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100 µm 200 µm 20 µm (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development (c) Tissue renewal 1

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20 µm. 100 µm. 200 µm. (a) Reproduction. (b) Growth and development. (c) Tissue renewal. 20 µm. 0.5 µm. Chromosomes. DNA molecules. Chromo- some arm. Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis). Centromere. Sister chromatids. Separation of sister chromatids. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 100 µm

100 µm 200 µm 20 µm

(a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development

(c) Tissue renewal

1

Page 2: 100 µm

20 µm

2

Page 3: 100 µm

0.5 µm Chromosomes

Chromosomeduplication(including DNAsynthesis)

Chromo-some arm

Centromere

Sisterchromatids

DNA molecules

Separation ofsister chromatids

Centromere

Sister chromatids

3

Page 4: 100 µm

G2 of InterphaseCentrosomes(with centriolepairs)

Chromatin(duplicated)

Nucleolus Nuclearenvelope

Plasmamembrane

Early mitoticspindle

Aster Centromere

Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids

Prophase Prometaphase

Fragmentsof nuclearenvelope

Nonkinetochoremicrotubules

Kinetochore Kinetochoremicrotubule

Metaphase

Metaphaseplate

Spindle Centrosome atone spindle pole

Anaphase

Daughterchromosomes

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Cleavagefurrow

Nucleolusforming

Nuclearenvelopeforming

4

Page 5: 100 µm

Pair of homologousreplicated chromosomes

Centromere

Sisterchromatids

Metaphasechromosome

5 µm

5

Page 6: 100 µm

KeyMaternal set ofchromosomes (n = 3)Paternal set ofchromosomes (n = 3)

2n = 6

Centromere

Two sister chromatidsof one replicatedchromosome

Two nonsisterchromatids ina homologous pair

Pair of homologouschromosomes(one from each set)

6

Page 7: 100 µm

KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Haploid gametes (n = 23)Egg (n)

Sperm (n)

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Ovary Testis

Diploidzygote(2n = 46)

Mitosis anddevelopment

Multicellular diploidadults (2n = 46)

7

Page 8: 100 µm

KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)

n nGametes

nn n

Mitosis

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

MEIOSIS

2n 2nZygote2n

MitosisDiploidmulticellularorganism

(a) Animals

Spores

Diploidmulticellularorganism(sporophyte)

(b) Plants and some algae

2n

Mitosis

Gametes

Mitosisn

n n

Zygote

FERTILIZATION

nn

nMitosis

Zygote

(c) Most fungi and some protists

MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

2n

Gametes

n

n

Mitosis

Haploid multi-cellular organism(gametophyte)

Haploid unicellular ormulticellular organism

8

Page 9: 100 µm

Interphase

Homologous pair of chromosomesin diploid parent cell

Chromosomesreplicate

Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes

Sisterchromatids Diploid cell with

replicated chromosomes

Meiosis I

Homologouschromosomesseparate

1

Haploid cells withreplicated chromosomes

Meiosis II

2 Sister chromatidsseparate

Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

9

Page 10: 100 µm

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I andCytokinesis

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II andCytokinesis

Centrosome(with centriole pair)

Sisterchromatids Chiasmata

Spindle

Homologouschromosomes

Fragmentsof nuclearenvelope

Centromere(with kinetochore)

Metaphaseplate

Microtubuleattached tokinetochore

Sister chromatidsremain attached

Homologouschromosomesseparate

Cleavagefurrow

Sister chromatidsseparate Haploid daughter cells

forming

10

Page 11: 100 µm

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS I

Prophase I

Chiasma

Chromosomereplication

Homologouschromosomepair

Chromosomereplication

2n = 6

Parent cell

Prophase

Replicated chromosome

Metaphase Metaphase I

Anaphase ITelophase I

Haploid n = 3

Daughter cells ofmeiosis I

MEIOSIS II

Daughter cells of meiosis IInnnn

2n2n

Daughter cellsof mitosis

AnaphaseTelophase

11

Page 12: 100 µm

Possibility 1 Possibility 2

Two equally probablearrangements ofchromosomes at

metaphase I

Metaphase II

Daughtercells

Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4

12

Page 13: 100 µm

Prophase Iof meiosis

Pair ofhomologs

Nonsisterchromatidsheld togetherduring synapsis

Chiasma

Centromere

Anaphase I

Anaphase II

Daughtercells

Recombinant chromosomes

TEM

13

Page 14: 100 µm

Meiosis I

Nondisjunction

(a) Nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I

(b) Nondisjunction of sister chromatids in meiosis II

Meiosis II

Nondisjunction

Gametes

Number of chromosomes

n + 1 n + 1 n + 1n – 1 n – 1 n – 1 n n

14


Fig. 12-1. Fig. 12-2 100 µm200 µm 20 µm (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development (c) Tissue renewal

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