nd signposts; nd by the strs

men] g ide themselves ))

Q 6 6

ut m rm Kanfu, m Mulm ta

travl a far a h mr caal, Khma,

whch wa a twmnth jurn.

bn ahhab wa a nnthcnur tra frmBaa wh al t Chna an crb th Ch

n cata a v nt tw halv, arat

b a ng w ra On n th mrr, h

nturag, an amntratn r, an n h

thr lv th mrchant an rnar l.

Earl n h a, cal an rvant frm th

mrr nt th thr, bught g,

ft, an nt mngl agan

Chna, accrng t Mulm mrchan, wa

a af cuntr an wl amnr, wth lawcncrnng ravr achvng bth g ur

vllanc an curt Ibn Battuta a Chna

th aft an b cuntr fr th ravl

man ma tavl fr nn mnth an wth gra

walth an hav nng t far.

lMuqaa (crca 95 wa a gg

rahr wh t f frm h h n ualm

man cntur bfr Ibn Battuta al vt

narl v art f th Mulm wr an wrt

a b cal Bst Dvsns r nldg thgns cmlt arun 985

Th wr man thr travr wh ur

t wl f am an bn aq wrt

t B Cunts whch h cmt n 89

aftr a lng tm nt travlng, an gav

th nam f twn an cuntr, thr l

ulr tanc btwn ct an twn, ta,

\ OR J ) 1 r I f RS X I ' R R

DJpq>;J¥J\; ·y;�>, .i

A 1thentury ma nusript shows a aravan en routeto ea

tgrah, an war rurc Ibn hurraahbh, wh n 9, wrt t B ads

and rvns whch gav a crtn f th

man ra ut f t Mulm wrl, rfrng

t Chna, Ka, an Jaan, an crbng t

uthn an cat a far a h Brahmautra

vr, th naman lan, Malaa, an Java

T 3thcntur ggrahr Yaqut alamaw

wrt th ncclc Dtn Cunts

abt vr cuntr rg n, wn, an ct that h

vt, all n alhabtcal rr gvng thr xactlcatn, an vn crbng a wn mnu

mnt an wath, tr ulatn, an ang

gu bu ala wrt Th Survy Cuts

n th 3t cnur, an th ha a hug rutan

n wtn Eur that b 65 xtrac abut

Khwarazm an Tranxna ( rgn Cn

tral a wr ublh n Lnn



1 0 0 N E N O N : T H E N D U N G LEG!CY F M M C V A

A 1th- nt mnatu r dpts a n astrn usm boat rom th assa Arab work o tratur Mqm rri. Th Arab wrtng rrs to a sa voyag and mn tons a vrs rom th Quran rrrng to Noahs ark Thss usu ay usd as a bss ng In th nam o Aah th on who protts th shps sang, sa arng and brthng"



Mulim raveler an the rk the let have

nt been cmpleel igne b the Wet a

abrie erran cmpile in the earl 20h cen

tur a great tu accun b Mulim trav

eer he ar Eat beteen the evenh aneghteenth centurie hi cntane 39 text 33

in Aabic in eran an in urkh One

the earl traveer cvere the ninthcentur

a-Yaqubi h rte that China i an immene

f yoe rvels o

rod i serh of kowledge

Allh wil l se him o rvel

o oe of he rods

of Prdise."

AA,

NAATE Y AU AL-AA

cunr that can be reache b cring even

ea each tee ith it n clr in, h

an breee hich cul nt be un in anther

the evenh uch the Sea Cankha [hich

urrun the Mala Archipelag] nl ailable a uthern in.

raveler rm the ninth an tenth cenurie

inclue Ibn al-aqh, h cmpae the cutm

iet, ce re, ritua an al me

the ra an auna China an In a Ibn

tah cue n a Khmer kng urrune b ojuge, an hi erci treatmet hi ubect

hile iulging himel in rinking alchl an

ine but a h kin an geneu treatment

the Mul im Abu Za al ea ith the hmerlan a i vat ppulatin, a la in hich

inecec he nte i abent Abu al-ara el

n nia an it pepe, cutm, an reigu

bervatn e a talk China, aing i ha

300 citie an that hever travel in China ha

t regiter hi name the ae hi jurne, hi

genealg hi ecrptin age hat he carrie

W D : t V ·. � D E X P E

ith him, an hi attenant. Such a regier i

ept until the jurne i ael cmplete he

reaning behin h a a ear that mething

migh harm the traveler an hereb bring hame

t the uererran al reerre t 3th-centu traveler

uch a Zakaria' ibn Muhamma alQazini

h ha let accnt the marve creature

that thrive in the China Sea tabl ver large

h pibl hale) giant trtie, an mn

tru nake hich lan n the hre t all

hle buale a eephant An bn Sai a

Maghribi h gave the latitue an lngtue

each place he viite rte much n the Inian

Ocean lan an nian catal tn an citieA 4th-centur traveer Al-imahqi, give

ve etale accn the ilan A-Qumr

al cale Maa Ilan r Mala Archipelag e

a there are man tn an citie r ich ene

re ith huge, tal tree an hite elephant.

Al there live the giant bir cale the Ruh,

a br he egg are like cpa he ukh

eatue in a tr abut me ail breaking

an eaing the cnent it egg, the gian

br hae ater them n the ea caing huge

I s rpord ha rophe Muhammad sad, Skknowede een rom as ar as Chna"



rok whih it hurle t them relentlel he

io ol ee with heir ive uner e

over o niht or, like oher ount b

trvee, orme te bi o mn o he tle th

erh Ilmi eture, uh nus

o inba Saio n T Tousan an n

Nigs he rihne o hee thoun-er-ol

ount h nre m writer n im

mker Ibn ln w n Arb hroniler n

n 9 e lih o h et him wih n

emb to te kin o te ulr o the Mle

Vol e wroe n ount o jorne

th w lle Risaa Lke Ibn ttut Ria

the Risaa i o ret vlue beue it erbe

the le n eole o northern uroe, in

rtiulr eoe le he Ru rom ween

e wrote, "I hve een te u the me

on their merhn journe n enme b the

Vo hve never een more eret hil

pemen tll te lm, blone n ru

he wer neither tuni nor tn, b the men

wer men whih over one ie o e bo

n leve n ree

Thi book inire novet Mihel Crihon

to wrie Eas of a on whih the lm T

FROM EF An artt ' renderng how Ibn attutadtatng h Rhl pang hrough a dangerou gorge,and wakng wth h ame

3 aiw be Mn other Mlim tv

eer hve ipie eople in moern ime b

ttut le now nle the wor let

hoin mll nme er him in ubi well

mui D b the Ge mn bn mbro with

rk nluin "et rom h

• bn Battua

Ibn tut w onl 2 on June 3, 5 when

e et out lone on i onke t te bennin

o 3000mile overln journe to Me rom

Tnier in Moroo e let hi mi, rien,

n hometown n wou not ee them in or

29 er Some he never w, beue the lue

rehe them beoe he returne e ent to the

our orne o the Muim wor b wlkin, ri

in, n li over 5000 mile, throuh more

tn 0 moern ouie mn kow him te

Mulim Mro oo

i ont hve le the meev worl

beore u, o we know ht ol trvele rom outh



o the Arian Sahara ino yt a Sria; pims

ontinous owe o an o Mea; shes

o te Maives went to Wes Aria; potter an

pape one ame west ro Cna Ibn ata

aso owe aon wit te woo a e wax oan meons, ivor an s sheikhs an sutans,

wise men an eow pris He woe as a q,

a jue or sutans an eperors, an as a ios

Musm is rivin ore was aith an earnin on

the roa o ie, in rea Isami it ies ike Caio an

Damass, an om the rea mis o hs time

It is repore abeit some ones t that Poet

Muamma ha sai "See nowee even as

ar as Cna, an b ata took s tera s

ourne beame a kn o ran to iin paeusness, an avenre an as a Mus he une

stoo oes o on hrohou tent

Eurasia, whih inue equaity haity rae, oo

iizenshp, e ursuit o knowee, an aith

\fO R I T R A V L R S ' l R J R

When he eturne to hs natve three

eaes ater he was a amous waarer eoun

n stoes o istant exot as. Soe sip

wou not beeve him when he tae o these

paes. ws ten a the stan o ez, Abu'nan, aske o write own s exeienes in

a Rih a ave boo an wit a roa sibe, n

a, e ompee the task in two eas

He as et us wih one o the eatest hstoia

boos ever in ariuar, his aoun o meeva

Mai n West Aria is e on eor we have

o toa Now we an see his wor o the 1h

entur wh ou own ees

EF A manuscp shows h-c bn aansl whch was an accoun of hs jouy no nohuop IG A asc -cao shows bn auamakg suppcaos af rang h uan usmsusuay mak hs suppcao ns, o quss o Goaf ag h ua o nshng pays



0 1 I N V O : T - � D U R I t\ O Z N

07 AVIAIO

t is wdly bvd tht th Chis dvlopd thcompss o us i fg shui d mis tdvlopd it furh fo us i vigtio Th lis

vidc of th mgtic compss is foud i th Psi

wok cd Collecto ofStores by Muhmmd lAw

The ear wa 12 an he oage wa oer he

e Sea a he erian or Arabian ulf The

compa wa ecribe a folow a h mae of

iron i rubbe wih a magneic one an hen pu

in a bow ll e wih waer roae uni l op,

poining o he ouh.

The fir fll ecrpion of he ue of he

magneic compa for naigaion n he lamic

worl wa b Baak al-Qibjaqi in hi Th Book

of Tasu fo Mhats Who Sk oldg

of Sos, wren in gp in 282 e ecibe

he ue of a oaing compa ur ing a ea oage

from Tripoi in Sria o Alexanria n 242 e

wroe ha an iron neele i joine crowie wih

a ruh a pu in a bowl lle wih waer Then a

magneic one i brough cloe o hi eice, an

he han hoing he magneic one ecre a

circe clockwe aboe i The cro of he neele

an he ruh follow hi moe When he mag

nec oe i uen remoe, he eele i

uppoe o be aigne wh he meriian

Willow woo or pumpkin h eign ha

ha magneic neele were alo menione

Thee were eae wh ar or wax o make hem

waerproof a he oae on he wae The wee

known a we compae b here wa alo a r

compa ere wo mageize neee are on

oppoie ie of a ic of paper, an in he mile

omehing like a funnel. Thi funnel oae on

an ax which i pioe in he mle o a ox

eale wih a plae of gla o preen he ic of

paper from opping

hee eign an ue of he compa were

aken o urope b Muim raer who eel

ope hem furher

Master Navgators

A well a hang eelope agaon iu

men, Mulim were alo maer naigao. n

Maji wa uch a peron from Naj i n Arabia in

he 5h cenur ran in he famil, a boh hi

faher an grafaer wereMu'am or mae

of agao, kowig he e Sea i eail. e

new almo all he ea roue from he e Sea

o a Africa a from a Africa o Ch na. e

wroe a lea 8 reaie abou hoe, ome in

proe, oher in po er, o f which 25 ae ill aai

able Thee alk abou aroomical an nauical

ubjec incluing lunar manion, ea roue,

an he aie of harbor.

Bu he mo mporan naigaor wa he 6h

cenur amiral ri ei ,woe 5ear-ol book

f aling inrucion, ita-i-ahiyy i kow

in ranlaon b hree name Th Book of th

Mai Th Naal adook a Th Book of

Sa Lo wa recenl publihe n 1 b e

rkih Minr of Culure a Tourim, an hi

new prining inclue a color cop o f he original

manucrip, wih he Ooman ex ranae ino

ain moern Turkh, an gih

Th Book of Sa Lo b r ei wa a mari

ner guie o he coa an lan of he Mei

eranean an pae he wa for moern ea

rae wa alo known a a porola, an wa



a comprhnv g o aucal nrucon

or alor conang map covrng coan

warwa por a ac o h Mrra

nan coa gav alor nrucon a goo

nowg o h Mrraa coa a

pa ra ba whr o hlr n h ac

o prlou a an how o approach por an

anchor ao prov rco a prc

anc bw plac.

I h on ull a comprhnv maual

covrng h Mrraan an Agan Sa

vr ma wh 19 a char wa h

pnacl o mor han 00 ar o vlopmn

b Mrrana marr an cholar

hr wr wo on o h haboo

h cam ou 11 h con v ar

ar h r wa prmar am a aor h

con o h ohr han wa g rom r

o h ula wa u o cra gn

map rawn b mar callgraphr a

panr an ara h 16h cnur ha

bcom a collcor m or mor han a c

ur cop wr proc bcomg vn mor

luxurou a h gav goo crpon o

W O D N T O

Ci views cosmes ships

or nd n nd even

porri s ond on ceri n mps

hve brogh hem

close o works o r)

PE USE RDHCEEPE UVE KR URKE

orm h compa porola char aroom

cal navgaon h worl' ocan a h lan

urroung hm Irngl alo rrr

o Europa voag o covr clug h

orugu xpon o h a Ocan a

Columbu covr o h Nw Worl

hr ar arou 30 maucrp o h ook

ofSe Lo car all ovr lbrar n Europ

bu mo ar o h r vro

Mor ca b ra abou Pr h Map

co o h chapr a ao abou Zhng

h Chn Mulm a xporr

usim saiors deveoped navigation instr uments andbeame master naigators at sea



! N ) 8 H U I N G /\ F l I I Z I

o 8 VL XPLORO

ore hn 630 yers go mn ws born who wold revolionize explorion by se His nme ws Zheng He nd he becme he Admirl

of he Chinese Flee According o Gvin Menzies thor of he

recen book on Zheng He he siled throgho he Indin Ocen He nviged

to Mecc he Persin Gf Est Afrc Ceyon (Sri nk nd Arbi He did

so decdes before he jorneys of Chrisopher Colmbs or sco d Gm

whose ships were less hn qrer of e size of those of Zheng He.

Zhng Mulim ho hld rn

Chin to th ord ur ing 8 r of tvl, hi

jk hi viitd 3 countri, mking vn

monumtl vog th nm o rd d

dilomc h xdition covrd ditnc o

mor thn 50,000 kilomtr 3,000 mil) nd

hi t t cdd 7,80 mn on 37 hi

t k ml o o ntir ootbl

dium on th mov Sling ith uch lrg t

into lrgl unknon t rquird grt kl

in mngmnt l ig h no

mrgin for rror, nd h h chvd i comrbl to u going to th moon tod

hg born nd nmd M , nd hi

Mulim hr nd grndfth md grimg

to Mcc, hch nbld him to gro u king

both Arbic nd Chin A bo, h tk

om h ton of Knmng, in Mogo, b h

invdig Chin Mng dt cd

nd bcm unch, mlod fnctonr

A stone statue Zhng He stands n Nanjings Zheng Hemoria Hall



in h mial hul, aig t t riu

f uk an h i, a rin hu D la z

th hn an am th mr Yng

avin Mnzi a at "hng wa a

vut Mli i ing a rma l

, an am h i l avi

wa a wful gr, twig av h i

m ant a h wa v tw mt al

an wigh v a u kigam with a

t ik a tgr

Tugh iat vi a aa

ig h uk n uu mia amaign,

Ma wa awa th u mma

mial u Ag an wa gv h ur

nam Zhng wa a knw a th Thr-wl

Euu (SanPao a-Cien, w ha uit

ntati (vn tugh h wa a Mum) an

wa a mak hn high aa al

Thr w quit a num an wn

n th vn gat "Tar Si vag Th

wa inti ivr an th a f g

inal, lant, ana, g a mi

whh am naingl mrtat a th v

ag mi Th m wat iv

navigatial an agahial kwlg f

th wr a a a i t w al ign

unt ha Cha wa h laig ua

a nmi w S va ta wa

nag th ma th ig

h mav Ch i th tig i

tig natn w algian t China

thgh ilma wi la a gina la

akwlging "vrlrhi t imia

w. A untr wul thn n v a

tiut t

Zhg ma h vag w

405 an 433 an h wa in tw thr

al uuh a i an Wang

Chg-ung

Wat wa amazng at vag wa tha

th w lng an high gan g

wt, "S ixt-tw th argt hip w 440 t

WO EI ·J

itnth-nt Zhng H n his rw us this nvi

gtin hrt t hrt th routs tkn uring his vygs

g, a at a am 80 t. T ar

Mg nit (03 m, 0 ft), w

3 mt (449 f) g an 5 t (84 )

wi in u mau Zng a wt

that wr a 450 500 mn ah,

iig al, k, itrt, r,

atia, mia mn, a mtlgi n

th vag with 30,000 m

Aaa an th mth th Sa

Th Chin hiulr alz hat t

gigati iz hir i wul ak mav

ing ilt h itall a "alan u

tat ul aian lwr rgraralt

Shiilr ta n kw hw th Chi

ui a framwk withut irn tha l ar a

400-lng vl. Sm u h vr

xit, 9, th t a a



1 0 V E O S H D (; J\ C M M C V Z

A renderng ompares Christopher Coumbuss boatwhih was meters ( eet) ong w ith Zheng Hesboat whh was meters 0 eet ong

w fun n he run f ne f he Ming b

r in Nnjing. I w 36 fee ng. ing reere

ccuin uing he rrin f c

rin un, he eme hu fr hi ue

wu be 52 meer (500 fee).

On br hee migh ee were rge

qunie f crg incuing i g rce

n g n erwre cer ueni rn

imemen, cn g he crre

e nimncuing girfe ebr, r ceei hre rx r cee g n rche

r cme-bweigh buhe h

ie h n re bhhue n er

h were en u run u h in rge ne.

The hi were be rnfer wer frm ng

wer ner he h n he cu cm

munce b men f g nern be, crrer

gen gng n bnner

A Ming ccun f he ge The hi

whch he Suhern Se re ie hue When

her e re he re ie gre cu nhe n he were ecribe cecie

wimmng rgn, becue were e wh

rgn ee he hem ee.

he en Zheng e ee een ge

Chn w nrie in n echng

wer n Chn benee frm mn exic

ece being inruce uch he r girffe

frm Afrc. I w ini menie he

qn he uncrn cenr Chinee mhg.

Accring Cnfucn rin, qin w ge f he um wim n beneence w

fe n eence.

I i beiee h Zheng e e n In n hi

w hme n 433. Wh hi eh n he rei

f Cnfucin hh he Chinee Emre

becme inw-ng n eenu egng

re w bnne In e hn hunre er

w c ene e frm Chn in



muli-mat hip. n 525, th Chin mprr

rr h trutin al anging hp

h gratt nav in htr, hih n ha

5 hip (th .S. av ta ha arun 3),

a gn

In 185 a th 58h annvrar f Zhng

vag h tm a rr h n tm

a uilt n h it f th rigna n n anjing,

an rntrut arng h utm f

Iami tahing. At th ntran t th tm i a

Ming-tl rutur hh hu th mmrial

hall n i ar painting f th man himlf an

h navigatn map

We hve . . . beheld he

oce hge wves lke mo s

rs g sky hgh d we hve

se eyes o brbr regos

fr wy hdde ble

rsprecy of lgh vpors whle

o r sls lofly frled lke c lods

dy d gh coed he r

corse rpd lke h of

s rsversg he svge

wves s f we were redg

pb lc horoghfre."

ZENG E N GA, MN S

T gt t h tm, thr ar nl lai tntrra an tp . Th ara h tm i

28 tn tp vi int fur qual tin

h rprnt Zhng vnjurn t

ar. nri n tp f th tm ar th Arai

r hu kb r I rat

Thr r n thr hp in th r a ig a

r ith a man mat a Zhng Th r

aing ii n th mv Mt f h hip r

ORLD: \\ EXI' .OR/TIN

uilt at th ragn Ba hpa nar aning, th

rman hih an il n ta.

• Zheng He's Seven Epc Voyages

454 Viit Champa Inhina) Java

an Sumara, Cln an Caluta, Inia

2 44 Sail t Siam an Inia tpping

a Chin.

3 44 Wnt t numru pa in th

at ni uing Malaa a a a an viit

Quin in Ina fr th rt tm

4 4345 Th t plt up Sm n t th

Eat ni again hr (a in Cln) nt

t Bngal, th Maliv, an th Prian utanat

f Ormuz. Thi vag prvk muh intrt

ha a hug numr f nv vit anjing in

4 A larg th fling ar ha t tak

thm hm again.

5 44 h Pai quarn nt t ava

uku an Bruni Th Iniana n n

t Ormu An Mgaihu, Mmaa an thr

at Aran prt t a frm hi trip that th

giraff a rught ak

42422 Sail th am a a fr, inlu

ing mr prt in uhrn Araia an at Afria

h t vit tat n ar fm Br

in th at t Zanguar anziar) in th t Thi

uggt th quarn ha plit up agan, uing

Maaa a th main rnvu pr hh

th avnt ra a an inri ahvmnt.

43433 hi nal vag hn Zhng

a , tah rlain ith m than 2

ralm an ultanat fm Java Ma t Eat

Afria n kn h far n h Eat Ari

an at th Chin nt ut thr ar aunt

that th run th Cap



00 I N I O H . D U � N G l jC , Sl ' C I Z \ I

o g GLOBAL OMM ICAIO

C ommnictng nfomtonwhethe eectonic o ppe-bsedcnbe sky pocess. To void vtl secets flng into the wong hnds

messges e scmbled (enced) so ht only someone with the

gh code n nscmble .

famou ae of enrtion a uring Worl

War II hen the erman ue a terier-like

mahine, ale Enigma, to enrt miar me

age before laing them on the raio Thee

ere ere b a grou of Polih oe breakerfrom the iher ureau an ritih oe breaker

from lethle Park

The b rh of cryplyss

req red soce whch hs

reched hgh s drd of

developme hree dscpl es

mely lgs cs, ss cs d

mhemcs These codos

becme vlble he me of

l-Kd who hd commd of hese

hree dscples d more"

DR. N IN T COD 80K, 999

hee 2th-enr roblem olver ere arr

ing on the oe-breaking raion rt riten aboutb ninth-entur olmath l-Kini from agha

t thi time the mail a elvere b bir, o me

age ha o be light in eight, an the onential

one ere enrte e revolutonie rtogra

h hen he rote A Mscp o eciphrig

Cptogphi Mssgs Pat of thi ilue a

eriton of the metho of frequen anali,

hih mean he notie that if a norma letter i

relae ith a iferent leter or mbol, the ne let

er ill take on al the harateriti of the original

one f e loo at the ngh anguage he leter e

the mot ommon, aounting for 13 erent of al

eter So, f i relae b the mbo #, # oulbeome the mot ommon mbo, aounting for

13 erent of the ne mbo rptanalt an

then ork out that # ata rereent erom tuing the rabi text of he Quran

loe, l-Kini notie the harateriti letter

frequen, an ai rograh founaton,

hh le man rograher from Eroean

enaiane ate to eve other heme to

ombat t ven though l-Kini eveoe meth

o that enabe greater enrtion an oebreaking ,0 ear ago, the atua or "t

anai i reaivel reent an a rt oine

b a man name Wllam rieman n 92

requen anali i no the bai tool for

breaking laial iher o r oe that ue he

bai, ain text aphabet. rele on inguit

an atitial knolege of lain text language,

an goo roblem-ovng kil.

Moern iher are a lo more omlex but

bak in the a of Worl War riai an meria rerute oe breaker b laing roor

ule n major neaer an running ontet

for thoe ho oul ove them the atet

• Ar Mal

Toa, e take ota ommuniation for

grante, but one, he igeon ot a the onl

"air mail avaiable



I book bot rrier pigeo, the Mlm

holr b 'Abd -hhir wrote tht ormll

tere woul be ot ,900 pge te oft

of the tdel of Ciro, the ommit o erve

eter of the tme

A-Nwi, Mlm hroiler tell the

to of teth-etur tmd lph lld

Azz who oe , i Cro, felt deire to et

eh herrie of kd grow i Aioh The

oder w et b rrier pgeo to Blbek

An Engma ma hne was used to enrypt m ltarymessages n World War . It was Al-Knd n the nn then tury who lad the oundaton o ryptography

O R l G O B C 01 M U I C I N

er Atioh, d from there pigeo were

relee eh wth oe herr i k bg tied

to eh leg Jut three d fter expreig hi

deire, the lph w eved rge bowl oti

ig 12 freh herrie from Lebo, whih hd

rrived b pel ir mil eliver

B R E A K N G C O D E

ne way to solve a n enrypted mes-

sage, i we know its a ngage s to

nd a d ierent pl ai n text othe same an guage

long eogh to one sheet o so, a nd then

we oun t the our enes o eah letter We

al l the most requently ourin g l etter the

st the next ost ouri g l etter the se

od , the fol l owing ost o ing the th i rd , '

and so o n, nt l we aount fo a l th e dieet

l etters i n the p la ntext saple . The we

look at the i phe text we wat to solve a d

we als o la ssiy ts symo ls We n d th e most

orin g symo and ha nge t to the o o

the rst ette o the pan-text sampe, the

next most om mo sym o is ha nged to the

orm of the seo nd lette, ad so on, ti l

we aount or a l l syo ls o the ryptograwe wat to solv e."

0 4

0 2

> 0 0� 008Q

< o o 6

Q 004Q 00

l I TET A ANUCP N

DECIPHEING CPGAPHC EAGE

{ s

n

1n

b o

ttA ha ho the eqecy o

ette a aage otex



26 E : r D U R LG:\ O J U S I , C V J / J

1 0 AR A EAPOR

M iitay ta i the 3th etuy wa ohitate a iuioiue geae ufu bob ao oe a toeoe

Oe of the mot imotat boo o miitay tehoogy wa he

Book of Hoemanhp and Ingeno Wa Dee by the Syia hoa

Haa aamah witte aou 270 It wa ae fu of weao ia

ga iuig the t oumete oet a oe of whih i exhbte at

the Natioa Ai a Sae Mueu Wahigto, C

The Chinee invented the rt gunwder Thedeveled ateter ne f gunwder ingre

ient but bab n ued i in ewrk A

Amani Zain in the C h th Acn d o

Us ad, reeah ha hw hat Mulim hemit

did devel a werful frmula fr gunwde and

a well have ued i in the rt earm

The Chinee did nt ue it in exin

beaue they uld nt get the right rr

in, nr uld the urify taim nitrate It

wa nt unti 2 that ung Chig wre

_

\

.

�

.

_

· .r"t�. ; J.'-: ,

»�!

( y,J-. c�)l

Tt.IY�- ,1_ "�I.>

Y: J

;_ [j5{_ � il. �'u(I

the r Chnee bk detailing rrtin frexlive Abut a hundred ea eaier aan

a-ammah bk wa the rt t exlain the

uriatin redure r aium nitae and

it deribe many reie fr making exlding

gunwde

E: A 1the ntuy manu spt ofAl-Rammah depctsa tebuhet fo ngng mssiles CNER Anothetebu het s shown n a 1th-e ntuy Mnu on Armr

by Ibn Aanbugha alZadkash RGH A 1t h-entuyMnul n Armor by bn Aanbugha alZadkash

shows a pedestal ossbow



" th Islamc ams ld b Ba bas n 24

th us f gunpwd n wa pd dcs

aganst th nadng usads At th battl

a-Mansua n Egp, Muslm ncnda dcsw s tfng and dstuct tha th nch

usad Am was utd and Kng us IX was

takn psn, sad Aman an n t s

a nns id fo Us.

B th 1th cntu, th cannns usd b h

Ottmans w awsm and tda th t Nsn

Musum n Psmh K as hug bn

cannn wighng 18 ns It was gnal cas n

tw pcs and scwd tgh t mak t as

t tanspt bcaus ts all lngth s m mts 14 ft) wth a damt f mt

(abut ft) Th lngth f h bal aln s m

than ts (.8 f) and h gnpwd s

s 48 mt (814 ft) n damt. N such

ag spt guns std n Eup bf ths n

Ths n cannn was cas n 4 b th d

f ultan Mmd II H was ntsd n

ams spcall n cannns Dung hs sg f

nsannpl, h dd hs cannn mast t

cast a lag cannn than had bn sn band ths n culd cannn bals up t a m

On th mul s nscibd n Aabc: Hlp Allah Th ulan Mhammd Kan sn f Muad

Th wk f Kamna Al n th mnth f Raab In

th a 88 f h Hjia calnda, 144)

ulan Mhmd's cannn ndd up n a Pt

muth musum bcaus aft unsuccssful

attmpts b th Englsh f as t psuad

th Ottmans t g t Qun Vcta psn

al askd ultan Abdu A f dung hs stt up On a lat, th sultan sn t as a

gft t was ansptd fm th adanls t

Lndn and placd n th musum in 188 Qun

Vca phaps wantd t bcaus was knwn

as th "ms mptant cannn n up

Muslms als bul ckts and th st t

pd Th ckt was th scalld slfmng

and cmbstng gg and th pd was a

R D l� tN D F ON

cl mdd ck dsgnd t skm alng

th sfac f th wat It was calld "th gg

whch ms tsf and buns and Hasan al

Ramma s llustans and t shw w shn pans w fastnd tgth and mad tght

wth flt hs mad a flattnd pa-shapd

ssl that was lld wth naphtha, mtal l

ngs, and gd mtus pbab cntanng

saltpt, and h appaaus was pdd wth

tw ds and pplld b a ag ckt Th

tw ds wld pbabl a actd as tal d

ds, wl a spa a th nt wuld dg nt

th wdn hull f an nm shp t scu t

bf pldng

G U N P O W D E R

o ake gnpowder: Tae ro white,

c lean and br ight [or ery] barud salt

peter] as ch as yo ike and two new

[earthen] jars . Pt the sa tpeter ito one

o the an d a dd water to s e rge it Pt

the jar on a gentle re nti l t gets war.

Ski o the sc that r ises and] throw it

away. Ma e the re stronger nt i l the l q dbecoes q i te c lear . Then por the c lear

l i q d i nto the other ar in sch a way that

no sed iet or sc rea ns attached to it

Pace this ja r on a ow re nti l the contents

begi to coagate. Then take it o the re

and gr id t ne ly. "

AAN ALAMMA ECE A CMLEE CE F

E UFCAN F AUM NAE IN

THE BOOK OF HORSEMANSHIP AND NGENIOUS WAR DEVCS

Many npowe repes are nle nHasan aRammah' 14h-enty rtn



262 0 I N V [N O H F F N D R I N G f ; CY O M I I Z J ! O

oci ciN N coNicsbn Khaln wa one of the lat hoar of the la meeval Mlm vlzaton. In many way h wrtng faly toy, an lfe reet the hangethat ae the elne an evental fall, of eeval Ilam vlzaton

Born n Tn n 1332 an e n Caro n 16 he exlane how lamvlzaton wa none

bgn by lkng t t us nds

w nm t, nd w s ncsts w

tmsls fctd by suc nsns. p untl

1248 y d ld n lunt t snpns dncd t ccupy t ncstl

m n s fmy's m ws ls s ty

s ncsts scpd t N fc, w is

ns dd f plgu

Ibn Kldun tn lft s nt Tns f

Egypt, 82, nd s fmly fllwd m but

ty fl cm t yt nt t scugs f

Ibn Khadun wrte AMqaih r An Intrdutin Hstry, durn a perd enred ee n Aera

(Humn be ngs requ re cooperon

for he preservon of he spec es

nd hey re by nure equpped

for . The r lbor s he only mens

her dsposl for creng he

merl bss for her ndvdul

nd group exsence. Where humn

bengs exs n lrge numbers dv

son of cves becomes possble

nd perms greer speclzon

nd renemen n ll spheres of lfe.The resul s cvl zon or

culure wh s gre merl nd

n ellecul chevemens bu lso

w h endency owrd luxury nd

lesure whch crres w hn self

he seeds of desrucon"

F 4HCU HALDU AL -MUQADDMA

t dy, pcy. s fmly w kll tkn

cpt, n n sw tm gn n d d

sy nt wd but m

T lst ys f bn Kls lf cspn

t pssby t lsys f clsscl Muslm sc

sp nd bgt cztn By t ly 1t

cnuy, ng st pn nd cly, nd ng



enue the rae an the Mnl nvan

the Muli wr nw uffere he t eva

tatn n auht f u he Lae, al knwn

a aurlane he eec f which were in par

witnee b Ibn Khalun

epe the ean h wr a a ue

an ipla, he anae cntinue hi aca

eic eearch an puce hi wl hitr

cale Book of te Lessons an ie of Ealy

an Susequent Histo1 h becae knwn a

lMuqaima r ntouction

The lMuqaia a ianc eneav

a icure n niveral hitr. bn Khaln

explre an ipeene the ea hat he cu

enatn f htr i n a f crrect

act, but epenent n wh i interpetin

te, what rein the ce r an when a

well a he i iparialit hi wa a evlutina

apprach an hi ethl i ill e b

htian a He cplee l reecte partial

an unchecke ac n hi wa he bruht i a

riru new ienin chlarhip an the

cia cience, which prvie the ba r aru

en bee he cu bece ccepte a fact

One f hi beknwn tue elate t the

rie an ecline f civizain a it h tha

lai wn the funatin f cal cence the

cence f civiza in an cl He explain

hw cvizatin an clture bree heir wn

ecne lwn a cclica natue. he re p

becae f a cn nee fr prtectn a

inatin each a peak when the cal bn

are at ther rne befe ecnn an per

when up pprt an cial bn bece

lute becaue f nealh cpetin a

crrupt in at ie ppe

In bn Khan in the n hn that

cul cnterac he in terative fce inher

ent n eve natin wa elii He a that

Ila ave a cnit a latin piritua cn

ent a cplete anwer t al pble f life that

unihe he cplee anwer t h epica

S C i N L 1 D E O ,

I B N K A L D U N

n <haldun wa a judg unty choar,

and dip loat known fo h i wo of oco

ogy, cono ic , co c, tory p hi lo ophy,poiical cinc, and antopology. wrot

fao AI-Muqaddimah o ntrductin t a

ist fthe Wld d ing a pod o nfocd

x, takin g rfug n Algra, wh il r nn in g ro

cau of poliical n . Th olu

ga a profoun d and dtaild aa ly o a ic

ociy, rring and copa ing t o o c

t, and h tacd h ri a d a l of an

ocit in a cinc of ci zation

A cntemoa at' endeng n Khadun

nquir int the anizatin f the huan ace

e wa ahea f hi e n ecnc ther

r centuie bee Aa Sith, I bn Khaln

ha alea cncue that lab wa he rce f

pperi He ha al itinihe beween the

ect urce f ince in arcultue, inut,

an cece an the nirect ce ince

civil ervan a pivate eplee ee

cncept a ee like ec naue ta

bt the wee nbreakin ea a

an have pave the wa fr claica l ecnic

an el reain t cnupin pcin

ea, ct an tlit





CHAPT H

7t is e wh created the Night ad the Dayad the su ad the m:

all the celestial bdies] swim alg

each i its rbit"QURN

.*

UIERETRONOM • O RTO R E •

RONOMI INTRUMENT

TROLBE

• RMI R PHE R • IN OR IE PEOPLE

TH OON • L N R OR TION • CONTETION • GHT

H NGHT SK ND TH NT TH NVRS HV NSRD TR MS

plspy and scence sands yeas and was n deen n e Msm

wd a mennm ag

Te wndes e eaens nsped e s sccess manne g 100 yeas ag as

es wee keepng a wacl eye n e ng sky Msms needed knw e mes e

daly payes a depend n e sns ps n e decn Mecca m eey gegapcal

can and e mns cycle e Mslm lna caenda

Fm ese mpeses Mslms as made epcmakng dscees sc as e s ecd a sa sysem sde wn galaxy and e d neqaly e mns mn and ey

deelped nsmens a ad e ndan mdenday asnmy Tese nclded

celesal gbes amlay spees nesal asabes and sexans Ts all began n e

eg ceny w e s bseay and accaestronomy ables

Tday ese sagazng scas alng w e emnen Msms ae emembeed as we

k p becase aeas e mn bea e names and me an 165 sas ae Aabc es

PP A manusrpt epts the set ant n Taq alDns amous 16th -entury Itanbul obervatory



o 1 sRONOMY

W y did Mi pd i ig a y Fir r a a praia d dri

i daiy prayr rg yar ad

i dpdd pii i y, a prayr r a da,

idday ar ad vig Mi a dd

diri Ma vry ggrapia ai ad i d b

d by brvig p ii ad . Ad Qra ad

ajr rvai a av a dd prd A

a ai a adarhe Mu cer i lunr clenr, o e

ont cne ccorin o he phe n po

ion o te oon. c onh bein t te t

in o te crecen oon h epecil

iportn n te Mul ho ont o n

hen Mui t urn he or oe ont

Fro l thee reio oivtion, tron

o ece in concern o Muli cholr

toun e o, the procete or centrie Duri te ennce,

eoonn, ceebte 1h-centur th

ecin rooe, h o rel o Mu

book or i ource, hle Ncolu opernicu

referre epeel h oo D Rtnbs

to Al-Zrqli n Altn, Mui tronoer

o he eleventh n enh centure.

Mo o he e onocl coveie

hppene in obervtore i the , but or te

00 e tht Mu rue oleo in Spi, i

te cener o orl rono he ne to

nocl tle e ere ere ue n urope

o to cetebervn te n intee ctivt, n

ppene o il b he he un n

oon oul e uie he rcke cro te

heven. hi helpe o eterine o pre

er n poce inorto on te lontue

n iue o he plne oe eureen

ee e intevl o o eek

nintcentr h lip AMu

et up n intellectl ce, te oe o Wi

o to rnte nucrip, ic ou cnre bot in te Schoo chpe Aon the

rt or trnlte into Arbic he Aex

nrin tronoer oe Gat k hich

O: uim atronomr wr kifu intumntmak pavig th way for th dvopmt of modrnatonomy OOM: choar mad daiy obrvationof th un and moon aong ith ma umnt of thpoition of th pant vy two wk



esrbe a nerse n wh he sn, mn plan

es an sas evle arn a Amages as

e wk was knw Arab shlas, beame

e bass r sml r he nex eas

e he Ms ms eelpe an wen a ben

e reek mahemaa mes n n hs

rease n parlar n e e l nme,

e avanes mae n Ms lm ans prve e

essena s e ean Wesen enas

sane asrnm

ee were man Msm asrnmers wh

nrbe hel he e sn he

heavens lan e nan asrnmers n

he re b ese emnen nvas san

• AlBattan knwn n he Wes as Abae

ns wh e n , we e Saia as

whh was a e nenal wk r enres

s wrk als nle mn e new ns,

alan e enh he sar an se

rea ear he pren epses an he phe

nmenn parala e as pplare

svere he rs nns rnmer ra

s se a an mae sers alerans

lem's eres w ha been se as e

man asrnma wrks nl hen He mae

he mpan ser ha e mn e

slar apee r he psn e sn amn

he sars a e me s reaes sane rm

he ah, was n wha a been n he me

lem he reek asrnme plae he sn

a lne 65 erees, b Alaan n

a lne 82 eees Ths srepan was

a sane rea be ae r b an

nara easremen an a we knw

s bease he sla ssem s vn r

spae hen h was sl eleve a e

arh was e ene e n verse, s s n

sn n be mae

• AlBirun ve eween 3 an e

sae a he ar rae arn s wn

U N F R [ : t R O N v Y

Aer hng lengh ly ppl ed

mysel n he sdy o hs sene

he noed h he works on he

moemens o he plnes dered

onss eny w h eh oher nd

h mny hors mde errors n

he mnner o nderkng her

obseron nd esbl shng her

rles. lso no ed h w h me

he poson o he pnes hnged

ordng o reen nd olderobser ons hnges sed by he

obl q y o he el p feng he

llon o he yers nd h o

elpses. C nn s os on hese

hngs doe me o pere nd

nrm sh sene"

LBTTN SER N

HIN 8899

axs, alae e as meene, an

xe sena he re Mea rm

an pn he lbe. He als wre ab

wks, nln 3 reases n pre asrnm,

b l sx asrnma wns have sre

bn Yunus mae seans r neal

ears rm s a lae asrlabe nearl 4

eers (6 ee n amee. e rere mre

an , enes e sns psn r

al ese eaes

• Ab alRahman alSu was a ersan asn

mer wh le rn he eh enr

an rea mre ab hm n e nselans

sen hs aper



68 JO I N i: N N E N D U R N ( , l r G ·\ C! f C ' L T N

• AlFaghai was f aliph Mam's

asms wh wt abu th astrab,

plaiig th athatical hr bh th i

srumt a ccig th faul gtricalcsructis f th ctral isc tha wr cr

rt th His mst fams wrk, th oo on Sun

Momnt and Encyclopa of Star Scenc

csmgraph, cais chaptrs iclug

a scripti f th ihabit part f th Earth,

its si a th istacs f h hal bis

frm th Eath a thr ss

• AlZaqali kw as rachl r arqui

i Eurp i i 187 H prpar th laabls a as ma a sphisticat astrlab

that cul b us at a ggraphcal lcati

• Jabi ib wh i 1145 was h rs

sg a prtab clstial sph t masr

cstia ciats. abir is spcall t fr

his wr spca tr igtr

• Ib Rushd frm 2th-cur rba, was

kw th Wst as rrs H was f

th mst ams ctrs i rba, but h was

als a asrmr a is bli t ha

iscr suspts

• b alShati was a 14h-ctu asrmr

th cas f luar mt, h crrct Ptl

m whs imagi m apprach far cs

r th Earth tha i th actual m ftr

tig, as i thr Musli astmrs bfr

him th shrtcigs f th Grks' platar

thr b al-hair sa, " thrfr ask

ight G t gi m ispiai a hlp m

it ls that wu achi what was r

quir, a G ma H b prais a alt al prais a gratitu Himi abl

m t is uirsal mls fr th plata

mtis i lgitu a latiu a all thr

bsrab faturs f thir mis mls

that w ftha Gfr th ubts sur

ruig prus mls

Tacs f mial slac astr ar s l

s ta h ws ith amut, a th

ams f stars i th ummr Triagl Vga

ltair, b ar a f rabic rigi

T H E B I H OF M O D E N A S T O N O M

any be ee that aronoy died wih he G reek an d wa brought

to l ie again by Nicolau Copernicu the 5th-centuy olih

aronoer who i aou or inroducing the un-centered theory o

the ol a ye wh ich aked the begin ni ng o odern aronoy.

Howeer, any torian now thin k i i not a coinc dence that hi

o del o pla neta heory are ah eatically id entical to thoe pre

pared by Ibn aShatr ore than a centuy beore hi It i known that

Copernicu reli ed healy on he coprehen ie atrono ical treatieby A-Batani, which i nclude d tar cataog and p lanetary table

The aheatcal dece di coered by M l beoe Copeni

cu , reerred to in o den er a l in kage o contan ength ectoNoaus Copeus rotaing at contant angul a elocitie a re exacty he ae a thoe

ued by Copenic u. The on ly, but portan, dierence between the two wa hat the M u li ' Eart

wa xed in pace, wherea Coperncu had i orbting around the un. Copernicu alo ued ntru

ent that were paricuar to arono y in the Eat l ike the paal lactc ue r, which had preouly only

been ued in Saarkand and Maragha oberatore



A 1th-century eran manucrpt o Nar a-Dn a-u obervatoryat aragha depct atronomer at work teachng atronomy, ncudnghow o u e an atroabe The ntrment hang on the obervatory wa

� \



0 BERVAORIE

F om the begnng o hmn wenng, eole hvemveed t the mzng cnoy o t nd the

movement o evehng n the y C ely, hee w

ode n the heven, nd mny ttemt wee mde to den

ty the tten n h ode

Ths d gt sgcc f lf sc thugh

hs ss c th ggs f p

dct scc d w w c pd ct th ps

th su th sk h , h g clpss, th cgg pst t ps

d t sts

Mss w st t sd st

, u t w th st t d t lg

sc, wh ss ss sts

stcl sch ws ps, dg

cst up d t cp

ts Gd wk ws d ps

wth sl, pt stts d t

cd t s st wk wh tsTh ws ph M'u, wh

d ghdd f 81 8 w l

g st h ptg d pus t

dd t c scc. H ws th

st ps st u p ss Th ccp

f d lct wth lg d d stu

ts, pgs f w, sctc sf d

p sl ss d ptg

lt f stt w l ds

tdcd l-Mu Nthg cplc fud t Musl ss

Nt l dd l-M' uld th s sr

t Is h ls gul u t st

st th wld hs . lM'

ws gtd d wh pld

pt stg up th Hs f Wsd, f

th gst tllct cds hstr,

wc d t th chl cpt

Th st ss w h l-s qt ghdd d

Mut Qsu t Dscs d ths ld t

h gc f xd plcs f spcld dcllc w A s suc st

s ws t cstuct stcl tls Ths

hlpd cclt pt pss

phs, clpss, d ft f cl

ds Th ft cdd pts s

c suts l-M'us sts

ppd sl d ls d hd st

ctg, ps s plt srts

lsh, sts sd

th s pts, d s dsts h sults f th w d h w

pstd k clld t Mmahan ,

ed bl whs th s sd t h

Msu

Oth sts w l th

Ms wld such s h Mgh Os

t udd Hg Kh, th d

Os f lugh g th Mlk

Ost t sf d h Os

f Gh Kh Mgh Ost ws cpld

6 I t th sth T d ts fu

ds stl h Th w d

Mgh ws th pp f w s

c ts d th str lr ctd

h ks g h t

any observtores were buit in the usim woruring the goen age o iscovery



atn aat wit t brvatr

wr Nar alDn ai an Q alDin a

Srazi, w rit wit t ivr f

a ranbw Nair alDin ali

rar Ilkani al an t atal

x tar wi rain in f va

nr rt wrl An arnr

frm Maraa wa n Cna an t na

t rnl f Yan bar r f w

in an ntrmnt r brvn av

n wi wa rt n rat Wal

Ul wa t ntr l f

i Eir, wi t v na an

Stwt Aia A wll a in rin tan,

wa an atrn an ataan wi

l im t il a r bar fr ar,

lnar an antar atin in Saarkan

Samarkan Obvat wa a n

mnal iin w a mran

a manr wi bam t bl f

t rvat a a lnain intitin A

trn ab tr w (66 ft) wa n

a il, aln t lin f t mriian an in it wa

la t nt f t ar f t inrn

< S O RV O R .S

ai f tat iian a wa a

t f t f t aa Sa M n

Ian, w wa abt 50 tr (6 )

lt f lar an ana bvatn, i

wa qi wit t nt intrnt avail

ab, nin a akr xtan w a ai

0 tr (3 ) i wa t at

arnmia intrn f it . T ain

f xant wa t rin ai

an, a t ln tria ar

Otr inrn inl an arlar

an a atab, wi an ra ab m ar

U wk wa vr avan fr i

i an rin aat i allatin

a ta ar wa 36 a, 6 r, 0

mn, an 8 n n wa nl 6 n

r tan rn tiatn: an ara

0000 n , wi markabl

Obvar wr aiv, wit ntin

brvaina ram, w n raniza

tn an in f ainatn atrn

r irt an r mr

f taf n ti wr Latr var ar

OB ER VATOR I E I N T H E WE T

Sn Kng Aono

lo o X, Sp ni h in g o h

on hl o h

ury r o ry o h mi

i io o ui l ig ovo

i rop u h

n umy u

oogy on pon y

h Chur n h u o

onomy qon. our

ur hovr, h iu

on grul y g n ko

g o ronomy gn ph

n rh i op o

g l l h gon on h I mi or . So m h o h h inumn y h m ou

16-ny ovio ronomr yo Bh vry imi l o o rl ir y

m rono m . Hi mou mu rl qu rn l i ho vlop n n I lm .





kw t ha had dcts tasus clks

baias ad th admistati cs as

wll as thi staf scitists

E thugh th mai wk caid ut at

AlMa'mu's bsats Al-hammasyah

ad Mut Qasiyu was th cstucti f

astmical tabls th igial ad pch

makig discs als ccud sultig,

f amp i th dscy f th mmt

f th sa apg Oth makabl disc

is ca b ad abut i th sctis f

this chapt.

A magict but sht-lid bsatry

was but i th th ctuy f aqi al-,

f th mst tab scitsts i th Mus

lim wld H had cicd th w sulta,

Muad III t ud th buildig f th Istabul

Obsaty ad was cmpltd i 1577.

With tw utstadig buildigs built high

a hill kig th Aatlia sct i f Ista

bul it had a ubstuctd iw f th ight

sky Lik a md bsaty tday, th mai

buildg hd th lbay ad hsd th tch

ica staf whil th smal buidig ctaid

a impssi cllcti f stumts built

by aqi ali. hy icludd a giat amillay

I V RS B RYt\TRJ

sph ad a mchaical cck f masuig

th psiti ad mmt f th pats

aqi al-i watd t updat th d ast

mical tabls dscibig th mti f th

plats su ad m Hw his bsa

ty was dstyd by th sulta f umus

sciplitical ass likd t th plagu ad

ital palac ialy Dspit ths aqi ali

lft a mus lgacy f bks as tmy

mathmatcs ad gig

As wll as buildig th &st bsatis

Muslims had amg thm a piig ith

ctury dba wh buit a pataium

lik a bsaty wh th has a

studid a plataium is a m wh imags

f th sas plas ad th cstal bdis

a pctd Ib as btt kw f his

pits i ight mad a plataum ut

f glass i m f h s hus shwig th

ight sky as it was th. his y much sm

bld tday's plataiums ad h addd

aticial thud is ad lightig

LEF giant marbe sextant si ts inside Uugh eg

Observatory i n Uzbekitan RIGH The radius o themeridian ar at Uugh eg Obseratory was equa tothe height o the dome o the Hagia Sophia in Istanbu







03 ROOM IAL R M

W ha sims eay ioneee wee hge obsevaiona insmens esigne an bi o sy he heavens an by sing age

insmens hey ee he eenage of eo in hei meas

emens The obseaoy a Damass ha a 6mee (2foo) qaan an

a 7-mee (56-foo) sexan whih moe han fo aveageengh as en o

en he aagha Obsevaory aso ha many age insmens ining

qaans amiary shees, an asoabes

Oth nstumnts nludd lstal glbs quad

ants and sants Yu an ad abut astlabs

ad amillay sphs in m dtail in spaat

stins n this hapt ll ths insumnts

usd in bsvatis had t b auat baus

th bsatis putatins dpndd n th

sts thy pdud

Jabi ibn ah fm pain wh did in 145

was th st t dsign a ptabl lstia sph

t masu lstial dats ad a tu

tum

but it was tnthnty astnm l-Bat

tan wking i aq wh was th main asnm

witng n lstial glbs H did nt us hs

glbs as bsvatnal instumnts

instad h wantd t pisy d

stial data H dsibd n that

was suspndd fm v ings

whih h alld a-baydah

"h gg givg dtaild di

tins n hw t plt th di

nats ah f 122 stas. His

tatis was vy inuntal, as t

gav dtails f hw stas shuld

b makd nt th glb his

mant that instumnt maks

aund that tim uld pdu a glb

t this patiua standad.

l-Battanis tatis was vy df

nt fm th p-tlma dsgn

f a lst al glb whih usd v paall qua

tia ings and nstlatin utlins Instad

al-Battani had a m pis mthd f hating

th stas using th lipti and th Euat and

dividing thm int small dvsns. Ths mthd

alwd th stas t b givn xat dinats

and f us ths inasd pisin

Th Muslims w skillful tl and nstumnt

mas n imptant mak f lstial glbs

was bd alRahman al- wh was bn n .

H wt a tatis n th dsign nstlla

n imags f lstial glb maks that ad

gat inun in th Mslm wld as wll as in

up His th tatiss nludd n

n th astlab and n n hw t us

lstial glbs

Many glbs w nstutd

up t th 1th nty and many

still ist tday but nn pi t

th h ntuy has suivd

Th a many sas wh

wt abut astnmial instu

mnts and n f ths was bu

Bak ibn al-aa al-Hamawi wh

dd in yia in a 2. H wt sv

al bks n sinti instmnts and

uhammad bn Hlal made hishnu y bass elesial globe

n aagha, Ian





1 N V E N T N N D R N ( ; E A Y F M M V Z \ N

stuents, ecuse tese ul nl e re i

egees iues whie with hs istuent

secs cu ls e re

hs srue crpre egee rc

n wll ligne lg eriin the thsuth

line. Al-Kuis instuent ws rger h pre

s such istruents, n h ius f t

eers 66 feet)

i l-Din peere t se th tpe f u

rt cle ur urn rter th A-Kh

jni's Fkhri sent. This ur urnt h tw

grute rss cs wh t s f 6 eers

1 eet) nl stggering 0 etes 66 eet

sler n Al-Khujis hese cs wee pce

n wl ng ein In re ke e

ing, the stres ligne the r c n the

nt with te celestil n the s,

n e te ge fr te ur ur

Used or navgaton a setant is a n nst rument prmaryused to n d te ange between a star and te orzon

These ers srcl seri

nstruens e een sigcn wnse

n er ties ut ther teclg li he

us f te e- sext, pr

tle insruent, n efe Gll siing

ses ese te were the nig

tinl isents

I N N OV A T V E I N S T R U MEN T S

A mr qdr y Ty re 1598

wo o mo ia aoomr in h

6h n wr a al-i rom Iaul , ad

Tho B a , wo l a n o rvao und pon

orp o K ing rd I I o mar n 6 Tiorvaor wa ppd wi h poi and

nd inrumn o im, h p g im mak

aura ovaion and aidig h diovr o

Jo a n Kplr, wo wa To B rah a ia

n ah ha hown a r i a xa

orrlaion w mo o i ru mn o ho

Ba and Tai a n ovaori (o a rad

mor aou i h Orvaoi on u

o m wr no aid w h inm o

pvou aonomr. Th had nw dovd

irmn o , a h xan, h woodna dra, and h aronom a ok

Ta al-' xan wa a ld muhaahah

manaq or plaion ara" and wa mad

om u d a wo o al omd h

dg o rdgd xan A n d wa an a, wh w a aahd o o o h rl and

wa ud o dmin h dian wn h ar. h xa o wo mn hold

oidd amo g ai vmn o 1 6h u.





8 100 N V N N D K N ; l G i Y F V N

0 4 sROLAB

S nce Ilam began te muezzn a cale te atul to ayer vetme a ay ee rayer tme are atonomcaly etemne cang

ng om ay to ay, o t vtal t o now exactly wen tey were. eore

moern tecnology Mulm eveloe an extraonarly accurate evce

cle te atrolabe to e tem o ti

Th strlb s dscrbd by . Hld Wl

ls n Amrcn srphyscst s th st

mprnt strnmcl clcultng dc

bfr th nntn f dgl cmputrs ndth mst mprtnt strnmc bsrtnl

dc bfr th nntn f h tlscp

Th rls rgns f th strlb r

knwn W knw Thn f Andr wrt

t strlb n th furth cnury nd

th lst prsrd Gk tts n th sub

ct s frm th sth cntury. Th gn f h

wrd strlb s n th Arbc wrd atb

whc s sd b trnslttn f Grk

wrd Wht ts gns nstmnt wsully dlpd nd s uss pndd by Mus

lm strnmrs bcus ty ndd dtr

mn pyr tms nd t drctn Mcc

t slmc wrld strlbs mnd ppu

l untl 8

Nw trss n th stlb wr pducd

th rlst by Ms'Al 'Al bn 'Is nd

AlKhwrm n h rly nnth cntury whl

th rs srng smc nsrmn dts

frm t mdd f th tnth cntury bult by npprntc t Al bn 'Is' n ghdd Wth th

Ms prsc n Spn frm th ght cn

try sc lrnng ncludng tht n str

b spd nt wstrn Eurp s tht h

rls surng hrstn r Wsrn nsr

mnts frm t th cntury nwrd

Qut fw tps wr d nd h mst

ppulr ws h pnsprc strlb whr

clst sphr ws prctd nt t pln

f Eutr.

Asrbs wr w-dmnsnl dls f

h hns shwng hw t sky lkd t spcc plc gn m Ths ws dn by

drwng th sky n th fc h srlb nd

mkng t s h psts n h sky w sy

nd S stlbs wr sml plms

nd prtb thrs wr hug wt dms

f fw mtrs

The sr lbe s he mos

mporn sronoml llng

deve beore he nven on o dg l

omp ers nd he mos mporn

sronoml observonl

deve beore he nven on

o he elesope.

ASRSICST AR WAS

Thy wr th strnmcl nd ng cmputrs f thr m slg prbls lng t

ps n cst bds l sun nd

strs nd t n c y wr th pc

wtchs f dl strnmrs Ty culd

k ltud msurns h sun cld

l th tm durng th dy r nght nd th

m f clsl nt such s sunrs sunst,

r culmn n f st Ths ws d pssbl



by h us f ngnus bls pnd n h

bck f h slb Ths bs culd cnn

nfm bu cus f m cnsns

cnd f cnng h dy f h mnh

h suns psn n h clpc gnmc

scls nd gdun f 360 dgs

Th w bsd n h mdl f h Eh

bng h cn sphcl uns wh

n mgny bs psnd pcul

lud nd m usd hs sph nd lkg

dwn upn . On h sb h h s

m ws hldng h m ss n h s w

psnd n pcd ml pl whch ws

s n g ccu hd clld m

cus h pl wh h ss ws pcd h

sm cul s ugh n h

p bnh whch wuld h lns psn

ng hs pcu ggphcl cn

pls wuld b ncludd n n sb s h

UN IVERSL : t\STO! IH.

h snm culd m bu fm n l

ud nh. A usng h sghng dc

n h bc f h pl dn h lud

f s h su h snm wuld

h pcd s p h pl f hs lc

n s s cncd wh h sky h m.

Thn l ss f clculns culd b md F

h m ccu cdns f cls bds

ncssy f dld snmcl bls s

lbs hd b usd cnucn wh h

nsmns such s lg qudns nd bs

l ml sphs

Asbs wkd wh xd nd ng

ps Th m ws hllw dsc hldng h

A wokng atolabe, eated by ohamed Zakayaeque a wealth o knowledge to buld Ung anenttehnque, uh an atlabe an take thee to x monthto omplete t eque etenve geometal alulatonand peon engavng n oder to wok auately



8 IN N IONS: I I'NDURN CY OF I ZAION

t th picd sta map) and th ang

plats w placd n tp f ach th On th

ack f th mat w t aidad t sigting

dvic) and vaius tignmic abs n tis

spc h asa was a gaphca cmpu

"TREATSE O THE ASTROABE

hur uho o aneruy Taes

lo ro ri o h Aro"

o n-yr-o on, L , i 1 7 r

h h d ou

l Li my on, I v . oidrd

yo nxiou n pl o r h

r i of h Aro l rfo hv I

gvn you rol fo ou hoo, o

rd for li o Oxford. An h

i l i, I propo o you om

onuon prnng o h m i

m. I y om onluio, fo hr

on h : you u h l l

onlui o h v ond , or po

i y mig fon d n o ol inun

n o , no o rfly o y

mor m i gion, I u po"

Geoey huce

samic mas atmptd t dvlp difnt

ps f aslas such as t spica ast

ab and th na asta nith wc

was widl adpd Mains astlas w

dvlpd in th lat 5th and 6t cntuis

h Pugus

hig sphisticatd fm h aslab

t nivsa asla was dvpd in d

in th cu, and i vund sta map

ping Tw indvduals, i n Khala al-haa, an

aptca balis, ad l-aali an astn

m w impant n hs nw dvlpmnt

Th unvsal astlab was a ma bakthugh

caus i cld b usd at an can Odna

asabs ndd difnt laitd pats if th

w mvd bcaus h w dsignd f a

can pac and w atd dpndnt.

n imptant aspct t univsal ast

ab was that its stgaphic pcn usd

th vnal autumna quinx as th cnt f

pcin nt t plan f th slsitial clu

D li ams acna Unvsi talk

ing with Rag Omaa 's n Iami

Hit0 of Ero sad tat Muslims usd nw

cmputng dvcs and " unvsa asta

was dsignd tat had appicatins a w

impssibl with th standad astab

n dscssn asabs wud b incm

plt witut mntinng a ung ngn

asnm, Maam al-lia alstulai n

in pp a, in 94 sh was aisd n a am

i f astnms and isumnt maks h

cam a skilld asa mak and wkd a

th famus lpp cast nd th auspcs f

th ul af al-Dawla did in 96

stabs and in patcua nivsal as

labs w cutting dg f tcnlg usd

and dvlpd picall b Muslim astn

ms w w ntgud and fascnad b

th havns t was thgh ts adwking

sclas ha th asa mad it int up,

wh mdn asnm was bn



wo oe -up o an atroabe made by ohamed Zakarya how t ntrate on truton







o s RMILLARY SPERE

n an attt to ak ton o th ovnt o hanly o a ol any a vlzaton lt nt n o

o to nt n hyal o what thy aw n th y. Th

ol w ult a on th a o th E ath havn a h o

ta uonn t On o th ol wa th allay h

Ami sps ml h vs n

plnt mts, shwing mivl Mus

lim snms hw th uivs wk in

imnsns, n cm v cls t

m w knw t h w sli

glbs but w m up ccnc ings,

wh th h cn th bis

sunng it

Th cnstcin n s f th mill

sp stt th ighth cn w th

w st wittn but i gh in th tts

f Te nstment it te Rngs b Ali

An army sphere s epte n an engavng fromte Jihnnm or nive Gorhy stanbu7a reprnt f te rgna ihnnm wrtten n te7t enty by ar Katb eeb (Ha Kafa

u it ws th tn cntu t

th c n vnc vl f sphis

tcti, n w puc n w mi vitis

Dmnstil mi sps cnc

tt n th th, tn ml th glb

ws su b h ngs clp ic th pp

n ph t sn un th Eh), t cc f

t Equt, pics, n p ccs s w

ll l i plc b gt min ng,

piv bu h qtl is h m,

plnts, sts i nt pp n ts ms,

bu h i gv t lv mtns f bs

un t h

Th sc p ws th bsvtnl mil

l sph, wc ws ifft bcs i

nt hv Eth glb in th ct, but h

munt sghing vics th gs hs

sphs w lg w ts us t t

mn cits n h vlus

h w mn Mslim snms wh

wt but bsvtl mill sps, lik

Jbi ib Ah m vill, nwn in t Wst s

Gb (t t b cus wth Gb th chm

st), fm t m2th ctu t

h scptiv wk f Ptlms Syntas w

i th scn ctu kwn s magst n

Ismic wl

Amil sphs stu t Eh sis

w un n bsvtis suc s th 1

cntu Mgh Obsvt, h t-cntu

mkn Obst, n 6t-ctu

bsvt stnbu



V R ; R H R

A 16th- entuy man uspt shows astonomes ning up vaous parts o the am ay spheewth spe stas to proue at harts o the heavens, w hh were pote an mae nto

astroabes These wou gue peope, usng the stas he entra penuum s use to traethe trajetoes o the stas an panets on the at groun so as to eate these harts



88 0 N V N N : " U NG Y F 1 L , N

o 6 S IN OR I O PL

he uan oten ees to vaous natual henomena n a veyns�g manne an halenges mankn to one these henom

ena usg eason.

ampl: 2: Vil in th catin f th

hans and h ath and th succssin f

nigh and da and in th ships hat spd hugh

th sa with what is usful t Man: and i th

wats which Gd snds dwn m th sk gi

ng lif thb th ah aft t had bn lif

lss and causg al mann f lng caus t

multipl hn: and in th chang f th winds

and th cluds hat un th appintd cuss

bwn sk and ath: [n al hs h a ms

sags indd f ppl wh us hi asn

snmical phnmna a fquntl citd

in th Quan ad ftn put n h cnt hi

us mankind as in imkping and naigain

h Quan alks abut pcis bis and cuss

thus passing n th mssag tha bhind ths

phnmna lis a chnt ssm tha ppl a

initd t p a sm ampls:

:: Gd] is th On Wh has st u f

u th stas that u ma guid uss b

thm thugh th daknss f th lad and

h sa W ha daild th signs f ppl

wh knw

:2: " u Gd subctd th night and

th da th sun and th mn th stas a in

subcin is mmand Vl n ths a

signs f pp l wh a wis

2:: "[Gd is] th On Wh catd th

ight h da th sun and th moon Eah on saling in an bit wih ts wn mtin

55:5:"h sun and th mn llw cussact] cmputd

Vss lk ths citd ab fmd an int

lctual challng ppl build th quid

knwldg pl a unis abudant wih

Gd's wnds

Nt nl that but i n s hmans a

n ncuagd t mak thi wa ut f h

Eath in d t pl spac but with a wan

ing that ths shuld nl b dn whn th ha

nugh pw and cnl.

55: u assmbl f inns and Humans I f it b u can pass bnd th ns f th ha

ns and th ath pass u nt withu auhit

[pw] shall u b a pass

The oherent systems beh nd astronomal phenomenaare explored in verses n the Qran



The Co ng o Day and ght by Dr Ahd ousaa

N V F R S : G S F R W S



9 001 I N E O N : T - E D U I N E A O f W S L I O N

0 7 TE OO

0 n Jul 20 969 Aollo lnded on he lun ufe, nd NeilAmong beme he eon on he moon. Howeve, long

befoe Among mde hi lun e nd ueed hi now

fmou line numbe of ge Mulim hd beome oied wih h

loe onomil neighbo

F Muslims, th mn s tml imptant

bcaus th canda that is usd, h gra cal

nda, s dtmnd b th ccl f mn A

pblm th facd as tha h appximat

5 das f a luna mnth nt in snc th

th 5 das f a sa a luna mnths add

p t n 5 das

hisians and s had cnfntd h

sm pblm and th hd adptd a s chm

basd n a dsc mad in abu t

b Ahnian asnm Mtn H dpd

th Mtnic ccl f 1 as This as mad

f 1 as f 1 luna mnths and as f 1

lna mnths. dcall a 1th mnth as

addd t kp h canda dats in stp ith

th sasns

Muslims ud us hs ccl, bu nscup

lus us smtims addd a th mnth hn

i suitd thi n intsts, s th scnd caliph,

ma bn a-hatab, h ignd f tn as

fm 4, ntducd th eg calnda hat s

still usd n Islamc cuntis tda

This stictl ls a luna cc Th gira

a is abut 11 das sht than th sla a,

and hdas such as amadan, th mnh f

fasting sl ccl thugh h sasns ach

a Ramadan s abut das a than th

last and th mnh f fasting falls n th sam

dat n abu sla as

Ramadan and th th Isamic mnths als

bgin hn th cscnt mn s sightd, s n

n kns act hn Ramadan ill stat until

th cscn mn appas i n h night sk

dicting st hn h cscnt mn

uld bcm sibl as a spcial chalng

t Muslm mahmatca asnms Althugh

tlm's th abut th mn's mmnts

as accuat na h im f th n mn,

th inisbl mn, it ld nl a h luna

pah as pa f h clips th suns pat n

th mn

Muslims alid that pdct t sghting

f th cscn mn its mmn in ain t

h hin had b stdd, and this pbm

The phases he m n are used deermine he uslimalendar he aendar



iagram rom an eary 6th-entry ersian transation oAa al Mahlua or W aby aazwni

dmandd airly sphstcatd sphrica gm

try r gmtry tha dals with shaps n h

surfac th sphr was Al-Kid wkin n

aghdad n th ninth ctury wh was th rst

t dlp sphrical gmry which h usd

tnsily in his astrmical wrks

phrical gmty was as ndd whn

Muslims wr ndig th Qiba th dirctn f

Mcca whch hy prayd tward and which thir

msqus acd and it was Al-irni wh wrkd

this ut frm any lcatin n th gb Aliruni

was intrstd in litrally rything and sm

tims h is rrrd t as th Lnard da Vinci

U N I V E R S : T - l L \ O

his day ncring th mn h dscrbd

th clips May 24 whil h was at Kath in

tdays bkistan his nt was als isibl in

aghdad and h arrangd with Abu al-Wafa al

uani a fllw astrnmr that th lattr wuld

bs it thr W thy cmpard thir tm

ings thy wr ab calcuat h di rnc in

ngtud btwn th citis

mn watching and crdng was a sri

us businss ack thn as nw th mn was a

cnstan src f fascinatin sinc lgging h

rdr f ts mmnts spprtd t ida that

thr was rdr in th has t And ths

bsratins prducd th strucr r th Mus

lim calndar that has bn sd fr mr than

400 Hgra yars

Mul i aono ho l ivd Caro

ad orvd a Baghdad in 97 d

ovd h hi rd in u al iy o h o o

oion a l ld h oo va a on Polyk aou h r and od H or h

orid a na o Au a -Waa a - Buzjan i

n u rop h hird i u a iy o oion

ha h oon ov u ik hn i i n

or l an d l o n h r ad hi rd ua

r a rdiovrd y Tyho Brah ix

nuri lar in ao 580



92 10 IC E N f lO N S : T i L N D l R I N( ; [ j ·CY O f \ . \ U Z.\ O

{

·" . I

A D . ·y

<

MAGN 1 M V R INCIPE

H 0 N O C I ' R I N I E M

DVCEM VA L NT I N M

o 8 AR FORMAIOHIO�U un:1. COMTE ADts

JlON VJS £T CALNEIDOI\1 U;G A LMAG E S T I N OV R R I R

W hen viee ith the nae eye he ace ohe moon aea neeny bght ith a

an ght atche. hee eate ae cae

"na omaton.

n 1651 Jann Bapa Rccl, a Ju pf·

f anmy and phlphy n Blgna, aly,

cmpld a cmphn wk n anmy,

calld Almagsum Nvum wh a cmpl map

f h mn H namd h luna fman afdnguhd anm f h Mddl Ag

Tn w gn h nam f Mulm atnm

and mahmaan

Th nam w ally agd upn a a cn·

fnc h nnanal Anmcal nn

n 5 Of h 62 luna fman, 1 w gn

h nam f ma Mulm anm, and

c hn m ha bn addd Th nam

nclud:

• Messala a pan n h 1h cn f h

mn namd af MahaAlah, wh wa ac n

H wa a Jw f Egyp wh mbacd lam

dung h m f h Abbad calph Al·Manu

Tw f h bk n amy w anlad

n an in 6h cnuy: D Scinia Mus

O·bis and D cmsiin uili a aslabii

• Almanon a cat n h nnh ctn

namd aft alph A-Mamn h n f HaunalRahd, famu fm Th Thusan an On

Nighs n 8, Al-Mamn bul an bay

n Baghdad n h acadmy, Bay al-Hkmah, h

f Wdm, h ga cn and ph

lph h ag cad u h ach.

• Alfraanus a ca n h cnd cn

namd aft Al-Faghan, wh dd aund 861

H wa n AlMa'mun' am f ach n

anmy H m fam bk wa Bk f

h Summa fAsnmy and h wa h man

nunc f h alan p an

• Albatenius a pan n h cn

amd af ABaan wh wa bn n 858 H

dmnd many anmcal maumn

wh gat accuacy

• Thabit a pmnn ccula plan n h

ghh c n namd af Thab bn Qua, wh

dd n Baghdad n 1 H anlad Aabc

a lag nmb f G and yan w n c

nc H a mad ma cnbun f h wn pu mahmatc

• Azophi a munanu ng n h nnh

cn namd af h nh-cnuy Abd al

Rahman alwa n f h m and

ng paccal anm f h Mddl Ag. A

u' lluad bk Th Bk fFi Sas a

mapc n lla anmy

•Alhazen a ng-hapd pan n th 1h

cn namd af Abu Al al-Haan bn al

Hayham, uua ly knwn a bn al-Hayham,

wa bn n Baa aund 65 and pn m f

h wkng n gyp, wh h dd n

H cmpd am a hndd wk, f whch

abu 55 a pd day, al cncnd wh

mahmac, anmy, and pc H wa n

f h fm ngat f pc n h



wld nd his Boo of s hd n enus

nuene n upe sene

• Arzachel is pli in he eighh sen ed

fe AlZl wh died in 00 He wked in

Msl Spn i bi wh he Musl

d Jewish snes d peed he fus

ledn Tbles. His wk hve uene

h f Cpenius

• Geber is iul plin in he ninh sein

ned fe b ibn Ah wh died in 5 He

ws Spnish Ab wh ws he s desgn

prble elesil sphee esue elesil

des d lled ue

• Nasireddi is e 30 iles in dee

ned fe Nsi l-Din Tusi wh ws bn

0 He ws iise Hugu Kh lkhd

ule f esi f 56 6 He ws p i

hge f he bserv inslle Mghh b

Hulgu, nd f peping he khid Tbes n

he lg f xed ss whih eined use

f sevel enuies hughu he wd f

Ch wesen upe

• Alperaius s e in he eghh se

ned fe Nu ln bn shq liuji, wh

ws b in M lived in shbilih (Sevie)

U N I V L R S : U N A R F O R . 1 \T I

nd died un 0 He wke hd, suess

ful ing Ple's sse plner

ns Ai's b n stronomy ws pp

ul in 3hen upe n s Lin nslin

Abulfeda is il pli n he nih sei

ed fe Ab li wh ws bn in 3 n

Si He ws he ls Musl gegphe nd s

e ine nd uued n he diins

esblishe b Clph AlMn He ws ls

ge his he s fs f his wks be

ing Sy of Cotres

Uluh Beih is pne eipl ig in

he 8h sein ned fe Ulugh eg wh ws

bn in 3 d funded in 0 gnen b

sev in Skd whih ws equpped wih

exellen nd e sni insuens.

His s edble endg w ws

new g f ss

S when u glne he n gh

eebe hse indivdus wh hve bee

lied in es, pls d ellpil ings

peple wh hve bugh gee undesnding

nd knwledge in ives

OOM A una map shows h omaions namaf minn usim shoas OPPOS OP: Th

Amaeum Nvum omp n 161 by Johannsapisa Rio onain a a map o h moon



o g OLLAO

W h h i o obvaoi an a a in in h nih yMim aonom om h ninh ny onwa a

na by h nh y an ai o bana wo on a

an onaion Th in Ab a-Rahman a-S a Pan aono

m who iv n h nh ny h a a a aaz an n 964

ib h Anoma aaxy o o nihbo al in o.

hs ws he s we ecod o s sse

ouside ou ow gx He se o is esus

conseo coseo, iscssg e

ss' posiions ses nd coos, nd fo ech

conseo he pouced wo dwigs, one

fo he ouside o ceesi goe n e

ohe fo e sie e so woe o e

soe n is hosd o so ses

e es of h s hd wok ws he ecod

ing of n ss d conseions which e

si known e oigin Aic nes

fc, sooes ge nes nd ssgne

gnudes o 0 n . o oe 65

ss si e es eec he ogi

Aic es such s Aden eng

"Foowe of e eides d A eing

"he g ge

Muss so desed s ps n so

noic es, d oh o hese woud e used

in Eope nd he F Es o cenes Mps

of he hees so ppee n sc s o

e oe of house Qus 'A, Jo

ni pce i n he e igh cen, whc

hs niue eispeic cees p he

suiing fgens o f e esco show ps of

7 conseions nd 400 ss

O h onstation th Draon o atinn n inArabi OO E h ont ation Cphus,r qifau in Aabi OO RH h manua ofomoaphy in urkih by utafa ibn Abdaah



STX

The Pleiads sar group, known n Arab as Alhuayya



1 0 FLI•A· ...

·

·

______

[,

l ll lt ttt tt� t tf f/: H

he oet of ight ha faiated ad haeged hma for thoad of year The aiet Egytia

eft behid ma aitig demotratig their deire to y deitig

haraoh oarig with wig The Chiee ad the Greek had mythial to

rie ad eged abot yig a did the Saaia

e mt a ty i ne recnted y

irdawi in i Book of Kngs wrtten arnd

1. t ay a ceain ing a aw wa er

aded by evi irit invade eaven wit

te e a ying crat tat wa a trne and

ataced t it crner were r ng e

inting ward. iece meat were aced a

te t eac e and raven eage were

-raws's K nus a popular sryo a prou ng who tr to h o s ovr ssr hr

cained t te eet e trne te eage

attemted t y t te meat tey carried te

trne t inevitaby tey grew tired and

te trne came craing dwn.

Pre-Iamic raic egend a ave trie

abt ying magician and rcerer erna

ra wer d j eate Fr Mim

igt a a iria dimenn e i

reace gdne ni it atain a cerain

eve ten re abve

Te rt im and era ern make

a rea attemt t cntrct a ying macine and

y wa Crdban ba bn Firna n te nint

centr e wa te a ymat te timeecming a renwned e atrger mi

cian atrnmer and engneer t greatet

ame wa r cntctng a yng macne te

rt it kind caabe carryng a man in

e air. e ew ccey a nmber time

ver eert regin imrvng deign

ere attemting i tw am ig in r

dba n Spain

e r igt tk ace in 85, wen e

wrae ime in a e cak tiened wt

wen tr and jmed rm te mnaret

e G reat Mqe Crba Te atem wa

uncce bt i a wa wed eng

ta e gt wit ny mn njrie making

it at eat ne te earet exame a ara

cte m Wetern rce wrngy gave m

a atin name caing im rmen Frman intead

'bba ibn na



bn nas as n an xpn

and h kd had pv hs nx dsgn

Auns vaus nsss and

va anusps sbd as ahn n

ssng ag ngs S abu 00 as ag

h na 70-ad Abbas b nas ad a

gh ahn sk and ag ahs

n Rusaa aa n h usks C

dba, bn nas und a h and appad

b h d n s bd s, a

s v h ag ahs, hh g

nd h n sps sk bn nas xpad

h a p pap h h pannd usng

h gs d n hs as "sn, sa

ak av . gdng hs ngs up an

n shud asnd k ds a gs

, a sang a sd b ab un sa u sd

a sgan hgh and hng n

h a han n nus b p

ng h gun, bakng h ngs and

n hs vba A h vn bn as

undsd h pa b h a, ng hs

s nds ha n bs and h na

A swa ans o n t suac of wat Aftr obsvigow bis a 'Abbas ibn ias raiz tat a tiwas n to a accuaty a safy H a ototic tis bfo is ai attmpt at ying, uringwi cas-an

and n h h a hh dd n happn

h baus h dd n hav nA dn apans an h a hs

s hh aks bn nas's n ahad

s dng h vn n nss

" a nsdab dsan as h had

bn a b b aghng agan n h pa

h h sa , hs bak as v uh

h n knng ha bds hn h agh

dn upn h as, h g pvd

hs h n

ud b nus un nad da Vnsdangs a ng ahn and h Wgh bh

s' s gh.

Uuna, h nj b nas ssand

n h gh pv h ang u

h xpns v, h as an npsng

an, and h pbab gud sbd, phaps

n hs appns, a a n vsn



An artistic impression shows th first suess fl

mannd ght by 'Abbas ibn Fias.

he existence of such a macne was men

ioned in a manuscrpt b Roger Bacon who

descibe i as an oniope In 260, Bacon

woe On h Mavlous Pwrs of Ar ad

Nture, incng two possible was a peson

mig One is a roug desciption of wat was

late to become nown as an onopte he

oher s a more etaied escrpon of a gobe

led with "eeea air Bacon ca med, Thee is

an instrumen o with whic neve saw, nor

know an man that hath seen it, bu I fu wel

now b name the earne man who invented

e same t is nown at Bacon studied n Cr

oba e homeland of bn Firnas. is ie at

the escripio of the ornoper coud have

been taen rom Muslim contempoary manu

scpts n Spain at have since sappeared

Ibn nas die in 887 an none o his ogi

nal works as suvve to the pesent da His

lie has been econsucte fom a ew veses

and from the infomation given b the croni

ces o the time

Afe bn nas, Muslims and non-Musms

puse he endeavo of fng, and man

moe ligt attemps were made: Al-Juhai, a

Tukisani teacer, launched imse f fom he

mnaret of Ulu Mosque n 100 usng wings

made rom woo and rope He ied nsan

on mpac E me of Mamesbr was an t

cenur ngish Benedctne monk who also

fogo the use o f a tai ad broe both is eg s

as e mpe rom a ower n 1010 befoe gi

ng 83 metes ( 600 ee)

After tese wo ig attempts, avaon

stor is silent unl the wors of te famos

loenne atist and scienst Leonado da

Vinc eonado remans he eading engineer



({By gdg ths wgs p ad dow

shold ascd l k th brds.

all gos w atr soarg or a

tm shold b abl o rtr

saly to yor s d

I N N, NEE F

o etalih roer eti thikig o the

et for gh Althogh he did ot attem

o himel da Vi died ad dre o

aer ma kethe relatig o ight ad

ig, idig the ird-iged mahie ko

a a orithote hih a deiged to etraed to a ero ak Oher kethe

ilded a glider ad, aordig o ome iter

retato ee a heioter

6, a Trk amed Lagari aa Celei

ieted the rt maed roke hih he

ahed ig ao 300 od o go

der a the rg fel. The eet reoded

a art keth draig William Brro i

hi ook hs w On: h S ofth Fst

Sp Ag a T]here a a Trk amedLagari aa Cele , ho a hot ito the

k f-for od of goder o el

erate the irh of Slta Mrad V daghter

Kaa Slta The oke the ared Ceei

i v R S : F L G

high ito the air, here he oeed eeral

ig, ad he glded to a afe ladig i frot

of the oa alae Ceei a rearded th a

oh of god made a aalr oer, ad aid

to hae ee kiled i omat i the Crimea.azarfe Ahmed Ceei, aother 7h-etr

Trk, ed eagle feather tithed to hi ig to

After ie eerimetal atemt he all

deided o the hae of hi ig i mot

famo ight ook ae i 68 from the Galata

toer ear the Boor i tal, ad he

efl laded o the other de o the a

Aodg to h hitora la Celei

ho iteed he feat ad reorded t hi

ook A Book of v the famo Trkih ered Al-hari allatio h ome ore

io ad alaig adjtmet, dered from

tdig the eage i igh azarfe eared a

reard of a thoad gold iee for hi ahee

met ad a Trkih oal tam ear re

o h hori gh

Afte he e ght oer the Boo

r, te Motgoler other ere he e to

EFAn iuraion epi he igh o Hazaren

Ahme Ceebi in 16 rom Gaaa Tower near heBoporu in Ianbu. RGH An arii impreion iurae he ir manne roke igh ownby Lagari Haan Ceebi in 1 6 agari Haan waaunhe ino he ky by a evenwinge rokewhih e a mixure o gnpower pae



01 I N N r J O N S : T F N D U R N ( , l · t\ O - 1 1 C V I l L A J ' I O N

publicly air their hopes for ight wth a model

hot air balloo whose passengers were a sheep

a duck and a cockerel. A few wees lae Jean

aos ltre de Rozier a scence eacher

and the Marqs d'Arlandes an nfanty ocer

became he rst human ai travelers when hey

ew for 9 klometers (56 miles) ove Pars in a

ho a r balloo

Nineteenth-century aeronautics was domi

nated by German Otto Lenthal who sud

ed he ifting power of srfaces the bes fom

of wn curvaue, ad te moveme of the

cente of presse with diffeent wing angles,

an impotant factor in the stability of arcraft

e was a great hang glider bu ded n ight

in the Berln hills in 189 when a gus of wnd

stalled his machine and he was unabe to

regain control.

e Wright brothers with te famous g t

of Decemer 1, 903, are probably he best

known names oday in avation hsory Wil

Wight's key insight was o study bids a lesson

bn Firnas leaned too Wilbur ealized that

birds keep the latea balance, o cotol when

banking by twisting thr wings He devised a

kite that epoduced he same effect mechan

cally allowg t to oll one way o the othe

as desired

Before developng a powered arcaft he

Wight bothers used giders aiming "to escape

accident log enough to acquire skill su

cient to pevent accdent They aso ht on the

essenta pnciple o combning rudder conrol

and roll o smoother balanced turs In 1908

Wilbur Wright demonstrated hs arpae in

rance, and wthn the year Henri aman and

ouis Bliot wee making extended ghts

All this history of aviation and even space

travel, started wth the umble beginnings of

one man, Abbas ibn rnas, who was one of the

rs to try o hs ideas when he glided wt hs

eagle feathers and sl

A photograph dpicts th first igh t by the Wright

brothrs in 1903.



' ,XPU Q � p J"84 d ' J w / _ ; V

oyage

<;

u

r

3 .V

k Un nh nouc cux N J& dqW d

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7:J; G Uc '

7

/der •mir

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An llustrato n shos the bal loon Le Flesselles ascendng oer yon France on January 19 18 It carred seven assengers ncludng Joseh Montgoler and JeanFranos Pltre de Rozer

U N V E R F ( ; J



/

. f

•

� �N



EE

St down before fact as a lttle chl be

prepared to gve up

eve conceved noton,follow umbly whereve and to whatever

abysses natueleads

o you wll learn nothng"OMS HUXY, EGiS IOLOGIS

•

W KWGES ONALTES FOM TH PAS • EUOPE'S EADG MNDS

A THOUSAND ES OF S COLASH • AUTOS AND EASS

UHE

/ D G • GLOSSA •LLUSTAOS CEDS

NDEX • CKNOWLEDGMNTS

TH LLWNG IN H BN MILD F U U IN ING 1yeas of missing isoy and geting to know e individual scolas Many individuals ae

discussed ougou tis book We ave selected 11 ousanding scolas om te Muslim

wold o you to get to know in geate detai l; all otes ae pesented in te A Tousan d Yeas

o Scolasip section Scoll oug to discove wo was wo wen and wee

To discove moe abou e eect o e woks innovaions and nventions o Musl im scolas

on uopean oug and e Renaissance see Euopes Leading Minds wee you will ead owRoge Bacon spoke Aabic and neve ied o telling people ta knowledge o Aabic and Aab

science was te only way to ue knowledge Fo tose wo ave been inspied o d out moe

use Fute Reading o guide you and if you wan to know moe bout te oiginal manuscipts

auoed by e scolas menoned i n te book see e Auos and Teaises secion

Tee is also a glossay o bowse toug and an index o you to locate wateve subjec

ineess you

OPPOSTE: A Pesian manusip shows imu he ame n hi s hne in he anien i Balkh



0 1 P ERSONALITI ES FROM TH E PAST

Throughout ths book, yo have read how men and women fom Musimcvilizaton have contbuted to our day ves. Hee now s a "Who's

Who of some of the bggest names from a thousand yeas ago

'Abbas ibn Firnas

FULL NAME: 'Abbas Abu al-Qassim ibn Finas ibn

Wirdas alTakini

BORN Ninh-century Andalsian descendan from

a Berber family esding n Takonna (now Ronda)

DD 887

MOST INFLUENTIAL WORK: Poducing a flying

machine, crysal and a planetarium

Go to: Fine Dining in Home; Glass ndsry in

Market; and Observaories and Fgh in Universe

t is dicu to pin one poession on Cordo

ban Abbas ibn Firnas becase he had numer

ous talens incuding poetry, astrology, music,

and astronomy e was also uen in Greek, and

made transaions o f phiosophca and mscal

manscrpts.

After pefectng he echnique of cutng ock

cysal (qar) and produc ing gass, he made a

kind of glass planearum complete wih aicial

thunder and lightning

Hs mos famous achievement is he constuc

on o a ying wing he rs known o be capable

of alowing a human to glde through he air.

Unfortunaely he left no race of his orginal

works and hs biography was reconstruced only

from a ew verses and infomaon from eyewi

nesses le to us i n numeros docmens

• Al-Jazar

uLL NAM Badial-Zaman Abu a-'Izz Isma' b

al-Razzaz a-azari

ORN Birh dae not known; he served he Artuq

kings of iyarbakr (now in souheas Turkey)

from 174 o 200

IED: ae not known

OS INFLUENTIAL WORK: Al-Jam Bain allm

Wal-Amal al-Na s na'at alHyal or The Book

ofKnowledge ofIngenous Mehancal Devces

Go TO: Clocks and Cleanlness n ome, and

Water Spply n Make

Today, we might call Al-Jaai a mechanica

engneer, and he was an ousanding one a ha

here s litte known about his ife but we do

know that he was n he service of Nasi a-in

the Atd kng o f iyarbak, who asked him o

document his invenons in a manual, The Book

of Knowledge of ngenios Mehanical Devces,

which he compleed in 1206

Before ths he had buil many machines,

including clocks and wae-raisng machnes,



n ge nube f eni evies

evuinize engineeing, ike e nksf.

He is pssiby e s use bis s ny f

is ines inpe ving gues

Al-Kind

• AlKd

U NAE Abu YusfYqub bn Isq -Sbb

lini

BORN Abu 8 in uf Iq

IED 8

OST NUENTIA WORK We e n 6

wks n viey f subes inling h Book

o h Chmsy oPrm ad sat os

Go TO Mus , enness, Vsin n es n

He eisy, eil esy, Huse

Ws, Tnsling nwege n S;Py n Hspi Siene n Nu

Penen in W

A-ini ws n enylpei n, wkng s

pysiin pilspe ein, gee

e, eis, lgiin, usiin n sne A

sn e gven f uf, e suie ee n

g's Huse f Wis wee e gne

ig epuin e ip's u f s

in siene n pispy. ip l-Mussi

s se i s u i s sn A

His nibuins inue n inuin

ei, eig nusips n e ey f

nubes n w n esuing ppins n

ie. He ws e s evelp spei ge

ey, n use is in is sni wks He

we n speis, e nsuin f n ziu

n spee n w eve spee As usi

in e use usil nin n pye p

n e evepen f e d lue

• AZaraw

U NAE Abu! Qsi lf ibn -Abbs

-Zwi knwn n e Wes s Abulsis

BORN in Mein lZ, ne b, Spn

IED 1

OST N UENTIA WORK -asr ma a

a aa see -Tas n nsle

s h Mhod od wi bee en

p f e ei uuu n upen

unies f ny enuies

Go TO eniness in He Tnsling nwl

ege n S ; Mei nwlege, nsuens



of efecion, hcy nd Sey in ospil

Zhw ws eouony physicin nd

sueon of Uyyd Spin His 30olue wok

l-ari e deiled ccouns of denl ph

ceicl, nd suic pcces, nd ws one

of he os inuenil edicl encycoedis o

he ie

is suicl ekhohs ncuded hs ds

coey o he se of cu fo inen l sichin,

d dinisen dus by soin he n

cu pcels h wee edy o swllowin,

nown ody s psules.

e lso desined nd used oe hn

00 suicl suens such s synes dop

pes sclpels nd foceps nd his de iled di

s of hese ued poinenly n ediel

edicl es nd ouns in Euope nd he

Musli wold fo cenuies Mn y oden su

icl insuens he chned lile o his

oin desins

nl-Hythm

Fama alFhr

NAME lFihi

BoRN Nnh cenuy

E 880

OST INLENIA WORK ldn e co

ee osue ope of AQwyin in Fez

Moocco, n 85

Go TO Uniesies in School

Fhi ws yon wel-edced

pios wo who eceied le oun fo

he he successful businessn. She owed

o spend he ene inhence on ildin

osue nd lenn cene fo he Qiw

niyyn couny I ws copleed in 85 nd

deeloped io Mooccos nbe one uniesy

Sudies cuded sonoy, he Qun nd

heoloy lw heoic, pose nd ese win

loic, iheic, eophy, edcne,

Musli hisoy, nd eleens o cheisy nd

hecs his ey o opics nd he hh

uiy of he echin dew schos d sudens

fo ll oe

is sise, My, hd sineousy

consuced AlAnds Mosue in he icn

iy of Qiwniyin. These wo neihbohoods

ece he nuclei o he ciy of ez

• n alHayham

LL NAME: Abu 'Ali l-sn n Hyh,

known n he Wes s Ahzen

BORN: 65 s

IE: 103 in Cio, Eyp

OST INFENTIA WORK tab a/-Mana; o

Book o t whic foed he fondions fo

he scence o opics he n nsion hd n

enoous pc on oe con Welo eon

do d Vinc Desces nd ohnes Keple

cenes le

Go TO Vision nd Ces in Hoe nsl

in Knowede in School Nu henoen in

Wold he oon in nese

bn l- eolonzed opics kn



he sbject from one discussed plosophicaly to

a scence ased on experiments He rejeced the

Greek idea that an nvsible light emitting from

he eye caused sgh, and nstead ightly stated

hat vision was caused by light reectng of an

object and entering he eye

By using a dark room with a pnhoe on one

side and a whte sheet on the other, he provided

the evidence for his heor ght came hrogh

the hole and projected an inverted image of the

ojects outside the oom on the sheet opposite

He caled hs the qamara, and it was the wold's

rst camera oscura

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta

ULL NAME Abu Adlah Muhammad ibn Batuta

BORN 1304 in Tangier Morocco

DIE 368 or 1370

OST INFLUENTIAL WORK: The Rhla, or hs t ravel

book narrated by him and wrtten by bn Juza,

a royal scrie under he paronage of Au nan,

the sutan o f Fez and Morocco

G TO: Trade, Jewels and Currency in Market;

ublic Baths in Town; Travelers and Exporers

n World

n Battuta lef hs hometown of Tangier in

Morocco as a 21-yearold abou 680 years ago

He set o as a lone pigrm and did not return

or 29 years. In this time he covered more than

7,000 mles throgh 44 modern-day countres

raveling on horse cart came boa and foot This

jorney took him through North West, and East

Africa; Egypt; Syria Persia the Arabian Gulf; Ana

tolia the steppe Turkstan Afghanistan; ndia

Madives; Ceylo (Si Lanka); engal Sumatra

China; Sardnia; and Span. By the end he had

visited Mecca four times and had met and could

name moe than ,500 eople, includng 60 heads

of state

He was asked by he sultan of Fez and Morocco

to record all his n his Rhla ad this s or win

dow into the 4th-century word ecause he

has left some of the best eyewitness accouns

of culue, cusoms, peope, animals and plans

of the medeval world streching from Crdoba

to Canton

• Ijliya al-Astrulabi

UL NAE Maryam aljliya

al-Astuab

BORN 944 in Aeppo Syria,

in the era o Saif alDawa

DIE 967

O S T I N F L U E N T A L

WORK The daugher o

Alljil alAstulabi she con-

tinued he r fahers work of makng

astrolabes.

Go TO Astrolabe in Universe

jliya

al-Astrulabi



Jabir bn Hayya

• Jabir ibn Hayan

uLL NAME: Au Mus Jir in Hyyn

known in he Wes s GeerBoRN: 722 in us, rn

IED: 815 n Kf, rq

OST INFLUENTIAL WORK: Devising nd per

fecng he processes o f suion liquefc

on cryslizion slion, purcion,

lgion, oxidion, evporion, nd

ion; nd producing sulfuric cid y dis

illing lu

Go TO Cheisry nd Coercil Chesry

in Schoo

Ji in yn is generly known s he

fher of cheisry. he son o f druggis nd

perfue ker he worked under he pron

ge of he Brki vizer during he Asid

Cliphe of Hrun l-Rshid his en h

he shred soe of he efecs of he downfl

of he Brkis nd ws plced unde house

rres n Kuf where he die

His work ws no l in e n hd pci

cl ppicions s he descried processes fo he

preprion of seel, hir dyes e reneen,

dyeing cloh nd lehe king vrnishes o

werproof coh nd iluning nuscrip

ink. Soe o his os goundrekng work ws

in cids nd in discovering sulfuric nd hydro

choric cid

• Sinan

ULL NAME: Koc Mir Sinn

BORN: 189

IED: 588

OS T INFLUENTIAL WORK: esigning nd uilding

ore hn 477 uidings includng he Seye

Mosque n Edirne which hs he les erh

quke-defying inres in urkey

Go TO Archiecure in own

Sinn ws he son of Greek Orhodox Chrisin

pens who erced Is. Hs fher ws

soneson n crpener, nd fro n ey



g Sn fllwd n hs fsps, rnng h

sls f hs r A , h ws r h

nssry rps nd s nsp h n

h h wnd ln py hs ld h

vnully udng shps, wdn brdgs, nd

ny knds f prry w nsuns

hugh y sv h ppd

nub n pgns gd xp

rn bldng n rprng brgs, dnss,

nd sls T n sulns nd hs

ns nd h h r hf h n

srung sus, shls, nd hr v bud

ngs ll rund h Musl n wrd, f

Tuky Dsus M, d sn

H s s hnrd wh rr Mruy

nd h

Zheng e

u NAME: rn s M H hn hs n hngd

Zhng H s h ws wrdd h supr

nd f h hns pl Hshd Agy

BoRN 3 n Kug, hn

133 n nd

ST INUENTA WR: Trnsfrd hn

h 5h ny's gn, nd prhps

wrl suprpwr by kng svn n

s vygs

Go T: Nv Eplrn n Wrld

hng H ws h dl f h hns ,

d whn 8 ys v h h vsd 3

un n h n f rd nd ply h

xpdns vrd hn s lrs

n hs rs nu ,80 n n 3 shps

Tdy s n nwn hw hs shps, whh wr

r hn 400 f lg, wr u whu l

Ths ssv vssls wr v s s bg s

h vssls h Erpn plrrs lk Vs

d G n wr dsrd s swng drg

ns us hy wr d wh rgns ys

hp h s

S f h lnds h gr fl vs

nlud Jv, Sur, yl, S, h s

nds ngl, h Mldvs, h Prs Sul

ru, ykyu nd un, r, Mgd

shu, Mbs, n hr Es An prs Thy

vn pssbly dd h p f G Hp

Ths vygs fsrd s dsvry

h sh r s nrls, ps, nls,

drugs nd d hy ls prv nvg

l nd grphl nwldg h wrl

vlpd rn rlns nd rdd

g uns rg ndng sl nd

gds prn, gd svw, pp

unss d rn plns Thy ls rd

v ls ung gs nd shs hd

wgh bkhds hld lv sh n ls

hhuss d usd s d up

sh g ns

Zhng



I N \ ' f N T O S : T H _ D U R N C j F .W L 1 V I Z

71

1

l

1

1

0 2 ROP ' AIN IN

here are nuerou Euroean choar who ha grounbreakingacheveent an are reebere for heir outtaning contributionto oern-ay cience an covery. We eecte the oowing te

chronoogcay whoe geniu roe above the knowege o f their ay who haong-ating iact on cence an tecnoogy an who were in haronywih or ay have been inuence by Mui

Roger Bacon (24-22)

is for scolar is known as te orignator

o te exeimental meto in western uroe

an e receie is trainng from te uils of

Sanis Moors He soke raic an neer ire

of teling eole tat nowlege of raic an

ra science was te onl wa to true knowlege

Bacon quotes In al-Hatam o efers to m

at almost eer ste in te otic s secion of s

Os Ms Par VI of tis wor also ress amost

entirel on e nings of In alHaam ese

ciall n areas relating o te intomisson teor

of ision It was In al-Hatam wo introuce

te scientic eerimental meto an it was

tis tat Bacon ice u on

l-ini was anote source of insiation for

Bacon, an is two treatises on geomeical an

siological otcs were se te nglisman

In inass ing macine insre Bacons

ing macine or ornitoe, wic e escre

in is manuscrit Mibii otstt Artis t

Ntr or On th Mros ors o Art nd

Ntr from 6 t is known tat Bacon stuie

in roa te omelan o In Finas

Bacons wtng on gunowe was ase on

Muslim sources an te Latin oo Libr gnm

ofMrs Grs wc gies man ecies for

maing gnowe, was or ignal in raic an

transate n Sain

Roger Bacon ecame acquainte wit Muslim

cemist from te Latn translations of raic

wors, an eeve in e great motance of

acem an n tansmutaion

His c ief guie in meicine was te Cnon of

n S na wic e cites as frequentl s all tese

oter writers comine

e ook tat a te greatest mact uon

Bacons meto of tinking, an mae im if

ferent fom is Westen contemoaes was Th

Book of th Srt of th Srts nint-cenu

Zakaria al-Razi, known in te West as Razes In

Latin tis was Srtm Scrtorm

•Leonaro a Vinci (2-)

eonaro a Vinci was an Italian anter scul

tor, arcitect, musician engineer matematician,

an scientist, an a e fgure in late Renais

sance uoe Recent esearc suggeste a s

mote was of Nort fican oigin

Da Vinci rew "e Vtrian Man a man of

erfect rootions in wo sueimse osi

tions wit is arms aat aeang in a circle an

sqare wic ilustrate te tet of te omn

Cnon of itris a Vincis rawing was seenas innoatie ecause e sai te mans center

wen rawn in a square, was no is nael as te

Cnon stae, t lowe But e centuries earlier in

e ten-cenu Msm scoarskhn l-Sf

or te Broters o Purit, a come o te same

conclusion, sang tat te center of te gue was

te nael on for a cil uner seen, an after tis

te center moe to te grin area Historians ae



L U \ D I N C M N D S

nodgd In Sn ook o Ce, Heaing or Tyho fo qdn k ho

Ree ro gnoance n nng o o dvlod n n gon of h l i od

hogh fo h fond of go hogh n ily y ono Tqi n

o nlding Londo d Vini

In lHyh nvnd o • Joanne Kepler 57-long fo ondo d Vn odd h fl Johnn Kl nond n h W o d

nd dvod dign ovng h l of ny oion nd o h

Vn fond q dgn inng ok on oi fond of h o

nd od o hi on od n h hoy of h o nd

h l no n l ngd hi o fo ovidng h o xnion o h

h odd o l of ix kno hih oking o h hn y ih n id-don

l odd in i o ngving y i od on h in.

on o h foo n ln ond nd n Hyh nn n y

dd in K ok h fo hd vo

• Nicolau Copernicu 7-4 liond o y li H tab aPolih ni Nol on d o anaz o ook o Ots nld no

h ond o odn onoy in y Gd o on nd lld Peec

y of hi hoi d on ho o ta o De asectibs

N l-n l-T nd In -Shi. n l-Shi Boh Kl nd lid on In -

lny hoy nd od hly Hh d on h fion of igh nd

dnil o ho d y oni o K oo h In lHh lf o

hn n on old hv o Kl dvlopd h o f

no on ih h in I y h h did diovy y n l-Hh iovng

Anoh inn on oni i vd i ih ngv ln hind h ov ln

o hv n h o Toldn Tl in hh nlgd h od igh n-y AlZqli ho on in i d n h odn lhoo ln

I knon h on d hv

iy on h ohniv ono - Robert Boyle (-

i of Al-Bni h nld log Ro Boy i idly gdd on o h ond-

nd lny l H l xnvly o odn hiy H i knon fo

on Alq n ABni in hi ook Boyl g l hh l h nd

De Reotionibs vo of g n od y H did

n lngg lk Ai nd Syi

• Tyco Brae 14-11 of h n o n hiloohy n in

h ding Dnh Rnn ono ho ngg H hd o ok h dd ih ny inni o inld- h of A-qi 1h-ny li h nd

ng h odion of h qdn nd on of h l o ongd nd lid oild y h

Eo dng ovo 4hny Sy gogh Alfd H ofn

H nond o dovng h oon nd o h nn o l h

von hh diovd y l lk Ji n Hyn G. Boyl nd

ono ohd A l-W -Bni oh hond h xnl oh o

o y hy d h nn n n h



N N N : D U R N )fC O V

0 U F P

any o he inivial enione in hi boo are lie beo oryo reerence incling heir nae birh an eah ae lace

o bih an or an roeion The nae in bo reer o ho

hee eoe ere co only non a a ny o he cholar co ing ro

ingihe ailie ha long nae

b Rhmn II 899) caip of

doba, Spa 99); a a of isdo ad

pato o f as; foud of Madiat a-aa (a

cit o i uis) o t outskits of dobaYh ibn bi Mnsur it ctu) ag

dad Ia astoo at t cou of-Mau

H copid t so-cad Al-Zij lMmthn

o h Vli Zij.

bu buh lBki 04-094); Hua

Spai gogap ad stoia

bu i (3-33) ; Haa Sia; gogap

a astoo

bu -W Moad a-ouzjai 940-998);

uja agdad Ia; atatcia astoo ad gotcia

Dkhwr (a 3 cu) ppo Sia;

psicia at -Nui Hospita

elr Bth ca 080ca 6) at ga;

ataticia ad posop.

lbeus Mgnus aso ko as bt t Gat

( 0-80) aaia; scitst piosop, ad

toogia

ns aso ko as foso t Wis -

84) Spais kig o Cast ad ( 584) so ad succsso of iad II I

rchimees (8- BC) Sacus Sici;

astoo

iste (383-3 BC Stagus Gc;

posop.

Rger Bcn (49); Ics, ga;

psicst, cst, a atatcia

Bghi a a bu Mas b a

Qai ib ai ib Muaa ib bdaa

a-aii aSa ko as Ib ai 980-

037); agdad Ia ataticiaBnu Mus brhers it ctu); agad

Ia; Ib Musa Jafa Muaad ib Sak

800-873); gotr ad astoo; Ib Msa

d ib Saki 805-873); caics Ib

Msa Hasa b Sak (80-873); gotr

-Bttni bu bdaa Muaa b abi

o as batgs 88-99) bo i

Haa k ad ok i agad Ia

astoo ad ataticia

Bbrs aMaik aai uk a-Di abas aududai (3-); Soat uk; Ma

uk suta o os to po fo big a sa,

ud gpt ad Sa (260-2 fatd t

Mogos at att o f aut.

Biruni Moa ib b aa

(93-050) bo i a, di Gaza;

ataicia, gogap paac i

ci pscs, ad at scic scoa

Bitruji Nu a-Di ib Isa d 04), aso

ko as pagius; Moocco a Si;astoo

ch Brhe 540); Ska Dak;

astoo ad gi.

Rber Be (669 ga aua pi

osop ad cist O o f t fous of

od cst, ad o of t pios of

t od xpita scitc od



Nicolaus Coperncus Miolaj Kope or Nico

las Kopperig (473-53) hor (or),

oad asrooer ad aeacia

Al-Dimashqi (256327) aacus Sria rav

eer ad eplorerADnawari Abu aa (d 5) Adalsa,

Spa boas

Edward (23-307) g o Eglad (27230)

we o Crusades o Acres (27-272) o his

reu he buil casles o he Musli pla,

sig he babica desig

ucid (325-265 Aleadia gp Gree

aheaicia

AFarabi, Abu Nas (7050) aso ow as

Aphaabius ear Farab, Khazahsa, bulouished ad wored i ra phlosope

ad usi c heoris

AFarghani Abu-al-Abbas Ahad ib Kahir

ow as Alragaus (d 6) arghaa a

soxiaa asrooer a sgeo

Muhammad aFatih ow as Mehed or al

ah (432-4) Adriaople hace, ure

oa sla who rled ro Cosa

ople (45-4) coeo o Cosaople

AFazari Abu Abdlah Muhaad ib ba(d ca 777) Kdz, Aghaisa aeaica,

philosophe, poe ad asrooe he is

Msi asrooe o cosruc asoabes

Leonardo Fibonacci (70250) Psa, a

aeaca

Fatima aFihri (h ce) icaed

U ala or "he oe o chldre ez,

Morocco ar ad buidig pao, oe o

AlQarawi Uversi, Fez.

AFirdawsi Ab al-Qasi Masur (40-020)Koasa, ra hisoria ad chro icer

Frederick I (4250) ig o Sci (20)

hol roa epeor (220-25)

Gaen Cladius (ca 3206) ergau/er

gaa, ure pscia

Gerard of Cremona (ca 7) obar,

a raslaor

R i l l R LN C E : 1\ T I O U S r D � ' R0

/ R S i -

AGhaqi Muhaad ib Qassu b Asla

( 65) psicia, ee surgeo, ad erbas

AlGhaza Ab aed, ow i he Wes as

Agael (052) Khoasa ra philoso

pher ad eoogiaAHakam (7623) rued Crdoba

AHakam (5-7) Coba Spai so o

Abderraa rle AAdaus ro 6

o 7 aous o s libar

Ahmad aHaabi (d 455) Aleppo Sa

asrooer

Abu Bakr ibn aSarraj a-Hamawi (d 32)

aa, Sria geoeer, asooer ad

egieer

AHanbai aq a-i (236-32) ara,e eoogia Qurac eegesis fs

hadh ad jurisprdece.

Abu shaq braim ibn shaq aHarbi (d 25)

aghda a poe copao ad

heooga o he abali School o hogh.

Harun aRashd (7660) he ih Abbasid

caiph, who rue ro aghdad (76-0)

aousl ow or is good relaos wih

Carleage, o who he se a deegaio

wih gis icdig a daulic ogaHazarfen Ahmed Ceeb i (7h ceur) sabu

re po g 63 ro he Galaa

ower ear he ospous i sabul, ladg

o he oher side o he osporus

Hippocrates (ca 60377 Kos slad

Greece phsicia

Hunayn ibn sha a-bad (0-73) agdad,

a eber o e ouse o Wsdo rasa

o o Gee wos io Aabc phsca

bn Ab Usaybi'ah (d 270) aascus ria(praciced i gp) chroicer o phsicas

ad paaciss phsca ad oculs.

bn 'Aqi Abu al-Waa Ali (00-) agh

ad aq heoogia o he abal School o

hogh ad huas.

bn aAwwam (2h ceur) Sevie, Spa

agicuurs.



0 1 N V N S H D U R ; T

,buMuhaadia'alinbdul

ah ibn had (11724); Mlaga Span; phy

sian, hralis, pharaist and banis

aHaadhani (nth ntury);

aghdad Iraq ggraphr and tralr. bu li alHasan (6510)

als knn as lan Syria gypt; physit

and athatiian

, Muhaad ibn Muhaad bu

bdulah (12516); F Mr datn

alist and hlgan

, bu a'far had n bi Khalid

(a 5555); Qaryaan, uns a; phsiian

u aFara Muhaad ibn Ishaq

ibn Muhaad ibn Ishaq (tnth nury);aghdad, Iraq; bibligraphr and th auhr f

thib l-ihis bsllr and alligraphr

, bulhassan lauldin li ibn bi

Ha alQurashi (2012); aass , Syria,

and urisd and rd n Cair gyp;

physan ad dsrr th ruatn f

th bld

, bu'lFara ibn aqub in Ishaq

n alaa alKaraki (12126); Daa

us, Syria; phyian bu alQai hd ibn bdal

lah ibn Oar alGhaqi bst knn undr th

na f bn aSaffar aning sn f ppr

sith (d. 05); Crda, Span; athati

an and asrnr

(10475); aas

us, Syra astrnr and tkpr at th

ayyad Grat Mqu f aasus

bu Mhad bdlah ibn

Mhad aldi (d. 10) Suhar Oanphysiian and nylpdist.

bu alMutarrf abd alRahan

(001074); as nn as bngut ld,

Span; physan and pharags

alMui (10071061); Tunsia; hs

trian, sintist, his and rulr f Nrh

fra (1061062)

, bu akr Muhaad ibn aha ibn

asSay'igh knn as pa in h Wst

(d. 1) Saragssa, Spain philsphr and

physiian

, bu 'bd lah Muhaad bn Ibrahi alTulayuli (105); ld Spain; tanist

agriuturist and gardnr

bu bdullah Muhaad (104

16/70); Tangir, Mr tralr xplrr,

and hrnlr

, hd (nh ntury); aghdad

Iraq xplrr, trar, and hrnir

'bas (d 7); Krah, Takrna, Spain;

huaniarian, thngis, and his.

, bu Qasi Muhaad (200) Nisibin Iraq; xplrr tralr, and

hrnir

, bu Muhaad 'li ibn had ibn

Said (4106); Crdba Spain thlgian

and an f ltrs

, li (nh ntur) as knn as su

Haly aghdad Iraq physiian and ulist

bu aHusayn Muhaad ibn

had ibn ubayr (2th ntury); Granada

Spain ; tralr, xplrr and hrnilr (a 4); Crdba Spain ;

phyiian hrbalist and pharaist

aShaka (th nury) Tld

Spain; an apha r hralst, asrnr

d alRahan ibn Mhaad

(12406) uns Tunisia silgs, hi st

rian ph ilsphr, and nist

(2012) aghdad, raq

ggraphr and dirr f th grnnt

ptal sri in aghdad Shihab alin hd aladi (142

1500); Nad Saudi rabia; naigatr

bu Mhad (6640) agh

dad, ra; bbasid ir aligraphr and n

f th inntrs f th Nskhi sript

u Walid Muhaad aQurtubi

als knn as rrs (11261) Crdba



Si hise, hs, uis,

uge

n Rustah Ahe (e eu); Isf

ee d geghe

n Sad aMahr (124-24) G,Si his, e, ee, d gege

n Samaun (. 002); Alusi, S; he

is, is, gs.

n Sarayun Y, s w s Se

(i eu); S hsii d

his.

n Sna s w s Aie (80-1037)

Buk, Uzeks hsi, h ise,

ei, d se.

n Tooun Ah (835884); igl ws he seve he Asid ih e

ee ge g s f he

Asid Clie e i he us

Tu Msque i C

In Tuay Au B i Ad l-Mik

Muh i Mud u

lQs, s kw s Aue (d 85);

Gd, Si; hlshe, sii,

ii

n Yunus Au'-s Ai i A l-R hd -S (50100); Fus, Ci,

g; hei d se w

le he ee Tes

n Zuhr, Au Mw (0-161); ls kw

s Aez Seie, Si hsii, d

suge

Adrsi (0-166); Ce (M) d l

e, Sii; gege ghe

khwan aSaa' s w s Bhes u

( 83); Bs, q; g hishes.'zz aDn aWaa' ( 146) Ci, g

se d e

Jair n Aah (100-4) Seile, S h

e se

Jar n Hayyan Au Mus, s w s

Gee (22-815); Tus, I, lied we

K, q heis, dggis d hsii

HTRENC.: : T I I O t N D Y f>\R S r SC L,\R. H I P

AJahz A U A Bh ( 776-868)

Bs, hise d gis

AJazar Bdi- Au - s'l l

Rzzz (e 3h eu); Diki, uke;

egieeAJuran Au Rh Muhd i Msu

Adulh ( 088) Asd, ; ulis

suge

Kama aDn A s Mhd -is

( 1260-3) Tz I; heii d

hsiis

AKaraj A Be i Mu

us, s kw s A-Kkhi (53-102)

Bgd, e d egiee

e we he l-kriAKashhar M (1073); Tue geg

he eighe

AKash Gh Di (1380142); Ksh, ;

heii se.

Johannes Keper 51630) e Sug, Ge

; heii d se

AKhujand Au Mhu d -Kd

(40-000) Kuzh Tikis; se,

u se R, I, d

sed seAlKhwarizm Md i Mus (80850);

Kwz, ; eii se,

geghe wse e e w

"gh es

AKnd Au Yusu Yqu i Ishq Sh

(80873); K, s, hei

i, se, hsi, d gege;

s ee sii

AKuh Au S Wij Rs (eh e

u), i Kh i is, h u wked d uished i Bgdd

88 heii d se

eonardo da Vnc (452-5) Veie, l

ie, s, su, e, d

egee

AMajus 'Ali 'As (e e);

Ahwz, geghe



316 I N · N f ! O N S : T � ; D U R I N C1 I F \'Y L 1 / .\T ION

AMamun Abu afar al-Ma'mu ib aru AMuaddasi Muamma ib Ama ams

786833; e f te mst eligtee Abba- ali (ca 951; erusalem istria a

si calis, w rule rm 813 utl 833; e gegrae.

eae e se Wism AMuawakkil; Aasi cali w rle frm

AMansur Abu afar Abulla ib Muam- amarra, raq 8861 wic was te srtma al-Masur 712775 Abbasi cali w lie Abbasi caial fue by is fater,

rule frm Baga 755; te fer f Al-Muassim.

Baga i 762 Muwaa Abu al-Masur (tet cetury erat,

AMansur Yaqub 699; Marraec, Afgaista armacist

Mrcc Alma sulta w rue frm Mar- Nur aDin ibn Zangi 11181 17; su ta w rule

raec 18199, scceeig is fae, Abu Ale a amascus yria built e te

Yaub Yuf w rule frm 163 tl 8 earliest sas, A-i sita

AMarizi aqi ali Ama i 'A b Ab ANuwayri A al-Abas Ama 128332;

alQair ib Muamma 13612; Car, Cair, gyt istia

gyt istria Paladi Area 155158; aua, Italy arc-Yahya ibn Masawayh Ab Zaaria 776857 tet a aiter

Baga, raq yscia, armaclgist, Piri Reis Ib ai Muamma 16555 alli

eart scietst, a trasatr. li, Turey sea amira gegraer, elrer,

MashaAah 'Ai ibn sa ( 815; Cair, gyt a cartgraer

astrmer a matemaicia Pao 2737 Ates, reece iser

Maslama ibn Ahmad aMajrii ( 7 Mari, Caudius Poemaeus as w as Poemy

ai astrmer a matematca 8565 Aleaia, gyt gegrae

AMasudi Abu-assa A ib al-ussa 871 a astrme.

957; Baga, Iraq elrer, gegraer, a Qalawun aif a-i alAlfi alMasur 1222

stria 29; Mamlu sulta w rule gyt 129Micheangeo di Lodovico Buonarroi 175 29 i 128 e built te famus a imrtat

156; Tuscay, taly Itaia Reassae scul A-Masuri sital

tr, ater arcitect, a et AQazwini aaiya i Muamma 123

ady Mary Worey Monagu 6891762; L- 1283 Qawi, a raeer, elre, a

, gla rmie membe f sciety ge (qi

a wie te Bitis ambassar te tt- Bayak aQibjai (c 1282; stabu, Trey

ma mire brugt small iculati elrer, seafarer, a gegaer

frm urey Qub aDin aShirazi 12361311; Sira, ra

AMawsii Ammar ib Al (tet cetury astrme.

Msul raq eye surge a talmlgist ARammah a-assa am ali (ca 1285;AMu'izz -i Ala 9395; a werful yria egieer a miitary stria

Faimi cali w eae te Fatmi rule Raphae Raael 183152; rbi, taly

fr N Arca gy e er f aie a acec.

samc Cair, A-Qaira, i 92/3 a e ARaziAbu ar Muamma ib Zaariya 865

t

msue f Al-Azar 925; Ray Ira ysicia a cemist w

AlMuka (. 98 Abbasi cal w rule i te West as Raes

frm Baga 9298 Roger I 193115 ; alerm, iciy Nrma



kig h ule Siily 110-114; s a su-

ess f Rge famus f hs iteest i

gegaphy a suppt the Muslim geg

aphe A-isi

Sbur bn Sh als spele Shapu 869;Juishapu a; physiia a phamaist.

Sif Dw Abu al-Hasa ib Hama 916

967; ule Alepp a fue the Hama-

a yasty f Alepp He as famus f his

patage f shlas

AlSmw b ahia alMaghibi 8;

Bagha a; mahematia a astme

Miche Scott a 7a 126; Sta ; physi-

a astlge a tasla

Sibwih 760-79; Bayza Baya a; gam-maia siee the mst imptat Aabi

gammaia up hse k al the Aabi

gammas ae base

Sinn Ka Mima Sia 1489188; stabu

Tukey; ahitet a esige

brhm ibn Sinn ib Thabit ib Qua g946 Haa, ukey; gemee, as,

a mathematia

AlSu Ab al-Rahma 90-986; sfaha, a;

astmeASui Abu Bak Muhamma teth etuy;

geat maste hess

Pope Slveter I Gebet Auila 940/0

00; Auege Fae ppe 999-100

phis phe mathematiia a taslat,

bught Aab umeals t upe bee

beig pise

Umr ibn Frrukhn Tbr als k as

Oma Alfagaus ith etuy; Tabaista,

a; astlge; mpie the i univsusT lDin Rd Muhamma ib Mauf a-

Sham al-Asai a 126-18; amasus, Syia;

astme, egiee, a mehai

Thbit ibn Qurr a 86901; aa, Tukey;

gemete athematiia, astme a

aslat f Geek i t Aabi

ATui Nasi ali 1201-1274; Maagha us,

\ J J \ \ J

Khasa, a; astme mathematiia,

a ph ilsphe

Uuh Be Muhamme Taagai 194-1449;

Samaka Uzbeista; astme

Umr lKhm Ghiyath al Abul-athUma ib bahim AlNisabui 10481122;

Nishapu, a; astme a mathematiia

Umr ibn Khttb ib Nufay b Ab al-Ua

ib Rayyah a 81-644; mpai f Pphet

Mhamma a se aliph, ulig fm

Meia Saui Aabia 64-644

Uthmn bn Affn ib Abi A-As ib Umayyah

77-66; mpa f Pphet Muhamma

a thi aliph 644-66Vitruvu Maus Plli a70-a 2 ; Rme,

taly; ahitet a egiee

AWld ib Abulmalk ib Maa 668-71;

Umayya aliph h ule fm amasus

Sya 70-71; e built he Umayya Msue

amasus

Sir Chrtopher Wren 62-172; L,

Uite Kigm; ahitet astme a

mathematiia

Snd bn Al Yhoudi ith etuy; Bagh-

a, a; Je ete it slam hef

astme f Al-Mau; istiguishe mem-

be f the Huse f Wism

Yut b-'Abllah Rum al-Hamai 1179-1229;

Aab bigaphe, hisa a gegaphe

AZhrw Abu Qasm Khalaf ib alAbbas,

k i the West as Abulasis 96-101;

ba Spai; physiia a suge

AZrli Abu sha bahm b ahya alsk as Aahel 10291087; Tle Spai;

asme h mpile the lea Tables

Zhen He 71-14; Kumg, hia; aigat

a amial.

Zirb Abul-Hasa Al ib Nai 789-87;

Bagha a; musiia astme, asi

esge, a gastme.



318 N N O S T L F D U N G CC O M US C i v Z A O

0 4 HOR A TREAIE

B eow ae the tte of anrt treate an boo by an abotoe of he M hoar enone n th boo an ea of

where the aea an e fon

Lcating igina manscis is ic Since

a thsan yeas hae asse, they ften nt

est anyme. easns f this ay fm ibaies

eig bne i he Mie Ages, was, an nat

a isastes t meiea schay iay hat e

t manscits being estye an a ac es

eatin e the centies Thsans f igina

manscits as emain t e catage in many

ibaies an sme hae yet t be cate ets

say as many as &e miin manscits eist an

ny abt 60000 them hae been eie

Ftnaey cies an tansatns f many

manscts ae bee esee ve e cen

es in iaies sch as the Bitish Libay n

n ai Paace Msem ibay Tey

Seymaniye Libay Tey atina Libay f

Meicine S. Pincetn niesity ibay S

Vatican Libay Leien Libay Han an

Cambige an Of niesity ibaes

HOE• On th Co rail'Abd a-Kad bn Muhaad a-Ansa alDjaz

at a-aa a-qawaPrty dtd i SyCetoat a d diio mrri roy

ri, 6

Abd a-Kad bn Shaykh bn aAydaus aat aaa aya aqaa Ahdt Vrzi

Biiothk Br MS 59 3 vom Bri Grmy19.

Hattox, R S C an Cooe e Ogn of aoca Beeage n te Meea ea Eat ivrit o

Whio Pr Stt d Lodo 9.

• ClocksAl-Jaa Ja ay a' a-a wa a'ataHya

o e oo o owe o no Meaa

Dv Suyiy Liry Ayofy Cotio MS366 tu

A-Jaa Tet an te Cotd d rprtd y

t S ooo t id Bfgou r

hrig-ggr d hd uu it o t

itor o Ari-m S h o Wof

gg Goth Uivrity rkfurt

H, Donald R On te Cotto o Wat Co or

ta a f aa a-aat urr d

vr, odo, 96

Hll, Donad R a WatCo titut for th i

to of Ari Si, Apo Syi 191

Hl, Donad R mi i hoogy d t u o Dopm o uo oroogy -at Vo pp - Ai irty o

Biru Bir 19

Taq alDn awa ayya f a-qaat aawyya o ea ta on Cy Wate Co r

-Kutu MS Mt 551 Ciro

Taq al-Dn at aaaya - a-anayyairry of th opkpi P Mm MS zi t

Taq al-Dn Rayanat a a aaat aa taw't Vta r MS 1 Vti Ci

Tk, Sv e Co n te Otoan Ee n tet Cent an Taq an gtet ta ot Cotto o t Mana Co Akr Ui

vrity Bimi Ak, rky 1966

• ChssA-Hanba ta aa aqta naq a-'awa or

T oo o te ap o Waa t ae oC hyr Ahmd -Qii ditor) r--rhid

Bghdd, 19

AlSul ta aatan or taa ta aatanSuyy iy mi Coto, MS

AlSul ta aatnj. ut Sgi (uih) ti

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• Music q or

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20 01 J N V N T I O S : T i l L F D U I N L i\CY O J· M I ." C l v I 1 / I

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as

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• Mathmatics rigonomtry and GomtryAbgal Phpp dlomnt d a omtri ax

• icl Ab ahl alQhi anar aris

Ab Kal Sha bn Asa Th lbra o Ab amil:iab aabrwa -mabala a ansa

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a nz ns Wisnsin ss asn

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Ab alWafa iab alHandaa r Book omtCarg Unirsi ibrar rsan 6, Ca

bg KAb al-Wafa iab ma yata ilayhi alani naara

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Ab Bak aa bn aasan alKarai la ilhiab nnd br rihmik on (45 dJhd ir n knir n a Calb, pp, ra 86

Ab alHasan Ahadb rai asi Th rihmic oalUlidii Th o oHindbic rithmtic aTold in itab al-l al-hiab al·hindi. ransa an



ottd y Ahmd Sm Sd Rd ordrht

Nhrd 19

agdad Kitab al-takmila 'ilm alHisab, or Book ofCompletion on the Science of Arithmeti Suyy

Ly MS 21 tu

AKwaz Kitab al Mukhtasar l Hisab al-Jabr walMuqabala or Compendious Book of Calculation byCompletion and Balancing Md MS kmt jr 6 Md Sud A

an Ms a ots Tahriru Kitabi Ma rifat Misahat alashkal alBasitat al-Kuriyya Koru Lry KmMS 93 tu

ggn nnat J tory of Mthm th mord h Pt Stt of h Art Bulletin of theMiddle East Studies Association Vo 19 9-33 195

ggn nna pisodes in the Mathematics of Medi

eval Islam.Srgr Vrg Br 196

Kitab al-Atha al-Baqiyya an al-Qurun alKhaliyya o Chronology of Ancient Nations, or Vestiges ofthe Past Suymy ry Ayofy CotoMS 29 tu

n Kitab al-Athar al-Baqiyya 'an al-Qurun alKhaliyya or Chronologie orientalischer vlker Fut Sz

(dtor C Edurd Shu (uhr GA Fkrt

199

A-n Kitb Maqalid ilm alhay'a a triqonometiespherique chez les arbes de /'est a a n du X siecle orKitb maqalid ilm alhay'a Mr Thr rot

(dtor ttt Fr< d m Pr 195.

Dbba Ad Lalgbre aabe: Gense dun art Adt

Vrt Pr Fr 25

Alaab Maqala Ihsa al-Ulu, or The Book of the Enumeration of the Sciences Kouu Lrry MS 161

tu

Aaab Maqala Ihsa al- Ulum o Catlogo de las ciencias m d Eo Mtr Mdrd 1932

oks M d Ktsc Pa. Die teste lateinischeSchrift ber das indische Rechnen nach alHwarizmidition, bersetung und Kommentar Byrh Akdm dr hft Phoohh-htorhK Ahdg N Fo ft 13 M h199

Jaoc Kl La thorie des parallles en pays dslamContribution a prhistoire des gomtries noneuclidi ennes Vr Pr 196

A-Kaaj Alahri lJabr wa'l-Muqabla Symy

Lrry rv P MS 25 tu

AlKaa Ua Risala l-barahin ala masa'il aljabrwa'lmuqabala,o Treatise on roofs ofoblems ofAlgeb and Balancing Ryd MS 93 Cro

H f C · T I S D A

n Md Maoae. Oprer sur le Continu Tadionsarabes du Livre X des Elments d'Euclide avec ditionet a traduction du commentaire dal-Mahani Bt

km Crth 25

Mthm d r Str Mdv m: A Stv

Rv of ork o from 95 to 995" HM, Vo 2

- 199

Maad bn Msa a-Kwazm. Le Calcul Indien"Algorismus Histoire des textes dition critique, traduction et commentaire des plus anciennes versionslatines remanies du XI sicle Adr Ard (tor.

BhrdPtr PrNmur 1992

AlKawaz Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 200-815) Texts and Studies. Cotd d rrtd

y Sg voum m Mthmt dAtroomy Vo 3-6 GA Frkfrt 99

oc Rcad Thabit Ibn Qura On the Sectorigure and

Related Texts Edited with tanslation and commentaGA Frkfrt 21

Rasd Rosd Entre arithmtique et algbre Recherchessur istoire des mathmatiques arabes B Lt

tr Pr 19 rdto g The Development ofAbic Mathematics Between Arithmetic and AlgebaKur ordrht Nthrd 99

Rasd Rosd d Vaabae Bjan Al-Khayyammathmaticien. Bhrd Pr 1999

Rosn dck The Algebra of Mohammed ben MusaFrdrk Ro (dtor d rtor Om Vrg

dhm Grmy 196 Rrt of th rt dto

Ot rto Fud Lodo 131

ASddq Risala l-handasa or Treatise of GeometSuymy Lry Ayoy Coto MS 236

tu

ATs Al-abr wa'l-Muqabala Vt rry MS 312

V Cty

Les Mathmatiques Innitsimales du IX au XI• siclesVo bn al-Haytham. A-Fur m rg

Foudto Lodo 1993

Les Mathmatiques innitsimales du IX au XI siclesVo Fondaeurs et commentateurs A-Fr m

r Fodto odo 1996

Les Mathmatiques innitsimales du X au X siclesVo bn al-Haytham Thorie des coniques, constructions gomtriques et gomtrie pratique AFrm rtg Fodto Lodo 2.

Les Mathmatiques inni tsimales du IX au X siclesVo V Mthodes gomtriques transformations ponctuelles et philosophie des mathmatiques A

m r tg Fodto odo 22

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322 1 0 N V E N T O N S : T i N DU l" I N f. G r o M S v\ C I L I Z I N

thoi ds nombs au X sicl. air i , ain/a, .

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atiss on Alchmy Ianbl Uniri bar Y , Ianb.

Jab bn Hayyan Kitab al- Kimiya Vaia ibrar 8/, Van Ci.

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ARaz Kitab al As r Th Book of th ct of thcts Ianbl ir aka , Ianl an ainal iba in, i , , .

Al-Samaw, al-aq, Ab Al-Qasm Mhammad bma Kitab Nihayat altalab shah kitab [al'ilm]almuktasab ziaati al-dhahab. a Gn aran l a prin b gn aaa in in Islam Vl 1 IGIW Fan,

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in

• Th ScbAb Jaafa bn Tophal h mpovmnt ofHumana

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a r ag rana riginalra b in Ok l nn, 8

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Conad, . Th Wld of bn Tufayl: ntdiscipliny Pspctis on Hayy bn Yacan Ilaip lg an in l. rl in

Goodman, L. Ibn f, in Histo1 ofslami Philosophyp pp - a an an i

lg 1.

Haw, S bn al H Ibn aan I rr, i

a p an Islamic Cultu, HydbadQuatly viw, V 1- .

Haw, S Islamc Natulism and Mysticism A Philosophical tudy ofIbn Tufayl s Hayy Yaan . ri ,

Haw, S n arali rif f Ibn al

Ha In Yaan oual of th Pakistan Histoicaloci pp

Haw, S In fl ppraial f a

In n Hi g in Intnational ounal of Midd ast dis, , pp 8 1 1.

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In n" n ounal of Na ast tudis 1 pp

bn Tfayl Ib Tufayls Hayy ibn Yan: A Philosophicalal ranl i nin n nn

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a ranlai b Ria Ka Oagn nn 8

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bn aAwwam Kitab alilaha r L l i d /agicultua gn ir J J ln ranlr

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pin 88

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f C F iU H R S D I .

graad l-ga," adi di di aabi h ig ad ur publer. Maba'a Dar

pp 9-91 Caa edre rea eeza Ial, 9 al-Kub, Car 19

Gacia Snchz, Expac6n grlue Ml Nihayaal-Aab FalAdab hAbpa h Lgacy of Ml ai pp 97-999 A of Ma Dar al-ub a-M a, Car, 193 Brl Lede 199

• Water SupplGacia Snchz, Exprac6n, ad Alvaz oas Al-JazaAlJai' bay all alNawa iaa al-HiyalCamo e a edr icia d a alza al ee Ck eAdal xoy dio lue CCea de

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ura arbud a Ib Wad aaa uea pepe-Wa-Lifig Dvic i h Ilaic ol x ad Sd-

a bre au ra" Aal d dio aab 16 pp 3-1 Madrd,

i aral ee Ilam, 3 Clleed ad

Abu 'Abd Alah Muhammad b Ibahm Ib Bassa Librepred b ezg e a IGIW, rakur 1

d agicla d prelar pr xpra GaaKnko, e C uberaea Waer

e eba erde Bermej erra eadaupple Durg e bba de [ Calpae, a-

Graada, pa 199acio of h Glagow iviy Oial Sociy,

Al-Masud Mj aldhahab wa Madi al-Jaha, r 13 pp 3-3 1979

h Madow of Gold ad ai of Jl akaraWdmann, ad Haus Faz ber r-

Uer, laa Fal Lbra M 193 akara,uge zu ebe Waer der Ilame We,"

urke Biag z Gchich d cknik ddi

AlMasud Mj al-dhahab wa Maadi al-Jawha, pp 111 191

le Muamad Mudd bdulamd ed- • Dams

r -Makaba al-ara al-Kubra Car, 196. Alds Nzha al-Mha 'khiak al- Afa rAl-iab

bn Wahshya, alilahah Nabaiyah h Book ofalai A caio fo h o Who Log o

NabaaAgicl lue Irdu rabav h Hoio Book of og uleae

ad gl b ua ezg G IW Fraur 1993-9bar, ure Paa M 31 Ia

Vasco, Dan Man Mdival Agil ad laicSmth A. . A Hio ofDa Ld, 19

Scic h Alaac ofa Yi Sla e Ur • Windmills Wag Pre, eale, 199 Al-Masud M al-dhahab a Maadi alJaha ee

• Farming Manualsglural Relu e

bn alAam. iab al-Filaha ee glural Reu- Hassan, Ahmad Y ad Hl Dona og. aic

e chology: A Illad Hio, p Cambdge

• Water ManagementUer Pre Cabrdge 96

Al-Kaaj iab iba al-iyah al-khayya r Exc- Lohmann, Dch de le u ele

Wde Ahiv f lgchich 7. .io of dgod Wa Oea Pbl Lbrar aBapre, M 6/3 aa Ida 1 pp 1-3 ) 199

Al-Kaaj iab iba al-iyah al-khayaBagdad bdul- Hl, Donald Rouldg Meaa geerg e

Medeal ear a," Sciic ica pp 6-69Mm ed ad aa Iue rab Ma-

rp, Car 199 Ma 1991

A-Kaaj Laio dll ac aco aaoLucas, Adam Wid, a Wok Aci ad Mdival

cicociico di aaji Maaicoigg - Millig chology . Brll, Lede, 6.

iao vio l Mill b Geppa Ferell K • TradeWlam Bk, ur Ial Abuaa, Davd e Rle rade Mul-Ca

Lghfoot, Dal R e Og ad Du Qaa Ca Dg e Mddle ge, h Aab -

aba: e dee e er ad u- c iMdival u A g ad Rad

er Pela" Goghical Joal 66 3 k edr Iaa Pe, Berkre UK 99

pp 16 Ra Gegrapal e, d, ul Chaudhu K ad ad iviliaio i h Idia

AlMaqz iab al-Slk li Maifa Dal alMlk, r Oca: A cooic Hioy fo h i of la o

Book of c o h oldg of h Dyai of Cabdge Uer Pre Cabrdge UK 19





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Th c h nd Ca Dc ARz a aaq a a q a aan a q Ra ( Da akaba a aa u, 16 ban a aadd Wha A h C Dn·

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bn ubay ha Ibn Jbay; h T Ibn Jbay

pp a

bn aNas aa A·Aadaa A Ta n hyy ks, Dh 21 an ( Da -asa ubnanah

bn Juljul. Tabaqa A·Aba aHaa� a Fua, Ca, 1( nh ua Pubans, Ca, 55.

bn aQu. Ktab al-Umda f iaat aliraha, Thbn Sna l·Qau a·Tbb Cao Mdii oudatio uan Lba gu

an ba kgu , Isanb Isan

bn Sna. A·Qann aTbb Cann dcn bn a-Qu Adah A·Jaha 2 us. OsanaDa a pn f ua n Ca, 1 ns h uau Osana Ona Pubas

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bn Rshd A·yya A·Tbb Th Bac ncp16 Mdcn Jab (r aban Phsph

• stumets of erfectio ag sIb u Ws h Insu

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Al-alad Ahmad bn Muhammad bn Yahya ab bn Zuh ab aTa adaa a a·Tadb adb a habaa a a·aa a hz hhah a Book o Smpliato Cnc Thapc anddaa al amrdd al aarddah lahum a et -Kh 1s Vs 12 Dau a Qas aa ( 2n n Da k Pss ab uana n an hn -haafah aaah, agha, 1 Cuua Ogaan, Daass, a 1

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ns, h uau, Osana Ona Puan bn alNas Shah Tahih al-Qau, Commt n16 aba a he Anay th Cao Acnna uan

bn Sna ab aQann bb nna's Can ba, Fah 626 21 an 56 sanb

dcn Da a pn f ua n Ca, 1 bn al-Nas. ab hah Tahh AQann. Qaaa

bn Zuh vnz Ktab alTa al·Mudawat wa ( Th gpan anusp ng uau,

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• Surgery bn Sna. ab aha Th B C Han

ARaz ab aHa Lb cnnn nuns dy Innce. ba h pkap Pa

f n sn su, h III 261, sanbu.



10 1 O S : T H L N D U R L G r\CY OF , L 1 V I Z;TO

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Ib Sa innas D nima Bing h Psyhologial Pao Kiab al-Sha, or Kiab al-Shia: al-ann alsadis minal-abiiyya wa huwa kiab al-nas azurahma dor,3rd io Uivy o rham urham 7.

Notebook of the OcuistAbu alaag Th bidgd Vsion o Th Book oSimpl

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MS 37, Vaa C.Ib al-Nas l-Muhadhdhab alKuhl al-Muab M Z

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o Book o Pamaology akim Mohamma Said

pubihr ad ranlaor ino Egh Suman

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AlBagha Mukhara lTibb Vo 3636

. 1-1 Oma a nvr Th Bu rau, O maa

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oundaions o h Tu Popis o mdis ua

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B Ml, Ahm bn Ja Consanin /iainSaam, n Tunia 87

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B Ml, Ahm Ibn Jazza Mdin Kaiouan. Maaa A Tounia Tuni uia 6

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ditin mi Hrtg vvl Citt, S P u Ad 204. u Szgin ditr)Cnil fr i Afr nty ndwmnt n th Hy Ab- Sn t thCi 2004. hnn Wlfgng Gh nivry Frnft 2001

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bn Md Shhb ln. b Nagaon n h ndanOcan Bfor h Comng of h Porugus o Kaba·Fawad usu l abahr walqawad Ts

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Edd Dil d

Chls Dil odo, 77rid , d Cook E wdviddfrid

mcom/Mdivl/mscl_pd/Msclhm

H-Dvis dm.

BBC Books Lodo 200

Ldg, C

oim odo 983

h Wr cpio of rc pics" i

R Rshd (dior

Roldg Lodo 1996

F F

mr S B Biliohc Islmic,

Chicgo 1977

R Hs . Rssll Er

priss Milord Co 1999

Sopiv Nsh ,

MusmHigcom 001

SCHOOLlhz i Tsd fom i K

El-Hlw kig K, Ss 2000

Bu Chrls c MslimHrigcom 00

Dodg B h Middl

Es si Wsigo DC 1962

skis C H

rdick Ugr Plishig Co Nw ork 1967

hsogluEkmlddi

MuslimHrigcom 00Mcks, R Moslm ris d Sci Prop

gd i ,

19343

Mkdis org h rigi d vlopm of h

Collg i Islm d h Ws i

Khlil ! Sm (dior S Uivrs of

N ok Prss 980.

Nkos M .

8350 Uvsy of Coodo Pss Bod

1964

Pdrs J o rch (slo.

Pico ivsi Pss Pico, NJ 198

Pio h Lirris o h s Dig h m of h

sids," i 3 99

Ri volms mp

d Esislo Ms, Mdid, 1928

Srdr Z d Dvs, M W .

S Books odo 1990

So 3

gi sio Wshgo DC 1927.

ii, . uzc d Comp Ld

Lodo 197W W M

Edurgh ivrsi Prss, Ediugh 1972.

Wilds, H Rhrd Co N ork 99

Zmch Sh

wwMslimHgcom 00

MARKETz B vsd hid d o

ivs of Chicgo Prss Chicgo, 1980

Bols giculu i

, ,



334 1 0 I N N T O N S T ' D I N ( j G: CY W 1 V I N

Cuues Helaine Selin edio) Klwe cademc Bune Chaes Aabic Medicie i he Meieaea

ulises, odech/Boson/ondon 199 wwMslimHeiagecom 24

Cannel 4 A Isamic His1 Eupe gus -9 Campel Aabia Medicie ad Is Iuece he

2 Midde Aes l ess msedam, 1974

e a, Baon Caa. Les Peseus de sam o. 2, eu Channe 4 T A Isamic His0 Eupe. ugs 19hne as 1921 2.

Hill, R Isamic Sciece ad Eieei. dngh Cumson C slamc Medicine, in A Iduci

nivesiy ess, Edinugh 1993 he His1 Medicie he ime he Phaahs

dsi, oho he Musim Aicuu Revui ad Is he Ed he XI Ceu Keg an au Tench,

Iuece Eupe wwwMusimHeiagecom 2 Tune, and Co d, ondon ad lfed Knopf

e Bon, La Civiisai des Abes !M, Syacse, New o 1926

ay 4 STC Phamacy i he Maki wwwMusimHeiage

Sco, S. His he Mish Empie i Eupe 3 vo com, 2

mes B ipnco Compay, ondon halioung, au n Nas, in Sudies i he Aabic

Wason . M Aicuua Ivai i he Eay Isamic Heiae.The Minsy of fmaion o Kuwa, Kwa,

Wd. Camidge Univesiy ess Camidge, UK 9

193. Hischeg J ppe J, and Miwoc E Die aabische

aimeche Salah A Review Musim Cibui Ai Lehbuche de Aueheikude hdl, e es-

cuue. wwMusmHeiagecom, 22 sischen kademie, Belin, 19

skanda, A Caaue Aabic Mauscips Medi

OSPTL cie ad Sciece i he Wecme Hisica MedicaLib The Wellcome Hsoical Medical iay, on-

de-Halim, R E. Coniions of n Nas 1212 don 1967. o he ogess of Medicine an d uolog Sudy Keys T E, and Wakim, K Cibuis he Aabs and Tanslaions fom Hs Medical Woks, in Saudi Medcie ol 2 oceedngs of he Saf Meeing MayoMedica Jua o 29, pp 13-22 2 Clinic, Rocese Minn 93

Expeimea Medicie 000 Yeas A ol 3 pp Kikp, J R The His1 ad Evu i Suica Isu--61 Uol n, ais, 211 mes noducion nnals of he Royal College o

Lihipsy A Hisica Review Maousce E , edio Sgeons of England, 19Endo-uologyoceedgs of he Thid Congess of he eclec Hisie de a mdecie aabe Ees edau,eaioal Sociey of Uoogc Endoscopy Kashe; ais, 76

ugus 26-3, 94. Ba-elag Wee Seinuc evey, M. Eay Aabic Phamacy E J Bill eiden, 1973

Baden, emany, 19 lso availale a hp://ww deg, C The Wesen Recepion of aic Opics"

hekoeninenaionaog/hoipsyhml) in Ecycpedia His Aabic Sciece R Rashed

Oesiy: 1, eas go" Lace 36624 2 edo). Roledge, ondon, 996

lso availale a p://waieadelhaim.com/ Meyeof n Nas and Hs eo of e esse Ci

Oesiy sgohm) caon" n Isis, . 23. 193

de-Halim, R , waijii, S Elfaih, S R. and Miwal li Sao, Iduci he His Scece Can

H Eacion of Uiay Badde Sone as escied egie nsiion Washingon, C, and Williams and

y l-Qasm Khaaf as" i n Saudi Medica Wilkins Company Balimoe 19231 Repined Roe

Jua, ol 24, pp 23-91 23 ansaion of oigi E Kiege ulshng Co c New Yo 19

al e and a commenay. Shaikh, ahim Wh Discveed Puma Cicuai,

Mazoa , and deHali R E aeshesia Ib a-apis Havey wwMuslmHeiage.comYeas go! in he His Aaeshesia pp 46- 21

RS kinso and B Bol on edios) Royal Socey o Ullmann, M Isami Medicie slamc sveys No 1 Edn

Medicne Sevices and he ahenon ulishing oup, ug nivesiy ess, dingh, 19

ondon and ew o 199 lso availae a hp:// TOWNaeadealmm/aneshesahml)

neshesa 1, Yeas go in Midde as Channe 4 T A Isamic Hi Eupe ugs 19,Jua Aeshesiy ol 1, pp. 33-92. 1991, 2 2.so availale a hp://ww.aieadelhalmcom/ Foes, R J Sudies i Acie Techy ol 2 E Bilaaehea2hml.) eden, 196





36 N V N S i R N ( ; V / r

o 6 GLOARY

Abbasid dynasty A dynasty that ruled the

Muslm aihate rm Iaq beteen 750

and 1258 he Abasids are renned r

fstering learnng and siene her mst

dstingished alhs are Harun al-ashid

(red 786-89) and hs sn Al-Mamun

(ruled 813-833) h made Baghdad the

enter sene and earnng They

nded the se Wisdm, a amus

library and shlarsh enter Harun

a-ashd s renned fr gitng

Charlemagne a ater l and an rgan

in 797.

Aghlabids Mslim dynasty that ruled rm

8 t 909, and as sem-indeendent

Baghdad The Aghlabids ata

A-Qayaan as a vibrant y during

that time Ang their ams legaies is

the ater reservir AlQayaan. rm

A-Qayaan Tunsia, they ruled Siy andMata

Alah "Alah is the Arab rd r Gd

the sreme and nly Gd the Creatr

h arding t the Quran is the same

Gd as the Bible.

Allahu Akbar Allahu Akbar is Arab r

"Gd is the greatest The hrase is said

dring eah stage bth bligatyand vuntay rayers he Msim all

t rayer r athan r aan and all t

mmene the rayer r iqama, als

ntain the hrase. he atal ttle

this hrase is akbir. n the Islami rld,

instead alause, Msims fen shut

akbir" and the rd resnds Alahu

Akbar in hrus t sh agreement and

satisatn.

Almohad ne the greatest medieval

dynasties hih ruled Nrh Ara (and

muh Sain) rm ra 147 ntil the

rise t er the Merenids arnd 269

he Almhad dynasty (rm the Arabi

Al-Muwahhidun "the mntheists r "he

Unitarians the name being rrted

thrgh Sanish), ere a Berber Muslim

reigis er h nded the fth

Mrish dyasty in the 12th entury, nit

ing Nth Ara as far as gyt tgether

ith Muslim Sain

Al-Andaus he Arabi name given t the

berian Pennsula hen t as ruled by

Muslims rm 71 t 492. AlAndalus ne

enmassed the area extending rm the

Medterranean t nhern San, brderng the kngdm f Aragn in the nh

day, Andalsa s sed t dente the

suthern regin Sain erent mean

ings have been sggested r Al-Andals

the mst ams nes beng the "gardens

(in Arabi) and the "and the Vandals

rers h inerted the man mire

and ruled Sain bere the Musims.

Arab and/or Musim The term "Aab isaied t thse ele h are Arab

rgin regardless hether they are/ere

Muslims "Mslim is used t refer t the

ele adhere t the Muslim relign,

hh nludes Arabs and nn-Arabs, suh

as thse rm Iran, astan, r ndnesia

fr examle.



Asabiyah his is an Arabc wrd which

can an sidarity r gru cnscius

nss bu is usualy tanslad as gru

ling. A h st basic vl syh

is sthng hat a rsn ls r hisal a kind brthrhd. Accrding

Ibn Khaldun th succssl ulr is h

wh anags t srad and aintan th

syh al brs th scity s

that al hink n anthr as hy wuld

thnk h wn bthrs.

Aid A dynasty undd by th

Musl Kurdsh gnal Salah a-Din

al-Ab d 19) knwn t Chistians inur as Saladin. Salah al-Din stabishd

th Aybid dynasty in 1169 h Ayyubids

unitd yt and Syra and thr ars

h Musi as, which nabld th t

dat th Crsadrs a Hatin and rcvr

Jrusal.

Al-Az A unvsty cnnctd th

su in Cair nad in hn

ata a-Zahaa, th daught PrhtMuhaad, r wh h aid

Dynasty claid dscnt h su was

bult in tw yars t and th

schl thgy cnnctd with it was

undd in 988 I rains this da t is

n th lds rating univrss in

h wld

Baidaq Pawn n chss.

Al-Brni AlBarrani cnsists a lag

d-cvd hal in a bathhus inc

raing a dru blw th d) with

staind glass wndws Th Daascns

snt uch h alnt n lavshy stain

ing h wals A-Barani with lgant tis

daing clrs rctng irrs and

F [ : G Y

calligrahy las wlcng clnts ad

citing Arabic rvbs. It is hr tha thy

g rady rcd t thr sctins

h hmmm and wh hy trd at

bathing

Al-Byd A villag nar Qa in Ira

Clip itrally ans n wh acs

sn wh lt r did. n slaic cn

txt ths ans a succssr t th Prh

Muhaad as a litica, ltar and

adinisatv lad h Muslis, bt

ds nt includ a rhc r

Cipte Th Isac sat gvnnt

whs had s th caih.

C.E Th Cn ra, ry knwn as

h Chstian ra It s th agd ntrna

inal dating trinlgy

Chatang Chtrng is Psan chss,

and th ldst r th ga.

Dinr Basic currncy unit cnsisng

1,000 ls

Eid A Musl clbrary sva which

th ar tw n ar asting n th nh

Raadan cald Ed l-Fr) and th

thr in clbratin atr Hj cald Ed

l-Adhh)

Faqih An xr in slaic law.

Faas Arabic t ar r hs and

h knight in chss

Ftimid A dynasty nad at aa

alZahraa th daughtr Pht

Muhaad which s t lica





Maghreb The rbic wrld ws trditn

lly divided n tw rts, the Mshri r

esern r nd he Mghreb r western

rt (iterlly "the west r where the sun

sets) Gegrhicly it is dened s the

egin the cntinent ric nrth

he Shr nd wes the Nleseci

cll the mdern cunries Mrcc

Western Shr (nneed nd ccuied by

Mrcc) lger Tunis Liby nd t

much esser etent Muritni

Mamluk Orgnlly Turkish slves wh

rmed r the bbsid rmy The

Mmluks were member the Turkishseing cvry tht went n t rule Et

nd Syri under he 13th-century Mmluk

dynsty

Manaa rbic r minrets the

msue iterlly ens lighthuse

Mab nche n the wl f he msue

tht indices the directin n whch ne

shuld ry wrd Mecc

Minaet twer rm which the muein

r crer clls ee ryer

Mnba ult r he mm r ryer

leder

Mswak clening stick ctully twg

rm certn rees essenly he rk tree

btniclly knwn s Savade pescaused r cening the teeth Investgtins

by Swss hrmceuticl cmny hb

Bsel td und tht it cntis ntbcte

ril sbstnces h destry hrmul germs

in the muth

Mtqas Weghts

F : G Y

Mosque ublic lce r wrshi nd

ryer r the Musims

Mu'allm Ismic techer

Muands Engineer r rchitect

AlMutasb AlMuhtasb is iterly

judge (qad wh tkes decisins n the

st in ny lce nd t ny ime s lng

s he rtects the nerests the ublic

His resnsiblities re lmst endess in

rer t imlement the regng rincile:

cmmnding the gd nd rbdding the

evil wrngding AlMuhasb nd/r hisdeuties like ul judge, mus hve high

ulctins nd be wse mture ius

well sed sne ree just, emthic nd

lerned schr r faqh He hs the bil

ity t scertin rght rm wrng nd the

cbiliy t dstinguish the ermissble

haa rm the nnermissibe haam S

AMuhtasb is entrusted t secure the cm

mn were nd eimnte injuries t

scey s whle even such hnrbletsks reure hm t tke snce gnst

the ruing gvernnce In shrt he must be

n intee (y uthrzed) ius nd

just

Muwaqqt Timekeeer wse mn gve

the tsk bsee nd decde n the tmes

pryes

Pbuh ece (nd blessings llh) beun hm (rhet Muhmmd); vw

devn nd beie tht Muhmmd ws

the het Gd (llh) Ths hrse

s reeted by Muslms every time they

rnunce r her the nme rhet

Muhmmd



340 E l O S: lc D ,

G O M S · I I / J O

Qai A Mlim jdge

AlQahwa Arabic erm r cee

l-Qayrawan i a n in nrea

nia and a evered ciy lam.

nded in 670 by Uba bin Na an Arab

eader i wa e ea Arab gvernr n

Nr Arica nil 8 nder e Aglabid

dynay (8-), became e cie

cener cmmerce and learning, and

remained dring e aimid re (

921). e ciy wa rned (1057) by Bedin

invader e Ban Hilal ribe and beenly wa laned by ni.

Al-Qali wrd wa derived rm qala

( dry r ra in a an) lqal i e

bance a a been raed r "ae

e lan alwr n m langage

Ere b bance were named

naron

Qamaa A dar rm l a i cabin

Qanat I i a tye ndergrnd irrigain

canal beween an aier n a iedmn

ne a garden n an arid lain e wrd

i Aabic b e yem i be nwn

rm ancien ran

Qibla An Arabic wrd reerring e direc

n Mecca, adi Arabia, a Mlm

ld ace ward wen ey ra

Raja e even mn in e Ilamc

lnar calendar.

Ramadan i e nn mn in e

amic caendar be nwn a e y

mnt aing r Mlim.

Rawiya e inabian e eary

amc wrld were encaned by greenery

i lve lan i clearly wn in a

genre ery e rawdya r garden

em, rbably Perian rigin, wic

came be ne e main eic rm in

e Abbad rien rm e eig e

en cenrie

Rihla ierally mean rney rave and

ravege I a iece iing ab

rave

Safavid dynasties e aavid an Iranian

dynay a rled rm 1501 136. ey

ad eir rigin in a lngeabled

rder, wic ad ied in Aerbaian

ince e early 14 cenry. nde wa

ei a a-Din (1252-1334) aer wm

i named

AlSaatan Arabc erm r cancer

Seljuks A ri dynay a red

acr Peria Analia and rey

beween 1038 and 327 ey are be

nwn r eir grea rmi learn

ing, ar and rade. e elj gave

e madraa (cl i nal ae and

denin, a i became a cmleey

earae bldng rm e me. ey

were al beind e rie e caravan

arie el cmexe rviding ree

accmmdain, d and ervice r

rading caravan In e ar, ey are beremembered e inrdcin e

wan lan and muqarnas valing

Shaf Macine r liing waer

cning caly a ng ived

wden le acing a a lever wi a

weig a ne end e er end



posiioned ove a well The hadoofwas

in se in ancient Egpt and is si sed

in Arab contries today

Sk A soca title o espect given oan edery wise o a eligios per son in

the commnity

Saa Shaia is the law system nspied

by he Qran and the saying s o ophet

Mammad. Sharia is oen reered to as

slamic aw

Souk he marketplace.

Ss Mystical bee and pactice i n

whch the tr o divine ove an know

edge o od is soght.

AlTif iteally means condctng

o "handling a cetain isse ee it i s

a medi ca encycopeia witen by Ab

Qasim Khala bn alAbbas alZaawi

also known as Abcasis he compete

title is Al-Ta f lma 'aza 'a al -taal o The Method of Med e tanslate

as he Aagemet of Mede t had

5 pages showng that Abcasis was

not ony a meica schola t also a

geat practicng physician and sgeon

t inenced the pogress o medicine

in rope Se e the section Medical

Knowledge in the ospita chapte to

lean more abot it

Twf he cicmambaon o walkng

coneclockwise aond the Ka'ba in

Mecca

Thik The action o remembeing od

(Alah consstig o the repeton o

wors in pai se o od

!

AlUd Te 'd (also speled od s a

msical instment common to the

Arab cltre t is a stringed instment

slightly smaer than a gtar wih eleven

stings in six corses Some d mayhave more o ewer stngs common ae

vesons with thieen stings in seve

coses or ten sings in ve corses.

Ulm Scholars o the samic sci ences

V/a Chie minister o the

Abbasid calips and aso govenmen

oca in slamic sates

Wf Reigios chaitable insttons

tha manage varios gte an onated

nancia assets Te wafs nance

mosqes marasas ontans and other

pic sevces hei oe has been

geatly nemined by moden state

intevention.

W aper.

W apermanacte/booknder/

scibe

Wudhu Peromance o the ita o ab

tio eoe oeng the payer one ms

be in good shape and pre condtion

t s necessay to wash the pas o the

body that ae genealy exposed to drt

o dst or smog ike the hands moth

nose ace ams hair ears and eet Thsis called abon and the person who has

peormed i s eady to stat his paye



342 0 1 I N V [ N T O S : -l E L N D U R I N G i CY O F \ S M Z

0 7 LLRA I ON RE I

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Library. London 38 V&A Images/Vicoria ad Albe Musem 39 Couresy of

Topkapi Palae Libay, Istanbul: 42(b). MusimHeitageom (Aida Robes)

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apte 7, 229 MuslmHeitageom (Saye A ashmi): 233(t). MusmHer

iagecom (Sayed A Hashm) 234 Sad Aamco Wod/PADIA (Mhae

Wi) 236 Mu slmeagecom (A Hasan Amr) 239 Bodea Lbrary 241,

Sadi Aramco World/PADA (S M Ami): 242() Lbra of Cogress, Pins

and Potograps Divsio 243 Coesy of opkapi Palae Libray Istab245 Courtesy oTokapi Palace ibray Itabl 24 Bibliotque natio alede

rance Pais 248, Bibliotque ationale de race Paris 250 Sadi ramco

World/PAD IA (oan MaDoald) 25. Saud Aramo Word/PADIA (Nor

man MacDonald} 25aioal ibary Board Sgapoe 255 Natioal ba

Board Sngapore 256. Ja Adkins 259() Enigma Musem htp//wtpom/

eigma 26(l) Bbiohe atonale de Frace Paris 260(m) Coesyo Top

kapi Palae ibrar Isabul 26(r) Coresyofopap Paae iba Isab:

262 Prceo Unvsi Pess 263 Mslmeagecom (A asan Am

ape 8 264 Uvers ibray Istabul: 268 Anna Pietrzak Nihoas

Copeicus Musem 269 Unvers ibrary Istanb 22 iversi Lbar,

Isanbu 273() Aga ha Visua Ahve M (ate Yaar 1990): 276 Ech

Lessg; 277 The Tstees of The Biis Musem: 279 Uiversty Liba Ista n

b: 2 81 Saudi Aramo World/PADA (Robert Azzi) 283. Saudi Aramo World/

PAD IA (Rober Ai) 284. National Maritime Musem London 285 Naioal

Maitime Musem ondon 286(b) Cotesy of Sleymaniye bray. Istanb ul28. University Libay Istanbl 288, Mukhtar ad Soaya Saders spiral

Desig ondo 89, Fenoo D Ame Moustaa Resea Cetre o Aab

Ar an Desig 29 ) by pemisso o he Bs bra (625)292 Goha

Astophysal Obseaory: 293 Rph Aeshima 294(br) Beineke Rae Book

ad Mauscpt ba Yale ives 294(t) Cortesy o Suleymanye iba

stab: 29(bl) Cresy o Seymaye iby stab 298 MusmHer

tageco ( Al asa Am) 300 ba o Cogress s an Phooahs

Dvso: 301. ba o Cogress Pts ad Photogaps Dvson

eeene' 302 Bdgeman A ibrary (Brits Liba Lodon Bish

Liba Board Al ighs Reseed_ (O2838 v) 304309 MuslmHeitage

com (Ali Hasan Amr)



0 8 X

idces Alads 126lsros Arcre 9

aricltal eoltioA 011, 7

Aadai Al- 46 cicke es

Abao Pieto d' 8 fari aals 28

Abwy (potte) 140141 47, 9

Abbas I a 61 fetilizao 109

Abbas II a 126 iriatio 2, 8, 22

Abas b Firas Ib124 128, 10

Fis wdils 10

Abasds 25 14041 99 Ad i T r

Abd al-k b Marwa (Ep) 26 2

(caip) 149150 Aad ib Hospitl

Abd al- I (Uad Caio 154 190rle) 49 Abateius attai,

Abd al-aa I I (aad Maad al-

ule) 49, 145 Acey Ceistry

Abd al-aa II Alcool 94 95(Uaad uler) 201 Alebic stills 15, 92 9495

Abdul Ai l (Otto Aleppo yia 77Epe) 26

Alead yp 0 12Abdla ( ysc) 59

Aloso VI Ki (pai) 8Aba, Moed e

Aloso VI II Pice (pa)Al

Abuos 5015

Aba 16 Aloso X (el a). (pai) 29, 46 47 48 49

Abu al-Fra 249

27 27Abu al-Fid 247 29 Aeba 15, 75 8485 85 107Abu al-d 97 Alab 42Ab l-Mid l-aii 157

Aaba Plce Graada,Abu a-Waf alza 86, 87 pai 97 101, 187 201

89, 98, 29 2 209 22 224A Ali lKta 70 Alaze I -HtA kr (st caip) 24 A Gelioll Mstaa 9Ab a la (ez 2 A b s oclst) 174Ab Ms 25

Ai Maca es 242Ab Nas alaabi

Alia b al-azza al-Faai Al-

QayraaiAb Maad ib

Alad, pai 146Ms ib Abdul (Alrai) 174175 lm (Ptoley) 55, 88

Ab Yaqb usef (calip) 10 267, 286

Abu Zayd Hasa 246 249 Aleia, pai 14 145

Abubace e Ib fyl Aoad dysty 78

A-s A b N Apao Ade 67

Zrya Al ecats 96Acasis Zw Al Aicbe es 85Ace arbo 2 AdasaAdead o a 8 oe 8 4041 47 49Aeroatics lit 5859

Aa Casse 177 ospta 162, 180

R U l R E N C : I L S T R \ i O R F D I j i D X

ae 2 1419. 4 142 14, 45 150

tow 88 197

Adoeda alaxy 294

Aial usbady

Apolloios of Pera 6

Aabese 00101

Abic eals 29, 8687 87

Aces 14 4 94197, 95

Aciedes 9697, 210

Acecre 21 9219

aces 4 4, 94197, 95

castles 14 2102

does 19 202205

ietia ides 208209

kiosk to cosevtoy21829

public bats 212215

spies 206207

aults 14 4 98201

Arsotle 9 5 72 7 74 75828

Artetic e Maeacs

Arlades Maqus d 00

Arilay spees 286,286287, 287

Arold, oas 104

Art 97 8 100101 4Aacel Zaqali Al-

Astrolaes 25 269 28280285 284 285

Asooica peoe288289

Astrooy 272

ad acre 2

ises 22 266276279

la ecipses 27 27

easeets 26

otiatio for stdyi266

Qura o 288, 288ad tiooety 88

o AstolabesObseratores ivese

Asrbi Mary aIil- liya a-Asta Marya al-

Aezoa b Z, Mawa

Aeak i 46

Aerroes Ib sd

Avo FlitAvcea Ib

Aw, Maad al- 252

Azarqiel Zaqai l-

Adi A- 185

AlAa Mosque Cai 9

Al-Aza iesity Ci o 27,

27 68, 6 78

Mard Mosque oledo27 27 95 199200, 20

br peror (dia) 222

aco, oe 29 54 57, 9

298dd 72

s Abbasid capital 25

bats 24

osptals 26 154, 156

s itellecal ciy 72

lbares ad boosops77 79

Moo e 29

osevatoy 270, 274

pape l 25

ecostctio oedieval pla 2425

scols 28 65texties 6, 7 37

lo House of Wisdo

add Kos opkpiPlace, Istabl 218

aki, A- 126, 2526

loo it 29900

ads uscal 49 49

ak syste 50

a Msa boters 15, 26z 525, 53 7. 8 85224225 225

bica 106, 2102

ats 51 5 22 212215,

24 25 294tt, Maad al-

astooy 228, 266, 267268 274 276, 292

bt 26

traslatios

tooetry 8889

attleets 2

ayla a-Qbai 252

eice Qee (Potal)14



44 0 I N V L N T I O S T i l l ' E D U R G OF M US M V I Z ! \ T I O

Bedon 26 60 246 Cgloglu mm Itnbul Clenlne 0 Cytoghy 2 29

Beggen 979 22 Cleyd 42 2, 44. 259

Beggen Len 229 Co, gyt Clock n cockmkg 2, Cytl 38, 339

B ] Blck Deth 30 2, 4243. 3, 68, 9 Cuency 4

ccomlhment 27 hot 26 29 30 5, lehnt Clock 6, 7 43. see ls Co

tonomy 267 29 4 56, 66 , 5

The B fbe 7 we-oweed 30 30, 42 D

Cend 266 290 2, 43. 3, 68hrmclgy 3 D nc Leondo see

Chrncles fInd 23Clghy 02, 020 Coh 5859 Leondo d nc

Chrnlgy fAncent05 see ls Tele Dkhw - 7

Ntns Cmel cn 33, 33 Cothng 9, 37 Dmcu SyCme obc 4 6 57 Cluny Fnce 96

Eth cence 227 229 hotl 2 4, , 6230 23 Cmhft 2 23 23 Codesee Cytoghy 157

nt henomen Cnce 6 Coffee , 33. 33, 3, 3637 mket 3 4tude 232, 233 Cnnon 26 3637, choo 6on ed of Ilm 246 Cntebuy E nglnd 43, 3 Con 2 25, 4, 9, 5 ee 2 270, 274

tgonomety 9 Cnte see Knt he Get see ls Cency 276

Bj, Nu -n bn Ihq C 33 33, 27 Coombo Red 67 Dmn e Cdnl o

l- 293 Cne 32, 3233 Coumb Chtohe 3 Ot 47

Bck eh 30 Cno Geonmo 4 24 22, 244 Dm 2627

he Bckbd see yb Cdwell ond 0 bot 22, 256 Dnel of Moley 2 2

Blot Lo 300 Cnton 223 Communcon globl Dnell Thom 27

Blndne eenton 74 Cet 29, 6, 606 6,229 D -Ilm Mlm wold

Come 22, 252Blood cclton 4 6667

0, 34 m 4

67 Ctel Edmund 32 Conc econ 9697 Dk ge 0

Blue Moque Itnbl 202 Ctle 4 5, 9 20, Conetoe 28, 229 De G ndlle, Rchd 20

Bot te 246247 28202 2 Contntne the c 27, Decm fcon 7

Ctct tetmet 72 7 27, 7 4, 8, 96Bologn Itly 30 39

Ctgt 62 62, 2 Contelton 29, 29429Defoe De 03

Bondng colmn 2Ctezton 59

295 Dh Khoon ueen 29

Bone fctue 669Celeb n 02 Contct 3 Dmhq, 3 24920

Bonoe ohn 37Celetl gobe 27 6 276 Cookbook 404 Dnw, bu nf l- 0

Book of Roge 4Cemc see ottey

Coencu, Ncolu 3 3, Doe of Cyu 7

Boo odcton 39 266 26 268, 274 Docode hycn 7

Bookho see be ndChemgne 2

Col nd col eef 47 79 2

bookhoChle nce of Wle 0

Cdob Sn 2 Dtlton 25, 9, 92, 93,

Botny 29, 78, 79, 80Chle I Kng Get Btn

home 49. 94. 9

nd Ielnd 23, 33 Dybk Tukey 9ee ls eb medcne Chuce, Geofey 22, 282 mket 2 34

Doco' code 707Bowen od B Chuce Lew 22 chool 6 77. 7

Dome o the Rock MoeBoye Robet 23 32 Check 0 own 4 2 9, 89, 90 elem 24 2, 29 203Bhe Tycho 27 27, 29 Chemty 90, 909 0

194 205

Bghton, nglnd 5 Che 6, 4647 7Cooe ublmte 9 Dome 93 20 202,

Bothe of utysee Jhwn ChnComec 20220 203, 20, 205

lSf cuency 4Cotte, ohn 42, 43 nkng Bll" obot 52,

Blbou dome 203, 20, 20 m 249Cotton 0, 2, 3 36 37 23

Bnet ohn 24 emkng 3Cotton e 3 D gton 9

Bow Wllm E 299 tde 33 246247 2426 Contng yem 6 Duhm Cthed, EnglndB Tkey 37, 42 Couyd houe 30 92 93

weony 260 Dyeng 60, 35

Be Mehme 26 Chtn een enmkCowo nocuon 33 33,

Bto, Decmu 27 376 76, 77

, Bbec Count Oge de 222 Chch o Cto de LuCowe hell 4

o

Byd my 96 Toledosee Bb Mdum Cnk 22 h lnet 228, 22229

Bynne con 490Moe Toedo Cteu hyc 7 236, 236237 237, 23

Cnb mne 46 Cchon Mcel 20 h cence 23023

Cculoy yem see Bood Co 0, 2 2 Id Comny 37cclton Cde 2, 9293 20 2 conomc 4 262263

Cetn, Fncco 222 Cte see Town 23, 26 see ls Cuency Mket



R N C f_ I

Eduaion ee hool Farghan, A- 68, Geography a, A- (Faiid aiph

Edward King (Engand , Faris, Kaal al-in al 5 56 o Mapang aluy, ihard 6. . 05 08 85, Map raveer and aabi Ahad al-

Edward oyd' oee Faan ei 00 expoersaley, Ednd

Geoog ee a ieeoe Londo 6 Faig ee Agrilure aa yra

Fashon 585, Geoey 6 00,

adan, A- Egyp Faih Mhaad a! 8

ee ahshien egg Faih Kulliye sanbl 66

George I, King (Englandapgood, Charles 5, Faiid rule 6 Faiid 6, , . 49 50

Gerard o Creona arn a!ashid (aliph 5gaaing , 5 Faari, A- 5 86 ransaon by 5, 8, , 50 Malu dynay Fedan, Anhony 8, 0 5. 6 , 6 0 85 arvey ir Willia 66, 6paperaing 8 Ferrand Gabiel Ghaqi Muhaad ibn asan al-aah 60 6wae anageen 8 Ferlizaon 0 6 Qasu bn Asa a 5 azaren Ahed Celebi , 0,

Fez, Moroo 68

2 99

Eiler o Malebury 8Fbonai Leonado 8

Ghazal, A- 8 alenda 0 Eleao o Casle ueen Fr Faa a- 8, 6 6

Glray Jae 6 ep pape 8(gand , ,

Fne dig 8 Goo 0 enna 5, 05 08

Fnger-reoning 86Glas indusry enry I King (England 08Elephan Co 5

eny I Kng (Engand 844, 45 Fiorina Carly lo CryaElgood, Cyril Firdawsi A- 6,

Global ounaioneny VII Kng (England

Elyo ir hoas 8 isula reaen 585 585080

enry VII King (EngandEerson a lph Wado 8 Fla wh wo po" Goa 6 (gae 5, 60 00,

Eey 6 God ewey epagon 6

Enyion ee Cyogaphy Fligh 60Gold Man oin 5,

erbal ediine 0 Energy birds

Golden aio 86, 8 88, 80 lo Widill

huan 6, 6,Goi ah Ogee a eran he Gean 8

Engieering ee Da;roe Go ahere 6 -evelu ohannes

Wae anageeFlying brese 6

0 0 05 80Wae-aing ahine Gohi b valing , ippoaes Food and drin eeEngine

Agrure; Coee; ne0

rshberg, Juus , England dining; hreeoue Grea Mosque Crdoba 5,

oy ehodology 6 5 6 oee en

8, oe 8 6oins 5 Ford ee r 8, 0 Grea Msque, Daa e arpe 606, Noran Conques 8 Foser, John 6 ayad Grea Moque 0 poey Founain pens 0, Daasus hess 8 6 sil Founains 5, Greeves John 0

English words wh Musl Gegoy II ope leanlness 505roo 060 Fredei II Kng (Der Gegoy IX ope 0 os

Eniga (ode ahne 58 8Gosseese ober oee ail 6

reeny analy 58 5Gag, Chna , ash and syle 585

Edogan eep Tayyp 6 e iing 8 Eressind Coue o G Gunpowder 606 si 8 aelona Galen (phyan 5 , Gyneology 65 reeourse enu 0Eshe C 0 666, 68

ri devies 5 55Eulid 5. 55 6 Galilei, Galie , 80 H viion and aeras Eule Leonhad 85 Gaa, ao da

adi, A (aliph 55 Evliya Celebi Gaes 5 asah (daugher o orses�_oe arh , 95

Experienaion 80 8 o Chess I 6 56Exploraion ee Naval Gan Fred 0 asid dynasy opials , 0 6 5

exporaon raveer and 55 0Gardens , 0 aga ophia Isanbl exporer oany; r 2 73 ee Mediine

y, uer a 6 edne aj (plgriage 2 o a ballo on 00, Ges , 6 ou :en 55F lo Jewel a Khalia ee Kaib Cle ouse o Wisdo, aghdad

Fah a-Dawla Genie da Fabrano 0 aa A- II (ayyad 5, 8 5, 5 5 Farabi A- , 8 8 Geoey angley 08 alip , 8



46 0 ' T S T H D U R ( , r i OF S Z !

Houe of Wdo Cao 73

Houe

Hg o Clu at 96

Hg te Illuao 09

Hagu Ka Mogol ule

70 93Hulwa a agdad

Hua b Iaq al-'Ibad0 73 7 73

Huo ug Cg 60

Hdoowe 7

b Ad a-a 9

b Adala Muafa 9

b Adu 9

Ib ab al-Maa al-Halab9

b A Maou Yaab Ab Mau

Ib Ab ab'a 7

b al-Awwa 5 6 9

b alata 9 9 80883

I al-tq auuaYuaa 773

I al-aq 49

I a!Ha 66

I al-Hata

at Al-Aa vetCao 68

bt 7

eeetat legac 3 33 993

atual eoeatude 3 33

oc 0 33 683

tgooet SWlo teoe 886

Ib al-Jaa alaawa6 848

b aNad 46 78

Ib a-Na 9 76667 68 8

Ib al-uf 9 65

Ib a-aa 3Ib a-a a a-Haaw Abua 7677

b a-at 3 68

b aaa Ad A

b a-Wad 83

b A Mua 00

I Aa Med 67

I 'Aab 9

Ib ad 60 9 9

Ib atu 9

Ib aa 8 . 5

Ib attuta

o ba

o C a 47

o cuec 8

dcag o educato 66

o glaag

legac 0

o ea-dvg 7

ulcato

o avel to a 6

tavel 4 30 3 0

Ib ada 0

Ib a Aba 6 3839 4 9698 99 300

Ib Haddu Muaed 33

Ib Hawqal Muad6 33

Ib Ha 9 3

Ib Hla! Muaad 76

Ib a Al b a

b Juba 6 3 36

b Juljul

b Jua

Kaldu 3 4668 663

Kuadad 47

Ib Majd

Ib Maawa Yaa

Ib Muqla Abu'Al 0Ib Na Ib -Na

Ib Rud (Aveoe 88 68

b Ruta 49

b a

I a'd alMag 9

I al Mu'awa

Ib aau 0

Ib awa a!-agdadMaud 84

Ib a (Avcea

boe factue 686970

h Book of Cr 30Cnon ofMdcn 7 3 6 6870 80 8

coeae o 66

H Yqz 0

eba edce 80

oduco 0

legac 3 8

aacoog 8

Ib a Iba 9798

I ufa 8 9 3 03

b uu Moque Cao 030 96

b Waab 7

b Yuu 89 8 67

b Zaa 4Ib Zu Abu Mawa 8

59 60

Id A

bt 8

o caet 606

o coal gateg 7

o Cdoa d 7

aag 4 8 363 38 39

la alAtula Maaa- 8

Jhwn lf' (ote o

ut 99 3da

age Rve a

jewel

a 30

tade 7

Ida ct 7

Ida ueal 86

I 04 93

Iocuato 33 7677

Ieectg ace 96

Ia

geo ee 6

wae aageet aq wate aageet

89

Ie 3

Io Mu obot 47

Igao 8 9 0

Iaa Ia 6 7

a (o of Hua aq a-'Ibad 73

n mc Ho of o(C oga

o AlId 37

o actectue 08

o aolabe

o aoo adagcue

o batoue 3

o I ud 83

o edce

o tow ag 89

o Zab 8

al 6

Iabu

obevato 3 73 74

cool 66

I ue 43

'I al- al-Waa 77

Jab b Aa 8 68 76

86 93

Jab b Haa 9 9 99

Jabu A- 77

aag Eeo (Ida49

Ja A- 77

Jaal a 7

Jae Kg (eat a

34 37Jaa bad 9

Jaa A-

Th Book ofKnowldgof Ingno MchnlDv 43

cloc ag 3

Eleat Cloc 7 44

egeeg cobuo

ecaca ave 4

ecocatg u

3 wae-ag ace 5 3

wdh (wag ac e

ee Edwad 33 77

Jeoe at 70

ewe 647

lo e

A-Jeu Moque Cao07

Joae de aco Aad

Joee Ee (Face7

ua A- 98 99

ua A Au RuMuaad Mau Adula (Aua

KK'bh Mecca 36

Kaada aa 9

Kaa Kd Aga 48



R H I R C I D

Kaa Mhamm 75, 84 Mhmu o Gzn Sltn fng mns 28

85 87, 26-27 47 9

Kashghi Mahmd al- 235L Boulayle-Goz Fanois Mhome Sake Dn 5 glss industry 08 44

e 26Kashi mshid al 87 och d 27

Mai 258-259 44-145, 45

Katib Celebi 286 Labna 27Mailn Chales 77 ws 46 46-47 47

Kb dm Ira 26 gr asan Clebi 33, 33 Majolica wae 39 43 aer 25 30 78 03, 38Mjr Maslam b Ahmd 3839

Kees (cstes) 202 299 299al see Msama ottey 39 08, 40

Kemal Ris 242 244 Lgange Joshous 86Majs Ali ibn Abbas 8 4043 4 42 43 82

Kemln Wofgang 47 lys (s 208Mag San 39 32 4, tls 34 34-37 35

Ke Jhans 32 7 278 Lamber E 20042 43 45 36, 37

Kha Bidge shan 26 Landowesi 3 Maes cuecy 48 trde 9 3233 246247

26 ngg 6-07 Maishh Sutan 22 270 274 waer mngmn

Khalid e goat hde 36 Law schools 70 Maml dynasty 29, ll989

Khaym Oma see Um L Goz e L Boullay 36 40 wae suly 2025

Km Faois 26 Mmn A (clh wndms 24 24 283

Khibat Ma Joda e Stage Gy l3 235 astonomy 270 274 292 30 3

92 9 r :36 scence 229 238 Ms ad Fk (astronoy

Khujand A- 228-229 eo Acan 46 ose o Wsdom 25 72cnt) 73

277-278 Lonardo a Vinci 3 3 57 73 74 266, 292 MshaAlh 280 292

Khwaizmi A 28 84 99 00 298299 gcy 75 Mslm 235

algbra 5 25 84onado o Ps tanslions 76 Msso Nccolo see

astrolbe tetise 280Fiboacci eondo

Macs (coi) 5 Gntile d abriano

gograhy 23rosy 55

Ms Ab Ami ]- 62 Mas A 9 27 28 30

evy Matin 83Hous of Wisdom 73 Mansr A (calih) 25 50 Mahacs 29 8487 2

Lwis Goffry 59

rasltos 28 875 Masolem o Mstha

Libaris an booksos AlMnsi Hosi Caio Psh Cro 209rgonomey 89 7679 0 55 , 156 Mawsli al 72 7 75

Kni A- 25 2 Lbay o Scly 73 Mamang 4-5, 3 73 236 Mcca 36, 36 234 247accoshms 25 linhal tto 300 238 240-245 Medcn 5285

chmisty 9 92 93 nen a 38 Mas bloo cicltion 4

cyogahy 5 227 258 on Foutn Ahmbr 30 Amric 3 245 6667 67259

30 24, 24 Chn 249 octors coe 707

Earh scinc 23 ioard aEtin 37 Cs 243 rs licesing rgaionon nowedg 7

i 7 AIds's m 239 26

msicLongma co moo 293 hb mcn 788

ata he nomenaCntrbu Egad 42

wold 28 226 hosital delomet43ses 232233 oohos (row sts 20

Zhng H's ngaon 5457

ca 255 bn Sins bone fctsotics 54 ofollah Mosue Isfanrfum isllaon 5, 92 95 00 20 Maqdisi A- see Mqaasi 68-69

hamcology 82 Los X King (nc 20A inocao 33 33 76-77

spheial gmt 9 26Mqz A- 9 0 mdc knowldg

ransltos by 74Lous X Kig (France) 26

Maagh Obseatoy a 8485

22 269 27027 274 276 meicl scoos 65 70 7asos o 83 9

Ln cnar 266 290293

Lunar cliss 295657

Kigsley Si Be 3 9 Mabld ae 39 39 mna diseases 26

Kioss2829

nr formaons 292293 Maco Aino Pd 37

mobe ostal scesKirchr Athanasis 39sr (otty ocss) 4 Macs its Polo

ee26

43 Vruus (coh) 36 36

Mara ees messocsts 7275

Knighs m Oder 209 iics 26(Hngy) 7

Kut the Gea King Machcoltions 2l Maj al-Lil Tunisi 27harmacy 8283

(Dnmrk) 47Mdnat -ar' Sn Makt 89 08 08

lmonry crcatio 29

Koya ky 32 42 442 sgery 26 29 6265

Kora see Quran Mgis (rchitect) 95 grcura eoltion srgial nstrmts 4

d sct 02 02 03 Mmli St a! 27 !Oll3 7 4 58-59

04 50 Md Mohmmad al crrncy 48-5 sgc ecsion 60-6

Khi Ab Sah al- 9697 (cih) 72 dms 26-27 extbooks 32 32





l-Qyrwn Tisi 70 26, Rie 112 5-6 heistry 5, 90-9, Soioloy 1127 . . 155 84 Rh [ he Lioher 80 Solr poee 267

Qzwii Zkry' in n (nl 85 eoetry 96-99, 97 100, Solber r 10h l 249 29 Robet o Cester 28, 87 140 291

Soliztio 48Q itr 48 Roberts Sto 208 Hose of so 5, 8

Sok 89

Qts 277 277 278 278 Robots 7 47. 47 52 52-5325, 5, 72-75. 292

Spheril eoey 291Qrn Rokets 33. 33 260 26, 299.

librries n bookshopsSpnk rtn 197679

in t 100 299 thetis 84-87 Spires 203, 206-207

on srooi Roer II Nor i ofshools 64 64-67, 65 Sqines 202

pheen 288 288 Siily 28 208, 236 236sribes 77 02-05 Stnisls of orrine i

blessis to tose who 238 239 242 (on 28re write t 102 Rose winows 1919 rnsltin knowle

Sterie-eleinellirphy 102 105 Rosee sq 36

80-83ely 198 199

on rrey 48 Rbies 146 1tiooetry 88-89, 89

Ste ennes 12eooi prines 8

iesities 66 68-7, 70S b l-Rn l 267

on rens 220 wor power 10610 26 284 292 294

j 246So ihel 75. 82-83 Sre ll 112 11 113Sbnl Serefein 30, So S 10

istor 6 53 63 Ser o Sin -De is 19

nes of llh 16 Sb ib Shl Sribes 77. 02-05 Sb eorpher 234-235

in shools 65 S' rite 200 Sesons 228, 229 Sley I (the niet

Sfr (orni solier 1Seli Sln Otton 217 220 222

o soiety 19 Epire 216 Sleyiye osqetrstios 28 Sfi ynsy 6 Seiiye osqe ir 1 Istnbl 21 3, 93. 193

Qsyb er ei Si ibn Hrn ltib 93. 193 204 Sli b k l- 46 47126 St ie e sl Sin Seljk rhitetre 201 Slt e osqe

Qb -in l-Sii 21 195 Selkirk lexner 03 stnbl 202St ls Ctel ono Seiil oe 202-03 Sltn w Cio 156R 202 203, 205 207

Seves ie 16 Sehoses 28-29Rbbh 27 27 48 St hiliber Tors Frne

Seile Spi 29, 90 Snis 42 97 98Ribows 233. 233

199 Seesil syste 6 87 Srery 29 161 162S e 50

R90Sln Sl l-Di

Sexnts 264 273 62-65

Rl lestie 199 l-yybi277278. 278 eye srey 12

Rh - Hsn l-Sli o solo 1

Shoo(wter ontrption nstrents 14 14

Rh 120 122 58-59 160 160 162

Rshi (liph Slh l-in -yybi 29 Shh J Eperor (ni poeres 5859 1

Hr !Rshi85 20 19 29 163 616

Rz - 26 91Slerno tly 27, 7, 56 169 Shkkz i b lf tetbooks 30

11 184 1 l- 282 Seyi 235, 235oplishents 26 Slt 16 l-Shsyh 32 Sk Observtoy 1 Obsevtoy 25,

Ss Tnis 199

bliness revention 270 273 Si l-hl 2S Ir 10 44.

Syveste ope 86-87heistry 1 90-9, 92, 93. 97 Srf -in -Tsi 8595 Swl l Sif 24 Sylester ope 1

hess 6 Sso Jlio 282 Sir rn 78 36 Syesio s (tsto 1

Sytheti heistry 95Coph B 1 S ib li lhi 73 Shoes 59herb eiine 80 Snkore osqe Tbkt Siiy tly 26, 73 Syri

sski 44ospitl work 16 69 69 Sii Or

phrooy 1 Sno e Coposte 20 Szi b Jli ] 97 Mool rle 29srery 62, 6465 Spphires rtiil 1 Silk 34, 16 1

trve restritions 246

trnsltions 75. 83, 91 Sqti - 59 Sio Sieo 209 Reiproti pp 2223 Sreni Theory 203 Sin rtet 1 93 204124 125 Srt eore 54 Sn b Thbit ibn Qrr Tj hl Ini 209 209

Reioos 266 Sss ib hr 6 26 Tls tle o 1 38Repto Hpey 1 Syf -Dw rie Syri Sstn prone ers 12 Terle 22, 263Rzes e Ri - 77

130 Ti l-i 275Rib 198 Sool 6307 Sllpo 33. 16 1 toe ineryRibt Ss Tnis 199 t n he rbesqe Sells lw 55 2-22

Riol Joes ptist 292 00-0 Soi siene 262-263 instrets 22 278, 279





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1001 Inventions - The Enduring Legacy Of Muslim Civilisation English Version