10 - University of Connecticuthydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/les/Manuscript_Files/GOM.pdf · Explorer database (NatureServe 2004) to identify spe-cies that are designated by imperilment

Included in this summary are those species of nonvas-cular and vascular plants (Divisions: Bryophyta, Polypo-diophyta, Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta) that grow either directly in the Gulf of Mexico or occur in sites that are largely influenced by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. As designated, we have included species associated with marine, brackish, and tidal freshwater habitats of the Gulf coastal region. Only a few plants, known collectively as “seagrasses,” (Halodule, Halophila, Ruppia, Syringodium, Thalassia) are capable of survival within somewhat deeper waters of the Gulf. However, most of the species included in this enumeration are able to persist on saturated sub-strates where salinity commonly exceeds 1 part per thou-sand (ppt). The selected species represent a diversity of habits ranging from obligate, submersed aquatic plants to facultative, emergent helophytes. Among these diverse species occur woody and herbaceous habits, annual and perennial life- histories, vines, parasites, floating plants, prostrate, twining, and upright life- forms, and flaccid aquatics with leaves ranging from ribbonlike to highly dissected morphology. As in the original list (Thorne 1954), we also included some species that generally are not regarded as aquatic or wetland plants, but that grow in beach areas influenced at least to some degree by the Gulf waters, and are conspicuous floristic elements of the coastal Gulf habitat. Such plants often occur in areas repeatedly subjected to salt spray. The resulting assem-blage includes some fairly unusual plants, such as Harri-sia simpsonii, a cactus that can occur in mangrove swamps (Parfitt and Gibson 2003b), and Tortella flavovirens, a

moss that grows on shelly sands in proximity of saltwater (Reese 1984). We have excluded all infraspecific taxa (i.e., varieties and subspecies) as well as hybrids from this list.

Few plant species of the Gulf of Mexico region are important commercially. Several species (e.g., Egeria densa, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea mexicana, Pont-ederia cordata) are sold as ornamental water garden and aquarium species. Miscellaneous products include the scented fruits of Myrica species that are used in candle-making and the dried inflorescences of Limonium caro-linianum that are used in ornamental floral arrange-ments. Some species (e.g., Colocasia esculenta, Manilkara zapota, Zizania aquatica) are edible and used locally as foods. A number of species comprise nuisance aquatic weeds (Alternanthera philoxeroides, Egeria densa, Eich-

261

10Plants (Embryophyta) of the Gulf of MexicoDonald H. Les, Robert R. Haynes, and Alejandro Novelo- Retana

•

Mangrove, Rhizophora. After Brusca, Kimrey, and Moore 2004.

Les, D. H., R. R. Haynes, and A. Novelo-Retana. 2009. Plants (Embryophyta) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 261–284 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas.

262 ~ Plants (Embryophyta)

provided much new information on species occurring within the Gulf coastal region of Mexico.

We have recognized 380 plant species as constitutive elements of the Gulf of Mexico biota (taxon summary table), a figure representing a more than 3- fold increase in the number of species reported originally in Bulletin 89 (Thorne 1954). We attribute much of this increase to the heightened awareness and study of wetland vegetation that has materialized over the past 50 years. The greatest increase taxonomically was observed for monocotyledon species, which more than tripled in number. Notably, spe-cies in the monocot family Cyperaceae (sedges) increased by nearly 10- fold and those of Poaceae (grasses) by more than 3- fold. These increases are attributable in part to the refined state of knowledge for these taxonomically diffi-cult groups that has resulted from their treatment in the Flora of North America and Flora Mesoamericana proj-ects. However, a sizable increase also was observed for the dicotyledon family Asteraceae (composites), which had not yet been treated for the Flora of North America when this list was prepared, but has more than doubled in its representation. More comprehensive floristic sur-veys of Mexico also account for an increase in the num-ber of species recognized since 1954. Several species have been added as newly appearing elements, with 33 spe-cies (9% of the total) regarded as nonindigenous to the region. Seven species (2%) are endemic to the Gulf of Mexico region. There also are 68 species (18%) listed as threatened, a category that implies some official recog-nition of imperilment at least in part of the region. The latter information was compiled using the NatureServe Explorer database (NatureServe 2004) to identify spe-cies that are designated by imperilment categories (S1, S2, or S3) in at least one Gulf coast state within the United States (similar information was not readily available for other areas).

Abbreviations

A complete listing of included species is given in the fol-lowing checklist. Standard abbreviations for Habitat- Biology have been used, including: bns = bay and near-shore, bsl = beach and shoreline, com = commercially important in GMx, end = endemic solely to GMx, epl = epiphytic plants, est = estuarine, evg = emergent veg-etation, flv = floating- leaved vegetation, fvg = float-ing vegetation, itd = intertidal to semiterrestrial, nid = nonindigenous to GMx, par = parasitic, sft = soft

hornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum spi-catum, Panicum repens, Salvinia molesta) and invasive woody plants (Casuarina equisetifolia, Melaleuca quin-quenervia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tamarix gallica). Important waterfowl foods include Echinochloa walteri, Najas spp., Potamogeton spp., Ruppia maritima, Sagit-taria spp., Stuckenia pectinata, Vallisneria americana, and Zizania aquatica. Plants eaten by the herbivorous mana-tee (Trichechus manatus) include seagrasses (Ruppia mar-itima, Halodule wrightii, Halophila spp., Syringodium fil-iforme, Thalassia testudinum) and other aquatic species (Alteranthera philoxeroides, Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa, Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillata, Sagittaria kurziana, Spartina alterniflora, and Stuckenia pectinata). Also important ecologically are the mangroves (Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus, Lagunularia racemosa, Rhizophora mangle), which stabilize coastal shorelines and provide habitat for fish, manatees, and other wildlife.

The taxonomic scheme used here closely follows the ordinal and familial classification proposed by the Angio-sperm Phylogeny Group (Bremer et al. 1998, APG II 2003) with modifications necessary to accommodate nonan-giospermous plants and other refinements suggested by subsequent works. Thus, the arrangement of higher taxa arguably is phylogenetic to the ordinal level and then alphabetical with respect to families, genera, and species. There have been considerable changes to the classification of plants in the past 5 decades, much owing to the prolif-eration of molecular systematic studies during the latter part of this period.

No single treatment of Gulf of Mexico plants has been produced since the original “Bulletin 89.” However, a number of regional studies have appeared that provide expanded information on species from this area. Among these works are treatments of aquatic, coastal, and wet-land species by Chabreck and Condrey (1979), Dressler et al. (1987), Eleuterius (1980), Godfrey and Wooten (1979, 1981), Lazarine (1981), Lot (1991), Lot et al. (1999), Montz (1977), Seeliger (1992), Stutzenbaker (1999), Tiner (1993), and Tobe, Burks, and Cantrell (1998). Information on seagrass distribution has been compiled and updated by Green and Short (2003). Moreover, major taxonomic revisions of a fair number of groups have appeared in the published installments of the Flora of North America project, which has yielded 77 treatments that are included among the references cited in our summary. Similarly, the ongoing Flora Mesoamericana project (W3FM 2004) has

Les, Haynes, and Novelo- Retana ~ 263

especially value our collaboration with the late Alejandro Novelo- Retana, who passed away unexpectedly on 16 June 2006. Alejandro not only was a superb aquatic bota-nist but, moreover, was a cordial friend and an esteemed colleague. This work is dedicated to his memory.

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substrates (mud, sands, clays), svg = submergent vegeta-tion, and THR = threatened or endangered. The epiphytes are not aquatic per se, but can grow upon or attached to aquatic or wetland species (e.g., Tillansdia species on mangroves). Characteristic salt marsh species are included under the category “itd.” We have adopted a specific convention for reporting depth information that helps to distinguish species that are obligately aquatic from those that are facultative wetland or predominantly terrestrial taxa. For species capable of surviving under prolonged terrestrial conditions, a “0” has been indicated in the depth column, whereas aquatic and wetland species that can grow in shallow water (even to 0 or near 0 depths) are indicated using a “<” symbol. Thus, a depth range of “0” would designate a principally terrestrial species and “0–1” would designate a species capable of growing either under terrestrial conditions or in water up to 1 m deep, whereas “<1” would designate an aquatic or wetland plant occurring typically in water depths of less than a meter. With the considerable diurnal / annual variation in tides, it is difficult to establish a depth range that is meaning-ful for many coastal wetland species. Although many of the species listed might occasionally be found growing at water depths greater than we report, we attempted to pro-vide a depth range in which the species usually would be encountered.

Several symbols have been used to abbreviate the over-all geographical range of each species. Single uppercase letters (N, E, S, W) abbreviate respective compass points (North, East, South, West) when used in a formal regional name (e.g., “N America” for “North America,” “W Indies” for “West Indies”). C America represents Central Amer-ica. Single or multiple lowercase letters (n, ne, nw, e, s, se, sw, w) are used to abbreviate compass points designating specific portions of formal geographical regions (north-ern, northeastern, northwestern, eastern, etc.). The United States of America is abbreviated as “USA.” Thus, a designation of “se USA” would refer to “southeastern United States of America” and “s N America” to “southern North America.” The term “Americas” has been used for a species whose range includes North America, Mexico, Central America, and South America collectively.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank B. Goffinet for providing information on bryophytes, L. Ramos for assistance with data compi-lation, and J. L. Reveal for nomenclatural assistance. We


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Submitted: December 2004 Accepted: February 2005


Taxonomic summary for vascular plants of the Gulf of Mexico.

Bulletin 89 2004 Gain Percentage increase

Monocots 30 134 +104 +347%

Dicots 76 236 +160 +211%Gymnosperms 0 1 +1 n.a.Ferns 2 8 +6 +300%Bryophytes 0 1 +1 n.a.Total 108 380 +272 +252%

Note: n.a. = not applicable

Checklist of vascular plants from the Gulf of Mexico.

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)

Overall geographic range

GMx range

References / Endnotes

Kingdom: Plantae Division: BryophytaClass: BryopsidaOrder: PottialesFamily: Pottiaceae

Tortella flavovirens (Bruch in F. A. Müller) Broth-erus, 1902

bsl, evg 0 Africa, Europe, se USA ne, nw 92

Division: PolypodiophytaClass: PolypodiopsidaOrder: SalvinialesFamily: Salviniaceae

Salvinia auriculata Aublet, 1775 fvg <1–3 Americas, W Indies sw 83Salvinia minima Baker, 1886 fvg <1–3 C America, Mexico, s USA ne, nw, sw 78, 83Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell, 1972 fvg, nid <1–3 S America, s USA ne, nw 117

Order: PolypodialesFamily: Polypodiaceae

Blechnum serrulatum L. C. Richard, 1792 epl, evg 0–1 Americas sw 76, 83Neurodium lanceolatum (Linnaeus) Fée, 1852 epl, THR 0 C America, Mexico, se USA ne 77Pleopeltis polypodioides (Linnaeus)

E. G. Andrews & Windham, 1993 epl 0 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, nw 9

Family: PteridaceaeAcrostichum aureum Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd,

THR<1 pantropical ne, se, sw 63, 72, 83

Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsdorff & Fischer, 1810

evg <1 C&S America, se USA ne, se, sw 63, 72, 83

Division: PinophytaClass: PinopsidaOrder: CupressalesFamily: Cupressaceae

Taxodium distichum (Linnaeus) Richard, 1810 evg <1–2 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, nw 118Division: MagnoliophytaClass: MagnoliopsidaOrder: CeratophyllalesFamily: Ceratophyllaceae

Ceratophyllum demersum Linnaeus, 1753 svg <1–3 cosmopolitan ne, nw, se, sw

62, 66

Ceratophyllum muricatum Chamisso, 1829 svg <1–2 pantropical, se USA ne, se, sw 8


Checklist of vascular plants from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued)

(continued)

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Order: NymphaealesFamily: Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea ampla (R. A. Salisbury) A. P. de Can-dolle, 1821

flv <1–1.5 Americas, W Indies ne, se, sw 66, 83

Nymphaea elegans Hooker, 1852 flv, THR <1–1.5 Mexico, s USA ne, nw, sw 66Nymphaea mexicana Zuccarini, 1832 flv, THR <1–1.5 Mexico, s USA ne, nw, sw 120Nymphaea pulchella A. P. de Candolle, 1821 flv <1–1.5 C&S America, Mexico, W

Indiesse, sw 70

Order: MagnolialesFamily: Annonaceae

Annona glabra Linnaeus, 1753 est, evg, itd <1 neotropics, se USA, w Africa

ne, se 57

Order: PiperalesFamily: Saururaceae

Saururus cernuus Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 e N America ne, nw 22Order: VitalesFamily: Vitaceae

Cissus incisa (Nuttall) Des Moulins, 1862 evg, itd <1 s USA ne, nw 41Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Linnaeus) Plan-

chon, 1887evg, itd 0–<1 C America, Mexico, N

Americane, nw, se,

sw115

Order: CaryophyllalesFamily: Aizoaceae

Sesuvium maritimum (Walter) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg, 1888

bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 36

Sesuvium portulacastrum Linnaeus, 1759 bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA, neotropics, Old World

ne, nw, se, sw

36, 41

Sesuvium sessile Persoon, 1807 evg 0–<1 S America, Mexico, USA sw 83Family: Amaranthaceae

Alternanthera brasiliana (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891 bsl, evg, nid 0–<1 C&S America, Mexico, se USA

ne 27

Alternanthera maritima (Martius) A. Saint- Hilaire, 1833

bsl, evg 0–<1 Africa, S America, se USA ne, se 27

Alternanthera paronychioides A. Saint- Hilaire, 1833

evg, nid <1 Africa, Asia, New World ne, nw, se 27

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach, 1879

evg, nid 0–2 C&S America, se USA ne, nw 27

Alternanthera sessilis (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex A. P. de Candolle, 1813

evg, nid 0–<1 Africa, Asia, C&S America, USA

ne, nw, se 27

Amaranthus australis (A. Gray) J. D. Sauer, 1955 est, evg, itd <1 e Mexico, n S America, se USA

ne, nw, se, sw

74

Amaranthus cannabinus (Linnaeus) J. D. Sauer, 1955

est, evg, itd <1 e USA ne 74

Atriplex mucronata Rafinesque, 1817 bsl, evg, itd <1 e N America ne, nw, se 119Atriplex patula Linnaeus, 1753 evg, nid 0–<1 Eurasia, n Africa, N

Americane 119

Blutaparon vermiculare (Linnaeus) Mears, 1982 bsl, evg, THR

0–<1 C America, Mexico, s USA ne, nw, se, sw

28

Celosia nitida Vahl, 1791 bsl, evg 0–<1 Mexico, S America, s USA ne, nw, se 93Chenopodium berlandieri Moquin- Tandon, 1840 bsl, evg, nid 0–<1 N America ne, nw, se 30Chenopodium pratericola Rydberg, 1912 bsl, evg 0–<1 N America ne, nw 30Iresine diffusa Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willde-

now, 1806evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, se

USAne, nw, se 29



Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Iresine rhizomatosa Standley, 1915 bsl, evg 0–<1 se USA ne, nw 29Salicornia bigelovii Torrey, 1858 evg, itd <1 e USA, n Mexico ne, nw, se,

sw11

Salsola kali Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg, itd, nid

<1 Africa, Eurasia, e&w USA, Mexico

ne, nw, sw 73

Sarcocornia pacifica (Standley) A. J. Scott, 1978 evg, itd <1 e&w USA ne 12Sarcocornia utahensis (Tidestrom) A. J. Scott, 1978 evg, itd <1 w USA nw 12Suaeda calceoliformis (Hooker) Moquin- Tandon,

1840bsl, evg 0–<1 Mexico, N America nw, sw 37

Suaeda conferta (Small) I. M. Johnston, 1943 bsl, evg 0–<1 Mexico, s USA, W Indies nw, sw 37Suaeda linearis (Elliott) Moquin- Tandon, 1840 bsl, evg, itd <1 e USA, Mexico, W Indies ne, nw, se,

sw37

Suaeda nigra (Rafinesque) J. F. Macbride, 1918 bsl, est, evg <1 Mexico, w USA sw 37Suaeda tampicensis (Standley) Standley, 1930 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 Mexico, s USA, W Indies nw, sw 37

Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nuttall) Standley, 1916 bsl, evg, THR

0–<1 Mexico, USA nw 95

Family: CactaceaeAcanthocereus tetragonus (Linnaeus) Hum-

melinck, 1938bsl, evg 0–<1 C&S America, Mexico, s

USAne, nw, se 85

Harrisia simpsonii Small ex Britton & Rose, 1920 bsl, evg, itd, THR

0–<1 se USA ne, se 86

Opuntia stricta (Haworth) Haworth, 1812 bsl, evg 0–<1 C America, Mexico, s USA ne, nw, se 89Family: Caryophyllaceae

Spergularia marina (Linnaeus) Besser, 1822 evg, itd <1 Eurasia, N America ne, nw 41Family: Nyctaginaceae

Guapira discolor (Sprengel) Little, 1968 evg <1 se USA ne, se 31Pisonia aculeata Linnaeus, 1753 evg, THR <1 pantropical, s USA ne, nw, se 32

Family: PhytolaccaceaeRivina humilis Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg, itd <1 Africa, Americas, Asia, W

Indiesne, nw, se,

sw79

Family: PlumbaginaceaeLimonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton, 1894 bsl, est, evg,

itd<1 e N America, ne Mexico ne, nw, se,

sw41

Family: PolygonaceaeCoccoloba barbadensis Jacquin, 1760 evg <1 C America, Mexico,W

Indiessw 83

Coccoloba diversifolia Jacquin, 1760 evg 0–<1 C America, Mexico,W Indies

ne, se, sw 70, 84

Coccoloba uvifera (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1759 bsl, evg 0–<1 C&S America, Mexico, se USA

ne, nw, se, sw

35

Rumex hastatulus Baldwin ex Elliott, 1817 bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA ne, nw 41Rumex paraguayensis Parodi, 1878 bsl, evg, nid 0–<1 S America, s USA ne, nw 41

Family: PortulacaceaePortulaca oleracea Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg, nid 0–<1 cosmopolitan ne, nw, se,

sw41, 68

Portulaca pilosa Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA, neotropics ne, nw, se 41, 68Family: Tamaricaceae

Tamarix gallica Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg, itd, nid

<1 Europe, s USA nw 115

Order: SaxifragalesFamily: Crassulaceae

Tillaea aquatica Linnaeus, 1753 est, itd, svg <1 Eurasia, Mexico, N America ne, nw, sw 41



(continued)

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Family: HaloragaceaeMyriophyllum spicatum Linnaeus, 1753 est, nid, svg <1–3 Africa, Eurasia, N&S

Americane, nw 116

Order: CelastralesFamily: Celastraceae

Hippocratea volubilis Linnaeus, 1753 est, evg, itd <1 Mexico, S America, se USA ne, se, sw 41, 70Maytenus phyllanthoides Bentham, 1844 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 Mexico, s USA ne, nw, se,

sw35

Order: CucurbitalesFamily: Cucurbitaceae

Melothria pendula Linnaeus, 1753 est, evg, itd <1 Mexico, s USA ne, nw, se, sw

41

Order: FabalesFamily: Fabaceae

Aeschynomene ciliata Vogel, 1838 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, W Indies

sw 83

Aeschynomene indica Linnaeus, 1753 est, evg, itd, nid

<1 Africa, Asia, Australia, se USA

ne, nw 41

Andira galeottiana Standley, 1919 evg, itd <1 C America, Mexico sw 24, 56Caesalpinia bonduc (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 1832 bsl, est, evg,

itd<1 pantropical, se USA ne, se 41

Caesalpinia crista Linnaeus, 1753 evg, nid <1 Asia, Australia, se USA ne, se 56Canavalia rosea (Swartz) A. P. de Candolle, 1825 bsl, evg 0–<1 Africa, Americas, Asia,

Australiane, nw, se 56

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (Linnaeus) Taubert, 1894

bsl, est, evg, itd

<1 Africa, Americas, Asia, Mexico

ne, se 56

Dalbergia brownei (Jacquin) Schinz, 1898 est, evg, itd <1 C&S America, se USA ne, se 41, 56Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan ex

B. L. Robinson & Fernald, 1908evg <1 USA ne, nw 115

Lysiloma latisiliquum (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1875 bsl, evg 0–<1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se, sw 70Machaerium falciforme Rudd, 1972 evg <1 C America, Mexico sw 83Neptunia natans (Linnaeus f.) Druce, 1917 flv 0–1 pantropical sw 83Ormosia isthmensis Standley, 1937 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83Sesbania drummondii (Rydberg) Cory, 1936 bsl, evg 0–<1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, nw 41, 56Sesbania herbacea (Miller) McVaugh, 1987 evg <1 Americas, W Indies ne, nw, se,

sw56, 83

Sesbania punicea (Cavanilles) Bentham, 1859 bsl, evg, nid 0–<1 Africa, S America, se USA ne, nw 41, 56Sophora tomentosa Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 Africa, Americas, Asia,

Australiane, nw, se 56

Stylosanthes humilis Kunth, 1823 [1824] evg, itd 0–<1 C&S America, Mexico se, sw 70, 84Vicia acutifolia Elliott, 1816 evg, itd <1 se USA ne 41, 56Vigna adenantha (G. F. Meyer) Maréchal,

Mascherpa, & Stainier, 1978evg <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83

Vigna juruana (Harms) Verdcourt, 1970 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, W Indies

sw 83

Vigna luteola (Jacquin) Bentham, 1859 est, evg, itd <1 Africa, Americas, Asia, Mexico

ne, nw, se 41, 56

Zygia conzattii (Standley) Britton & Rose, 1928 evg <1 C America, Mexico sw 83Zygia longifolia (Humboldt & Bonpland ex Will-

denow) Britton & Rose, 1928evg <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83

Zygia peckii (Robinson) Britton & Rose, 1928 evg, itd <1 C America, Mexico sw 24, 56



Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Family: SurianaceaeSuriana maritima Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg, itd,

THR<1 pantropical, se USA ne, se 41

Order: FagalesFamily: Casuarinaceae

Casuarina equisetifolia Linnaeus, 1759 bsl, est, evg, nid

<1 Asia, Australia, se USA ne, se 35

Family: MyricaceaeMyrica cerifera Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA ne, nw, se 16Myrica heterophylla Rafinesque, 1838 evg <1 se USA ne, nw 16Myrica inodora W. Bartram, 1794 end, evg,

THR<1 s USA ne, nw 16

Order: MalpighialesFamily: Chrysobalanaceae

Chrysobalanus icaco Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg 0–<1 Africa, C&S America, se USA

ne, se 41

Family: ClusiaceaeCalophyllum brasiliense Cambessèdes, 1828 evg, itd <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 24

Family: EuphorbiaceaeChamaesyce bombensis (Jacquin) Dugand, 1968 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 C&S America, Mexico,

se USAne, nw, se 122

Chamaesyce hypericifolia (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 1909

evg, itd <1 C&S America, s USA ne, nw, se 41

Chamaesyce maculata (Linnaeus) Small, 1903 bsl, est, evg, itd

<1 Americas, Japan, New Zealand

ne, nw, se 41

Chamaesyce mesembryanthemifolia (Jacquin) Dugand, 1966

bsl, evg 0–<1 neotropics, se USA ne 41

Croton punctatus Jacquin, 1787 bsl, evg 0–<1 C&S America, se USA ne, nw, se 122Hippomane mancinella Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg,


se USAne, se 35, 115

Family: HypericaceaeHypericum nitidum Lamarck, 1797 est, evg,

THR<1 se USA ne 41

Family: LinaceaeLinum carteri Small, 1905 evg, itd,

THR<1 se USA ne 41

Family: MalpighiaceaeHeteropteris lindeniana A. Jussieu, 1843 evg <1 C America, Mexico sw 83Stigmaphyllon bannisterioides (Linnaeus)

C. E. Anderson, 1992evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, W

Indiessw 70

Stigmaphyllon ellipticum (Kunth) A. Jussieu, 1840

evg <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83

Family: PassifloraceaePassiflora foetida Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd 0–<1 C&S America, Mexico nw, se, sw 70, 84

Family: RhizophoraceaeRhizophora mangle Linnaeus, 1753 est, evg, itd,

THR<2 neotropics, se USA ne, se 41

Order: RosalesFamily: Moraceae

Ficus aurea Nuttall, 1846 evg, itd <1 se USA, W Indies ne, se 41Ficus citrifolia Miller, 1768 evg, itd <1 C&S America, Mexico,

se USAne, se 41



(continued)

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Ficus insipida Willdenow, 1806 evg, itd <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 24Ficus pertusa Linnaeus f., 1782 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, W

Indiessw 83

Family: RhamnaceaeColubrina asiatica (Linnaeus) Brongniart, 1827 evg, nid <1 neotropics, se USA ne, se 41

Family: RosaceaeRubus trivialis Michaux, 1803 bsl, evg 0–<1 se USA ne, nw 41

Family: UrticaceaeParietaria floridana Nuttall, 1818 bsl, evg 0–<1 Mexico, S America, se USA ne, nw, se 17Parietaria praetermissa Hinton, 1968 bsl, evg 0–<1 se USA ne, nw 17

Order: BrassicalesFamily: Bataceae

Batis maritima Linnaeus, 1759 est, evg, itd <1 neotropics, se USA ne, nw, se 41Family: Brassicaceae

Cakile constricta Rodman, 1974 bsl, evg 0–<1 s USA ne, nw, se 41Cakile geniculata (Robbins) Millspaugh, 1900 bsl, evg 0–<1 Mexico, s USA ne, nw 41Cakile lanceolata (Willdenow) O. E. Schulz, 1903 bsl, evg,


s USAne, nw, se 41

Capparis flexuosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1762 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, se USA

ne, se 115

Order: MalvalesFamily: Malvaceae

Hibiscus moscheutos Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd <1 e USA ne, nw 41Hibiscus tiliaceus Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd <1 C America, Mexico, se USA sw 70Kosteletzkya depressa (Linnaeus) O. J .Blanchard,

Fryxell, & D. M. Bates, 1978evg, itd,


Kosteletzkya virginica (Linnaeus) C. Presl ex A. Gray, 1848

evg, itd <1 e USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 41

Malvaviscus arboreus Cavanilles, 1780 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83Pachira aquatica Aublet, 1775 evg, itd <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83Pavonia paludicola Nicolson ex Fryxell, 1989 evg, itd,

THR<1 C&S America, Mexico,

se USAne 41

Talipariti tiliaceum (Linnaeus) Fryxell, 2001 evg <1 Asia, neotropics sw 39, 83Order: MyrtalesFamily: Combretaceae

Bucida buceras Linnaeus, 1759 evg, itd <1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se, sw 70, 84Combretum laxum Jacquin, 1760 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, W

Indiessw 83

Conocarpus erectus Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, est, evg, itd

<1 Africa, neotropics, se USA ne, se 41

Laguncularia racemosa (Linnaeus) C. F. Gaert-ner, 1807

bsl, evg, itd <1 Africa, neotropics, se USA ne, se 41

Family: LythraceaeAmmannia coccinea Rottbøll, 1772 evg <1 Americas, Mexico ne, nw, se,

sw115

Ammannia latifolia Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 neotropics, se USA ne, nw, se 41Lythrum lineare Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd <1 se USA ne, se 41

Family: MyrtaceaeEugenia axillaris (Swartz) Willdenow, 1799 evg <1 se USA, W Indies ne, se 35Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) S. T. Blake,

1958evg, nid <1 Australia, se USA ne, nw 35



Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Family: OnagraceaeLudwigia bonariensis (Micheli) H. Hara, 1953 evg, nid <1 neotropics, se USA ne 41Ludwigia grandiflora (Michaux) Greuter & Bur-

det, 1987evg, nid <1 C&S America, e&w USA ne, nw 115

Ludwigia helminthorrhiza (Martius) Hara, 1953 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83Ludwigia suffruticosa Walter, 1788 evg <1 se USA ne, se 41Oenothera humifusa Nuttall, 1818 bsl, evg 0–<1 se USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 115

Family: VochysiaceaeVochysia hondurensis Sprague, 1922 evg, itd <1 C America, Mexico sw 24

Order: SapindalesFamily: Anacardiaceae

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, 1820 evg, nid <1 S America, se USA ne, nw, se 41Toxicodendron radicans (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891 bsl, evg 0–<1 C&N America, Asia ne, nw, se 115

Family: RutaceaeZanthoxylum clava- herculis Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg 0–<1 se USA ne, nw 35

Family: SapindaceaePaullinia pinnata Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 Africa, C&S America,

Mexicosw 83

Family: SimaroubaceaeLeitneria floridana Chapman, 1860 evg, itd,


Order: EricalesFamily: Myrsinaceae

Ardisia escallonioides Schiede & Deppe ex Schlechtendal & Chamisso, 1831

evg <1 se USA ne, se 35

Myrsine guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze, 1891 evg, itd <1 neotropics, se USA ne, se 41Family: Primulaceae

Samolus ebracteatus Kunth, 1818 evg, itd, THR

<1 Mexico, s USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 41

Family: SapotaceaeManilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright ex Grisebach)

Dubard, 1915evg, THR <1 se USA, W Indies ne, se 35

Manilkara zapota (Linnaeus) P. Royen, 1953 bsl, evg, nid 0–<1 C&S America, Mexico, se USA

ne, se, sw 83, 122

Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) T. D. Penning-ton, 1990

evg <1 C&S America, Mexico, s USA

ne, nw, se 84, 115

Family: TheophrastaceaeJacquinia keyensis Mez, 1901 evg, THR <1 se USA, W Indies ne, se 35

Order: BoraginalesFamily: Boraginaceae

Argusia gnaphalodes (Linnaeus) Heine, 1976 bsl, evg, THR

0–<1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se 122

Heliotropium angiospermum Murray, 1770 bsl, evg, itd <1 neotropics, s USA ne, nw, se 115Heliotropium curassavicum Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd, nid <1 C&S America, Mexico,

se USAne, nw, se 41, 115

Order: GentianalesFamily: Apocynaceae

Asclepias lanceolata Walter, 1788 evg, itd <1 se USA ne, nw 41Cynanchum angustifolium Persoon, 1805 evg, itd <1 se USA , W Indies ne, nw, se 41Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. Hansen & Wunder-

lin, 1986evg, itd <1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se 70

Plumeria obtusa Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd <1 Mexico, se USA, W Indies ne, se, sw 70, 84



(continued)

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacquin) Müller Argovien-sis, 1860

evg, itd <1 Americas, Mexico, W Indies

ne, se 41

Family: GentianaceaeEustoma exaltatum (Linnaeus) Salisbury ex

G. Don, 1837evg, THR <1 Americas, Mexico,

W Indiesne, nw, se 41

Sabatia arenicola Greenman, 1899 bsl, evg, THR

0–<1 Mexico, s USA nw, sw 41

Sabatia stellaris Pursh, 1814 evg, itd <1 e USA, Mexico, W Indies ne, nw, se, sw

41

Family: RubiaceaeChiococca alba (Linnaeus) Hitchcock, 1893 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico,

s USAnw, sw, se 122

Diodia teres Walter, 1788 bsl, evg, itd <1 e & sw USA ne, nw, se, sw

41

Diodia serrulata (P. Beauvois) G. Taylor, 1944 evg <1 Africa, C America, Mexico sw 70Erithalis fruticosa Linnaeus, 1759 evg, THR <1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se 122Ernodea littoralis Swartz, 1788 bsl, evg 0–<1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se 115Genipa clusiifolia (Jacquin) Grisebach, 1861 bsl, evg 0–<1 se USA, W Indies ne, se 35Guettarda elliptica Swartz, 1788 evg 0–<1 C America, Mexico,

W Indiesse, sw 70, 84

Randia aculeata Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 Americas, W Indies ne, se, sw 83Strumpfia maritima Jacquin, 1760 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 Mexico, se USA, W Indies ne, se 122

Order: LamialesFamily: Avicenniaceae

Avicennia germinans (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1764 bns, est, evg, THR

<1 Africa, neotropics, s USA ne, nw, se 41

Family: BignoniaceaeCrescentia cujete Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico,

W Indiessw 83

Macfadyena uncata (Andrews) Sprague & Sand-with, 1937

evg <1 C&S America, Mexico sw 83

Family: OleaceaeForestiera segregata (Jacquin) Krug & Urban,

1892evg <1 se USA ne, se 115

Family: ScrophulariaceaeAgalinis maritima (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, 1837 evg, itd <1 Mexico, se USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 41Bacopa monnieri (Linnaeus) Pennell, 1946 bsl, evg, itd <1 pantropical- subtropical,

se USAne, nw, se 41, 115

Capraria biflora Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg, itd <1 neotropics, se USA ne, se 41Lindernia dubia (Linnaeus) Pennell, 1935 evg <1 Americas, Mexico,

W Indiesne, nw, se,

sw41, 115

Family: VerbenaceaePhyla lanceolata (Michaux) Greene, 1899 evg, itd <1 Mexico, N America ne, nw 41Phyla nodiflora (Linnaeus) Greene, 1899 evg, itd <1 pantropical- subtropical,

s USAne, nw, se 41

Order: SolanalesFamily: Convolvulaceae

Calystegia sepium (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 1810 evg <1 Eurasia, N&S America ne, nw, se 41Cuscuta indecora Choisy, 1841 epl, par 0 C&N America, Mexico ne, nw 41, 115Cuscuta umbellata Kunth, 1819 epl, par 0 Mexico, S America, s USA ne, nw, se 41Ipomoea alba Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd <1 Americas, Asia, Mexico ne, nw, se 122



Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Grisebach, 1866 bsl, evg 0–<1 Africa, Americas, Europe, Mexico

ne, nw, se, sw

115

Ipomoea indica (Burman) Merrill, 1917 evg, itd, nid <1 pantropical, s USA ne, nw, se 41, 115Ipomoea pes- caprae (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 1816 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 pantropical, se USA ne, nw, se 115

Ipomoea sagittata Poiret, 1789 bsl, evg, itd 0–<1 C America, se USA, W Indies

ne, nw, se 41, 115

Ipomoea violacea Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 pantropical, se USA ne, nw, se 41Family: Solanaceae

Lycium carolinianum Walter, 1788 evg, itd, THR

<1 se USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 41, 115

Order: ApialesFamily: Apiaceae

Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban, 1879 evg <1 pantropical, se USA ne, nw, se, sw

41, 70

Eryngium aquaticum Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd, THR

<1 e N America ne, nw 41, 115

Hydrocotyle bonariensis Commerson ex Lamarck, 1789

bsl, evg <1 Africa, Americas, Mexico, se USA

ne, nw, se 41, 115

Hydrocotyle umbellata Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 Americas ne, nw, sw 83Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunberg, 1798 evg <1 C&N America, Mexico,

W Indiesne, nw, sw 83

Lilaeopsis chinensis (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1898 est, evg, itd, svg

<1–2 e USA ne, nw 41, 115

Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michaux) Rafinesque, 1830

evg, itd <1 e USA ne, nw, se 41

Order: AquifolialesFamily: Aquifoliaceae

Ilex cassine Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd, THR

<1 Mexico, se USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 41, 115

Ilex vomitoria Aiton, 1789 bsl, evg 0–<1 Mexico, se USA ne, nw 41, 115Order: AsteralesFamily: Asteraceae

Baccharis angustifolia Michaux, 1803 evg, itd <1 se USA ne, se 41Baccharis glomeruliflora Persoon, 1807 evg <1 se USA ne, se 41, 115Baccharis halimifolia Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 e N America ne, nw, se 41Borrichia arborescens (Linnaeus) A. P. de Can-

dolle, 1836evg, itd <1 se USA, W Indies ne, se 41

Borrichia frutescens (Linnaeus) A. P. de Candolle, 1836

evg, itd <1 Mexico, se USA ne, nw, se 41

Chloracantha spinosa (Bentham) G. L. Nesom, 1991

evg, itd <1 C America, Mexico, sw USA

nw, sw 115

Eclipta prostrata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1771 evg <1 Africa, Americas, Asia ne, nw, se, sw

83

Enydra sessilifolia (Ruiz & Pavón) Cabrera, 1960 evg <1 Mexico, S America sw 83Eupatorium capillifolium (Lamarck) Small ex

Porter & Britton, 1894evg <1 se USA ne, nw, se 115

Eupatorium mikanioides Chapman, 1860 evg, itd <1 se USA ne 41Eupatorium serotinum Michaux, 1803 evg, itd <1 e USA, Mexico ne, nw, se,

sw41

Euthamia caroliniana (Linnaeus) Greene ex Por-ter & Britton, 1894

evg, itd <1 e N America ne, nw 41



(continued)

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Flaveria floridana J. R. Johnston, 1903 bsl, end, evg, itd

<1 Florida ne 41

Flaveria linearis Lagasca & Segura, 1816 evg, itd <1 Mexico, se USA, W Indies ne, se 41Gymnocoronis latifolia Hooker & Arnott, 1838 evg <1 C America, Mexico sw 83Helianthus debilis Nuttall, 1841 bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA ne, nw, se 115Iva frutescens Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd <1 e N America ne, nw 41Iva imbricata Walter, 1788 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 se USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 115

Melanthera nivea (Linnaeus) Small, 1909 evg, THR <1 Americas, W Indies ne, nw, se, sw

83

Mikania micrantha Kunth, 1818 evg <1 C America, Mexico, W Indies

sw 83

Mikania scandens (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 1803 evg, itd <1 e N America, neotropics ne, nw, se, sw

41

Pluchea camphorata (Linnaeus) A. P. de Can-dolle, 1836

evg <1 e USA ne, nw 41

Pluchea longifolia Nash, 1896 evg, itd, THR

<1 Florida ne 41

Pluchea odorata (Linnaeus) Cassini, 1826 evg, itd <1 Americas, Mexico, W Indies

ne, nw, se 41

Rayjacksonia phyllocephala (A. P. de Candolle) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, 1996

evg, itd, THR

<1 Mexico, s USA ne, nw, se, sw

115

Solidago sempervirens Linnaeus, 1753 evg, itd <1 e N America, W Indies ne, nw, se 41Solidago stricta Aiton, 1789 evg <1 Mexico, se USA, W Indies ne, nw, se 41Symphyotrichum carolinianum (Walter) Wunder-

lin & B. F. Hansen, 2001evg, itd <1 se USA ne 115

Symphyotrichum elliottii (Torrey & A. Gray) G. L. Nesom, 1995

evg, itd <1 se USA ne 115

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Linnaeus) A. Löve & D. Löve, 1982

evg <1 e N America ne, nw 115

Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michaux) G. L. Nesom, 1995

evg <1 Americas, Mexico, W Indies

ne, nw, se 115

Symphyotrichum tenuifolium (Linnaeus) G. L. Nesom, 1995

evg, itd <1 e USA, W Indies ne, nw 115

Verbesina occidentalis (Linnaeus) Walter, 1788 bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA ne, nw 115Verbesina virginica Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg 0–<1 e USA ne, nw 115

Family: GoodeniaceaeScaevola plumieri (Linnaeus) Vahl, 1791 bsl, evg,

THR<1 Africa, Asia, S America,

s USAne, nw, se 115

Class: LiliopsidaOrder: AcoralesFamily: Acoraceae

Acorus calamus Linnaeus, 1753 evg, nid <1 Africa, Asia, Europe, Pacific, USA

ne, nw 108

Order: AlismatalesFamily: Alismataceae

Echinodorus cordifolius (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1857

evg <1 Mexico, Venezuela, W Indies

se, sw 65, 66

Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli, 1881 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico se, sw 65, 66, 83Sagittaria kurziana Glück, 1927 svg, THR 1–2 se USA ne 48Sagittaria lancifolia Linnaeus, 1759 evg <1 Americas, Caribbean,

Mexicone, nw, se,

sw48, 52



Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelmann) J. G. Smith, 1894

evg <1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, nw 48

Sagittaria subulata (Linnaeus) Buchenau, 1871 svg 1–2 Colombia, e USA ne 48, 52Family: Hydrocharitaceae

Egeria densa Planchon, 1849 nid, svg 1–3 Africa, Americas, Austra-lia, Eurasia

ne, nw, se, sw

45

Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld, 1902 bns, svg <1–30 Africa, Americas, Asia, Australia

ne, nw, se, sw

43

Halophila engelmannii Ascherson, 1875 bns, sft, svg, THR

<1–90 Americas, se USA, W Indies

ne, nw, se, sw

43

Hydrilla verticillata (Linnaeus f.) Royle, 1839 nid, svg 1–3 Africa, Americas, Austra-lia, Eurasia

ne, nw 45

Najas guadalupensis (Sprengel) Magnus, 1870 svg 1–3 Americas ne, nw, se, sw

46

Najas marina Linnaeus, 1753 svg 1–3 Americas, Eurasia ne, nw, se, sw

46

Thalassia testudinum Banks & Solander ex K. D. König, 1805

bns, sft, svg, THR

<1–10 Americas, Caribbean ne, nw, se, sw

43

Vallisneria americana Michaux, 1803 sft, svg 1–3 Americas, Asia ne, nw 45Order: PotamogetonalesFamily: Cymodoceaceae

Halodule wrightii Ascherson, 1868 bns, sft, svg, THR

<1–3 C&S America, Mexico, s USA

ne, nw, se, sw

43, 81

Syringodium filiforme Kützing, 1860 bns, sft, svg <1–25 C&S America, Mexico, s USA

ne, nw, se, sw

43

Family: JuncaginaceaeTriglochin striata Ruiz López & Pavón, 1802 evg, int,

THR<1 Mexico, se USA, S America ne, nw, se,

sw49

Family: PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton illinoensis Morong, 1880 flv, svg <1–3 Americas ne, nw, se,

sw50

Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus, 1753 svg <1–3 Africa, C America, Eurasia, e USA

ne, nw 50

Potamogeton pusillus Linnaeus, 1753 sft, svg <1–3 Africa, Americas, Eurasia ne 50Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes, 1841 sft, svg,

THR1–2 N America ne 50

Stuckenia pectinata (Linnaeus) Börner, 1912 sft, svg <1–3 Americas, Australia, Eur-asia

ne, nw 50

Family: RuppiaceaeRuppia didyma Swartz ex Wikström, 1825 svg 0–1 Mexico, W Indies sw 66, 80, 82Ruppia maritima Linnaeus, 1753 bns, sft, svg <1–3 Africa, Americas, Austra-

lia, Eurasiane, nw, se,

sw47

Family: ZannicheliaceaeZannichellia palustris Linnaeus, 1753 svg <1–3 Africa, Americas, Austra-

lia, Eurasiane, nw 51

Order: AralesFamily: Araceae

Colocasia esculenta (Linnaeus) Schott, 1832 com, evg, nid

<1 Africa, Americas, Asia ne, nw, se, sw

109

Peltandra virginica (Linnaeus) Schott, 1832 evg <1 e USA ne, nw 109Pistia stratiotes Linnaeus, 1753 fvg, nid 0–2 pantropical ne, nw, sw 70, 83



(continued)

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Family: LemnaceaeSpirodela intermedia W. Koch, 1932 fvg 0–1 C&S America, Mexico,

W Indiessw 60, 66, 83

Wolffiella lingulata (Hegelmaier) Hegelmaier, 1895

svg 0–1 Americas, W Indies ne, nw 60, 66, 83

Order: AsparagalesFamily: Agavaceae

Yucca aloifolia Linnaeus, 1753 bsl 0 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, nw, se 53Family: Amaryllidaceae

Crinum erubescens Linnaeus f. ex Aiton, 1789 evg <1 neotropics sw 83Hymenocallis franklinensis Gerald L. Smith,

L. C. Anderson, & Flory, 2001end, evg <1 se USA ne 99

Hymenocallis godfreyi Gerald L. Smith & Darst, 1994

end, evg, THR

<1 se USA ne 99

Hymenocallis latifolia (Miller) M. Roemer, 1847 bsl, evg, itd, THR

<1 se USA ne, se 99

Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacquin) Salisbury, 1812 evg <1 neotropical se, sw 83Family: Orchidaceae

Brassavola nodosa (Linnaeus) Lindley, 1831 epl 0 C&S America, Mexico se, sw 70, 84Encyclia boothiana (Lindley) Dressler, 1961 epl 0 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se, sw 70, 84Encyclia tampensis (Lindley) Small, 1913 epl 0 Bahamas, se USA ne, se 44Spiranthes vernalis Engelmann & A. Gray, 1845 bsl 0 e USA ne, nw, se 98

Order: LilialesFamily: Smilacaceae

Smilax auriculata Walter, 1788 bsl, THR 0 se USA ne 54Order: BromelialesFamily: Bromeliaceae

Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz, 1788 epl 0 C & S America, Mexico, se USA

ne, se 67

Tillandsia paucifolia Baker, 1878 epl 0 C & S America, Mexico, se USA

ne, se 67

Tillandsia pruinosa Swartz, 1797 epl, THR 0 C & S America, se USA, W Indies

ne 67

Tillandsia setacea Swartz, 1797 epl 0 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se 67Tillandsia usneoides (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1762 epl 0 Americas, W Indies ne, nw, se,

sw67

Tillandsia utriculata Linnaeus, 1753 epl, THR 0 Americas, W Indies ne, se 67Order: ArecalesFamily: Arecaceae

Acoelorraphe wrightii (Grisebach & H. Wend-land) Beccari, 1907

evg 0–<1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se, sw 70, 84

Sabal palmetto (Walter) Loddiges ex Schultes & Schultes f., 1830

evg <1–2 se USA, W Indies ne, se 125

Sabal mexicana Martius, 1838 evg <1 C America, Mexico, s USA nw, sw 70, 83Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small, 1926 bsl, end,

evg, THR0–1 se USA ne, se 125

Order: CommelinalesFamily: Pontederiaceae

Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms- Laubach, 1883

fvg, nid <1–3 pantropical, s USA ne, nw, se, sw

55



Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Heteranthera dubia (Jacquin) MacMillan, 1892 svg <1–3 Mexico, N America, W Indies

ne, nw, se, sw

55

Pontederia cordata Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 C&S America, e USA, Mexico

ne, nw, se 55

Order: PoalesFamily: Cyperaceae

Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Soják, 1972 evg <1 e USA, Mexico, S America ne, nw 101Cladium jamaicense Crantz, 1766 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico,

se USAne, nw, se,

sw1, 113

Cyperus articulatus Linnaeus, 1753 evg, THR <1 Africa, Americas, Asia, se USA

ne, nw, sw 114

Cyperus elegans Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 Americas, W Indies ne, nw, se, sw

2, 114

Cyperus lecontei Torrey ex Steudel, 1854 evg, THR <1 se USA ne 114Cyperus ligularis Linnaeus, 1759 evg <1 Africa, Americas, se USA ne, se, sw 114Cyperus odoratus Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 Africa, Americas, Asia,

Australiane, nw, se,

sw114

Cyperus planifolius Richard, 1792 evg <1 C America, Mexico, se USA ne, se, sw 114Cyperus surinamensis Rottbøll, 1772 evg <1 Americas, W Indies ne, nw, se,

sw2, 114

Eleocharis albida Torrey, 1836 evg, THR <1 Bermuda, Mexico, s USA ne, nw, sw 103Eleocharis acutangula (Roxburgh) Shultes, 1824 evg <1 pantropical nw, sw 42, 83Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retzius) J. Presl &

C. Presl, 1828evg <1 Africa, Americas, Eurasia ne, nw, se,

sw103

Eleocharis cellulosa Torrey, 1836 evg, THR <1 C America, se USA ne, nw, se, sw

103

Eleocharis geniculata (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes, 1817

evg, THR <1 Africa, Americas, Asia ne, nw, se, sw

103

Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roemer & Schultes, 1817

evg <1 Americas, W Indies ne, nw, se, sw

42, 83, 103

Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth, 1837 evg <1 Mexico, S America, s USA ne, nw, se 103Eleocharis mutata (Linnaeus) Roemer &

Schultes, 1817evg <1 pantropical se, sw 42, 83

Eleocharis parvula (Roemer & Schultes) Link ex Bluff, Nees, & Schauer, 1836

evg, THR <1 C&N America, Eurasia ne, nw, sw 103

Eleocharis rostellata (Torrey) Torrey, 1843 evg, THR <1 Mexico, N America, W Indies

ne, nw, se, sw

103

Eleocharis tricostata Torrey, 1836 evg, THR <1 e USA ne 103Fimbristylis caroliniana (Lamarck) Fernald, 1940 evg <1 e USA, Mexico, W Indies ne, nw, se,

sw58

Fimbristylis castanea (Michaux) Vahl, 1805 evg <1 C America, e USA ne, nw, se, sw

58

Fimbristylis complanata (Retzius) Link, 1827 evg <1 pantropical sw 3Fimbristylis cymosa R. Brown, 1810 bsl 0–1 Africa, Americas, Asia,

Australiane, se, sw 58

Fimbristylis miliacea (Linnaeus) Vahl, 1805 evg <1 Africa, Americas, Asia, Australia

ne, nw, sw 3, 58

Fimbristylis spadicea (Linaneus) Vahl, 1805 evg <1 neotropical se, sw 3, 83Fuirena breviseta (Coville) Coville, 1901 evg, itd <1 s USA ne, nw 59Fuirena camptotricha C. Wright, 1871 evg <1 C America, Mexico,

W Indiessw 4

Fuirena longa Chapman, 1897 evg, itd <1 s USA ne, nw 59Fuirena scirpoidea Michaux, 1803 evg, itd <1 s USA, W Indies ne, nw 59



(continued)

Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Oxycaryum cubense (Poeppig & Kunth) Lye, 1971 evg, THR <1 Africa, C&S America, se USA

ne, nw, se, sw

20

Remirea maritima Aublet, 1775 bsl 0–1 Africa, Asia, S America, se USA

ne, se 21

Schoenoplectus americanus (Persoon) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller, 1905

evg <1 Americas ne, nw 102

Schoenoplectus californicus (C. A. Meyer) Soják, 1972

evg <1–2 Americas, New Zealand, Pacific

ne, nw 102

Schoenoplectus deltarum (Schuyler) Soják, 1972 evg, THR <1 se USA ne, nw 102Schoenoplectus etuberculatus (Steudel) Soják,

1972evg, THR <1 se USA ne, nw 102

Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla, 1888 evg <1 Europe, Mexico, N&S America

ne, nw 102

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmelin) Palla, 1888

evg <1 Africa, Americas, Austra-lia, Eurasia

ne, nw, sw 5, 102

Family: JuncaceaeJuncus megacephalus M. A. Curtis, 1835 evg <1 e USA ne, nw 26Juncus roemerianus Scheele, 1849 evg <1 se USA ne, nw 19

Family: PoaceaeAndropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns,

& Poggenburg, 1888bsl, evg 0–<1 C&S America, s USA ne, nw, se,

sw23

Andropogon virginicus Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg 0–<1 Australia, C&S America, s USA

ne, nw, se, sw

23

Cenchrus spinifex Cavanilles, 1799 bsl 0 C&S America, s USA ne, nw, se, sw

105

Distichlis spicata (Linnaeus) Greene, 1887 evg <1 Americas, Australia ne, nw, se, sw

13

Echinochloa crusgalli (Linnaeus) Palisot de Beau-vois, 1812

evg, nid <1 widespread ne, nw 69

Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchcock, 1920 evg, THR <1 Americas, W Indies nw, sw 90Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) A. Heller, 1900 evg <1 e USA ne, nw 69Eragrostis elliottii S. Watson, 1890 bsl 0 Americas ne, nw, se,

sw87

Eragrostis secundiflora J. Presl, 1830 bsl 0 Americas ne, nw, sw 87Eriochloa michauxii (Poiret) Hitchcock, 1908 bsl, evg,

THR0–<1 se USA ne, se 97

Leptochloa fusca (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1829 bsl 0 cosmopolitan ne, nw 104Leptochloa panicoides (J. Presl) Hitchcock, 1934 evg <1 Americas, W Indies ne, nw, sw 91Monanthochloe littoralis Engelmann, 1855 bsl, THR 0 Mexico, se&w USA,

W Indiesne, nw, se,

sw107

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michaux, 1803 evg <1 Americas, e USA ne, nw, se 38Panicum grande Hitchcock & Chase, 1915 evg <1 C&S America, Mexico,

W Indiessw 70, 83

Panicum repens Linnaeus, 1762 evg, nid <1 pantropical, w&se USA ne, nw, se 38Panicum virgatum Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, evg 0–<1 C&N America, Mexico,

W Indiesne, nw, se,

sw38

Paspalum acuminatum Raddi, 1823 evg <1 Americas sw 83Paspalum distichum Linnaeus, 1759 evg <1 Europe, Americas ne, se 6Paspalum vaginatum Swartz, 1788 evg <1 pantropical, se USA ne, nw, se 6Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steu-

del, 1841evg <1–2 cosmopolitan ne, nw, se,

sw7



Taxon

Habitat- Biology

Depth (m)


GMx range


Polypogon monspeliensis (Linnaeus) Desfon-taines, 1798

evg, nid <1 Europe, N America ne, se 40

Schizachyrium maritimum (Chapman) Nash, 1903

end, evg, THR

<1 se USA ne, nw, se 121

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash, 1903 bsl 0 N America ne, nw, se 121Setaria magna Grisebach, 1864 evg <1 C America, Mexico, s USA ne, nw, se,

sw94

Setaria parviflora (Poiret) Kerguélen, 1987 bsl, evg 0–<1 Mexico, s USA, W Indies ne, nw, se, sw

94

Spartina alterniflora Loiseleur- Deslongchamps, 1807

evg, itd <1–2 e USA, S America ne, nw, se 14

Spartina bakeri E. D. Merrill, 1902 end, evg, itd <1–2 se USA ne, nw, se 14Spartina cynosuroides (Linnaeus) Roth, 1806 evg, itd <1–2 e USA ne, nw 14Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhlenberg, 1817 evg, itd <1–2 C, N&S America ne, nw, se,

sw14

Spartina spartinae (Trinius) Merrill ex Hitch-cock, 1913

evg, itd <1–2 Americas, se USA ne, nw, se, sw

14

Sporobolus domingensis (Trinius) Kunth, 1833 bsl 0 Mexico, se USA, W Indies ne, se, sw 88Sporobolus virginicus (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1829 bsl, evg 0–<1 Americas, se USA ne, nw, se,

sw88

Uniola paniculata Linnaeus, 1753 bsl, THR 0 Bahamas, Cuba, Mexico, se USA

ne, nw, se, sw

124

Zizania aquatica Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1–2 e N America ne, nw 40Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michaux) Döll & Ascher-

son, 1871evg <1–2 e USA ne, nw 40

Family: TyphaceaeTypha angustifolia Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 Eurasia, N America ne 100Typha domingensis Persoon, 1807 evg <1 Americas, Australia, Eur-

asiane, nw, se,

sw100

Typha latifolia Linnaeus, 1753 evg <1 Africa, Americas, Austra-lia, Eurasia

ne, nw, se, sw

100

Documents

10 - University of Connecticuthydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/les/Manuscript_Files/GOM.pdf · Explorer database (NatureServe 2004) to identify spe-cies that are designated by imperilment