10 Short Notes M

8/10/2019 10 Short Notes M

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT Short Notes 9048332443

Prepared y Fassal Peringolam

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sshZypXhntjWwxCeIvt{Smssen IqSn sshZypXn ISv t]mIptXmsSmw

AXv cmkamn\v hnt[bamp {]{InbbmWvsshZypXhntjWw.

xCeIvt{SmssepIfn kzX{ AtbmWpIfpsS Nme\waptJ\bmWv sshZypX{]hmlw DmIpXv.

cmkêns {]tbmKxsshZypX te]\w , teml \nmWw , Bt\mssUknwKv , teml

ipoIcWwsshZypXte]\w

xHcp NmeIhkvXphns D]cnXen sshZypX hntjWwaptJ\ asmcp temlw ]qip {]{InbbmWv sshZypXte]\w.

x

sshZypXte]\w sNt NmeIhkvXp ImtYmUmbpw

CeIvt{SmUv]qip temlns XInSv Bt\mUmbpw

CeIvt{SmUv . Cu temlns ehW emb\nCeIvt{Smssembpw D]tbmKnpp.

sshZypXte]\ns D]tbmKxImWm\p `wKn IqSpp ; teml\mi\w XSbpp.

sshZypXhntjW \nbawxHcp CeIvt{SmUn \npw kzX{amsSpItbm AhnsS

\nt]nsSpItbm sNp ]Zmns amkv

CeIvt{Smssen IqSn ISnhnSp sshZypXNmPn\vt\A\p]mXnembncnpw.

x ncmw Xm]t\m]IcWw

xlonwMv tImbn ({][m\ `mKw)x\nt{Imw sImmWv lonwMv tImbn \nnncpXvx\nt{Imans khntijXI : Db {ZhWmw, Db

{]Xntcm[w; Npp]gpm\p IgnhvPq \nbaw

xHcp NmeIneqsS sshZypXn {]hlnpXns êambnDmZnnsSp Xm]ns Afhv Idnshnsbpw NmeIns {]Xntcm[nsbpw Idv{]hlnp kabnsbpw KpW\ên\vXpyambncnpw.

xXm]w

x Idv, {]Xntcm[w, thmX, kabw, ]h


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xXm]ns bqWnv= PqsshZypX ]h

x {]hrnbpsS \ncmWv ]hx]h={]hrn /kabw

x

xbqWnv=hmv

A]mbclnX ^yqkvx{][m\ `mK: t]mken tmv; t]mken {_nUvPv ;

^yqkv hbx^yqkv hb: Snnsbpw seUnsbpw kcw(khntijX:

Ipd {ZhWmw)xtjmv kyqv, HmhtemUv Fnh aqew hcp AanX

sshZypX {]hmls XSp \nn D]IcWsf

kwcnpXn\p kwhn[m\amWv ^yqkv.^nesav emvx^nesav ({][m\`mKw)xSMv sImmWv ^nesav \nnncpXvxSMvWns khntijXI : {ZhWmw, {]Xntcm[w Fnh

IqSpX ; t\cnb Inbmn amm\p km[yX ; Npp]gpvZoLt\cw {]Iminm\p Ignhv).

x{]h\w: ^nesaneqsS sshZypXn {]hlnpXnsêambn Npp]gpv {]Iminpp.

xGhpw Db dknkvnhnn D iptemlamWv SMv.

UnkvNmPv empIx{][m\ `mK:c v CeIvt{SmUv, hmXIw \nd mkv Syq_v.x{]h\w: AtbmWpIfpw CeIvt{SmWpIfpw AtbmWo

IcnsSm IWnIIfpambn IqnbnSnpXns êambn{]Imiw DmIpp.

xhmXIn\\pkcnv {]Imins \ndw amdpp.x (sapdn: sh, \ntbm: Hmdv, tkmUnbw: a,

ssl{UP: \oe, ss\{SP: Nphv, tmdn: ]).^vfqdskv empI

x{]h\w: CeIvt{SmWpI sapdn hmXIsAbWoIcnpXns êambn A{Smhbev IncWDmIpIbpw Ahsb vfqdskv ]Zmw BKncWw sNbvXvZriy{]Imiw Dmpp.

xtaI: Bbpkv 5 aSv IqSpX, \ng aqeap AkuIcywIpdhmWv , DuPns D]tbmKw Ipdhv, DuP \jvSw Ipdhv,anI {]Imiw.


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xCFL CeIvt{SmWnIv skov ASnb bqWnpw sapdnhmXIw \nd ^vfqdskv Syq_pw Dv

xLEDempI {]hnm Ipd ]h aXn.

sshZypX ImnI t{]cWXXzwxInpcpfnstbm, Imnstbm Bt]nI Ne\w

sImv Inpcpfpambn _s ImnI^vfIvknhyXnbm\w kw`hnpp.

xHcp NmeIhpambn _s ImnI ^vfIvkv

hyXymksSppXns êambn B NmeIn Hcp t{]cnXamIp {]Xn`mkamWv sshZypX ImnI t{]cWw.

xsshZypXImnIt{]cWw aptJ\ Dev]mZnnp emf s\

t{]cnX Fp ]dbpp.xsshZypXImnIt{]cWw aptJ\ Dev]mZnnp Idns\

t{]cnXIdv Fp ]dbpp.xCu XXzw ASnm\amn {]hnp D]IcWfmWv

P\td (bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPampp),

ssat{Imt^m (i_vtZmPwsshZyptXmPampp).P\td cv hn[w

P\tdxAt\Iw XhW Zniamdp sshZypXn DmZnnp

P\td.{][m\ `mK:

xôUvImw: P\tddn ImnI^vfIvkv krjvSnpImamWnXv.

xBta: scp ]ncpp tImdn IhNnXamb NmeIInNpnsbSp {IaoIcWamWv

xnvdnMvkv: Bta sSan\epIfpambn hnfnt]qWhfbfmWnh.

x{_jv:nvdnMvkpambn kZm kv]inncnp {IaoIcWwx

{]h\w: ImnIaen Bta XncnbptmtImbn ^vfIvkns\ hntOZnpXns êambntImbnepambn _s ^vfIvkn\v hyXnbm\w kw`hnpp.BtadnepmIp sshZypXn {_jv hgn _mlyskontev{]hlnpp.

xBtadns Hcp ]pW{àWns hnhn[ L:BZy

A[ {àWn emf ]qPyn \np w Xp Sn ]camh[n


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t]mkn ohv aqeynsenbnv (90tImWfhn) ]noSv {ItaW

Ip dv ]qP ynsep p , (180tImWfhn) c mw A[

{àWn emf FXn Znibn {ItaW s\Kohv aqeyn

senbn v (270 tImWfhn) ]noSv {ItaW Ip dv ho pw

]qPynsepp (360tImWfhnseptm)xHcp NmeIhpambn _s ImnI ^vfIvkns

hyXnbm\ns êambn NmeIn cq]sSp Zni

amdnsmncnp sshZypXnbmWv .

P\tdxHtc Znibn {]hlnp sshZypXn DmZnnp P\td.xôUvImw, Bta, kvnvdnMvkv Iayqt FnhbmWv

`mK.x{]h\w: ImnIaen Bta Xncnbptm

tImbn ^vfIvkns\ hntOZnpXns êambntImbnepambn _s ^vfIvkn\v hyXnbm\w kw`hnpp.BZy A[{à W n ^vfIvkv tOZn s SpXv Hcp Znibnepw ASp A[ {à W n FXnZnibnepambncnpw.AXp sImv Btadnse sshZypX {]hml Zni am dp p. Cuamw kw` hnp tXm sSmw kv]vfnv dnMpIfpw {_jpIfpw Xnep _w amdnhcp XpsImv _mlyskon sshZypXnbpsS Zni am dp n.

P\tddpw DC P\tddpw Xnep LS\bnse

kmayXIfpw hyXymkfpwx

ôUv Imw, Bta, {_jpI Fnh AC P \tddnep w DC P \tddnepw s]mXp hmbn D `mKfmWv.

xAC P \tddn Btadns A{Ksf nvdnM pItfmSmWvLSnnncnp Xv.

xFm DCP \tddn Btadns A{K LSnnncnpXv kvnvdnM p ItfmSmWv.

NenpwNpcp ssat{Imt^mxNenpw Npcp ssat{Imt^mWn intbdnb Hcp

Imns {[phnSbn kzX{ambn NenmIgnhp thmbvkv tImbn {IaoIcnncnpp. Ub{^n\vapn i_vZapmptm Ub{^tmSv LSnn thmbvkvtImbn I\w sNpp. ImnIaen thmbvkvtImbn I\w sNpXns êambn thmbvkv tImbnent{]cnX sshZypXn DmIpp. Ub{^n\v apn Dmpi_vZn\v A\pkrXamb sshZypXkn BWv ChnsSe`npXv.


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xUb{^ns apn Dmp i_vZns DXh[nnm tImbnen cq]sSp t{]cnXsshZypXknens BbXn h[npw.

xNenpwNpcp ssat{Imt^mWn \Sp DuP ]cnh\wbm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPambn amdpp.

ayqz CUxss{]adn tImbnens\ Hcp tSmv skpambn _nnv

sshZypXn {]hlnnptm tImbnen\v Nppw Hcp ImnIaWvUew DmIpw. Fm Cu ImnI ^vfIvkn\v hyXnbm\wkw`hnmXn\m

xcmas tImbnen emf t{]cnXamhpn. Fm kznvHm sNptmgpw kznv Hm^v sNptmgpw skdn

tImbnen ^vfIvkv hyXnbm\hpw X^eambn emft{]cnXamsSpIbpw sNpp.

x

ss{]adn tImbnenIqSn ISnhnSp ACbpsS Zni {IaambCSthfIfn amdnsmncnpw. skUdn tImbn nXnsNpXv ncambn Zni amdnsmncnp Cu ImnIaWvUenembXn\m ImnI ^vfIvkns hyXnbm\w

skUdnbn Hcp t{]cnX emf XpSbmbnkwPmXamIpXn\v ImcWamIpp. AXn\m __vXpSbmbn Ipp.

xss{]adn NppIfpsS Ftm IpSpXemWvskUdnbnse NppIfpsS Fw Fn AXn t{]cWw

sNsSp emfIqSpp.xss{]adn NppIfpsS Ftm IpdhmWv

skUdnbnse NppIfpsS Fw Fn AXn t{]cWw

sNsSp emf Ipdbpp.xkao]fmbn nXnsNp cv InpcpfpIfn Hnse

sshZypX{]hmlXo{hXbn amapmIptm AXn\vNppap ImnIaen hyXnbm\apmIpIbpw

CXns ^eambn cmas Inpn Hcp emft{]cnXamhpIbpw sNp {]{Inbsb ayqz CU

mutual induction Fp ]dbpp.{Smkvt^maxayqz CU XXzw {]tbmP\sSpnbncnp

D]IcWamWv {Smkvt^ma.{Smkvt^ma 2 hn[w

xsv Av {Smkvt^maxsv Uu {Smkvt^ma


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sv A v {Smkvt^ma sv Uu {Smkvt^ma

xACthmX Dbpp.xss{]adnbn In IqSnb

Ipd NppIx

skdnbn In IpdIqSpX NppIxss{]adnbn Idv IqSpX

skdnbn Ipdhv

xACthmX Xmgvpp.xss{]adnbn In Ipd

IqSpX NppIx

skdnbn In IqSnbIpd NppIxss{]adnbn Idv Ipdhv

skdnbn IqSpX

sk^v CU

xHcp NmeIntem Npcpfntem _mv emf t{]cnXamIp{]Xn`mkw

x_mv emf t{]cnXamIpXv aqew NmeIneqsStbmNpcpfneqsStbm {]hlnp kê thmX Ipdbpp.

CUIvSxXm]\jvSanmsX sshZypX{]hmlnse amsfFXnp tImbnepI.

^vsfanns CSXpssI \nbawxCSXp ssIbnse Xhnc Nqv hnc, \Sphnc Fnh

Hmtcmpw ]ckv]cw ew_ambn hchnXw \nhpI.Nqv hnc ImnIaens Znisbbpw \SphncsshZypX {]hml Znisbbpw krNnnpIbmsWnXhnc NmeIn _ew A\p`hsSp ZnisbbpwIpdnpp. CXmWv ^vsfanns CSXp ssI \nbaw.

tamtm XXzwxImnIaWvUen nXnsNp NmeIneqsS sshZypXn

ISnhnm NmeIn Hcp _ew A\p`hsSpp.xCu XXzw ASnm\amn {]hnp D]IcWfmWv

sshZypX tamtm (sshZyptXmPw bm{ntImPampp),

euUv kv]o(sshZyptXmPw i_vtZmPampp)sshZypXtamtm

xsshZypXtamtmdn Hcp ôUv Imhpw kzw AnkzX{ambn Idm Ignbp Hcp Btadpw Dv. ôUv

Imw D

mq ImnIt{XnemWv BtaIdpXv. BtadneqsS sshZypXn {]hlnptm AXv^vsfanns CSXpssI \nbans ASnm\nNenpp. tamtmdns {]tXyI cp]Iev]\ ImcWw Cu Ne\w{àWambn amdpp.

Nenpw Npcp euUvkv]oxHcp ncIms hn]coX {[phnSbn

nXnsNp Hcp thmbvkv tImbnemWv euUvkv]odns


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{][m\`mKw. Cu tImbnepambn Hcp t] tImWpw (Ub{^w)_nnnpv.

xssat{Imt^mWn \np hcp sshZypXknepIsfinsSpn euUvkv]odns thmbvkv tImbneneqsSISnhnm sshZypX{]hmlXo{hXbqsS hyXymka\pkcnv^vsfanns CSXpssI \nbans ASnm\ntImbn I\w sNpw. Cu I\w thmbvkv tImbnepambn_nn Ub{^s I\w sNnpp. AtmUb{^n\v Nppap hmbp I\w sNpw. CXns ^eambnBZyi_vZw IpSpX DXbn tIpp

xFpdnenm sshZypXnbmWv thmbvkv tImbnenFpsXn ^vfIvkv hyXnbm\w DmIpn. AXn\mthmbvkv tImbnen I\w DmIpn.

xNenpw Npcp euUv kv]odn sshZyptXmPwi_vtZmPambn amdpp.

]h tjxsshZypX DmZ\ tI{. {][m\ambpw aqv hn[w

sslt{Um CeIv{SnIv ]htj ( PesshZypX \nebw)xDbcn sIn\nnb Pew IpgepIfneqsStbm

XpcfnepsStbm Hgpnsmphv P\tddnsSss_ Idn sshZypXn DevmZnnp ]h tj\pIfmWv sslt{Um CeIv{SnIv ]htj\pI.

x

bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPamIpp.xDZm: aqeaw, ]nhmk, IpymSn, i_cnKncn

sXa ]htj (Xm] sshZypX \nebw)xIcn, \m^vX, enssv Fo C\ Pzennv Inp

Xmt]mPw D]tbmKnv Pew Db anep\ocmhnbmpp. Cu \ocmhn D]tbmKnv Sss_ IdnsshZypXn DevmZnnp ]h tj\pIfmWv sXa]htj\pI.

xcmtkmPwXmt]mPw bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPw

x

DZm: s\bvthen, ImbwIpfw, cmaKpw, {_]pcw.\yqnb]htj (BWh sshZypX \nebw)

xAWpin D]tbmKnv Inp Xmt]mPw D]tbmKnv PewDb anep \ocmhnbmpp. Cu \ocmhn D]tbmKnvSss_ Idn sshZypXn DevmZnnp ]htj\pIfmWv \yqnb ]htj\pI.

xBWthmPwXmt]mPwbm{ntImPwsshZyptXmPw


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xDZm: Xmcmq, I]mw, tIm, \tdmd.]h P\td

x {]\m\ambpw aqv `mKxtdm:Idp `mKw(ôUpImw)x

t:\nivNeamb `mKw(Bta)xFIvssk(klmbI P\td) : oUpImw XncnbpXn

\mhiyamb DC\Ipp.xP\tddn ôUvImw ncImambm DmIp

{]iv\:xiamb Imw Dmphm\p ]cnanXn.xImnItijn Iptdsbmbn \jvSsSptm Htc coXnbn

^vfIvkv \ne\nm IgnbpnxôUvImns in Iqmt\m Ipdbvmt\m Ignbn.x

]h P\tddpIfn D]tbmKnp Btadns `mcwIqSpXembncnpw. AXpsImv Bta tdmbnD]tbmKnpp. Xaqew {Kmss^v {_jv Hgnhmm\pwAhnsSbpmIp kv]mv CmXmm\pw km[npp.

P\tddpI 2 hn[w1. knwKn t^kv P\td

xkhntijXI: Hcp ôUv Imw+Hcp Bta tImbn;

Hcp kabw Hcp AC ; hoSpIfnepw ISIfnepw D]tbmKnpp.2. {Xot^kv P\td

xkhntijXI : Hcp ôUv Imw+aqv Bta; Htc

kabw aqv hyXykvX AC ; ]h tj\n D]tbmKnpp.xBta tImbnense InNppIfpsS Fw XpywxBta tImbnepI Xn 1200 tImWn

{IaoIcnncnpp.x {Xo t^kv P\tdqdn \nv ]pdtv hcp apv t^kv

sse\pIfntemtcmnsbpw Hmtcm A{K {IaambnIpntbmPnnncnp _nphmWv \yp{S. AhnsS sXmSpBv tjmv Fpn. ImcWw. Cu _nphpw `qanbpwXnepff s]mjy hyXymkw ]qPyw BWv.

]h t{]jWhpw hnXcWhpw)xDmZnnp ev \nv D]tbmKnp etv

sshZypXn Fnp {]{Inb.

x\psS cmPyv sshZypXn DevmZnnpXv 11Intemthmn

kVemWv.x]h tjt\mSp tNp k_v tj\n sv Av

{Smkvt^ma D]tbmKnpp.


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xhnXcW irwKebn asmbnSpw svUu {Smkvt^maD]tbmKnpp.

{]kcW\jvSw(]h t{]jWnse {]iv\)xthmtPv XmgvN, DuP\jvSw

]cnlmc amKx

kvsv D]tbmKnv thmtPv Dbn hnXcWw sNbvXv

thmtPv XmgvN ]cnlcnmw.(ImcWw:]h hyXymksSmsX IIpdbvWsan Db thmXbn sshZypXn t{]jWwsNWw)

xDuP\jvSw ]cnlcnm {]Xntcm[w Ipd Inbp InD]tbmKnpI.

xsshZypX {]hmlXo{hX IpdpI. (ImcWw: Hcp NmeInD]mZnnSp Xm]w AXnse sshZypX {]hml

Xo{hXbpsS hKn\v t\ A\p]mXnembncnpwH Im IW

xhnXcW {Smkvt^madn \npw hoSpIfntev sshZypXnFnp kwhn[m\w.

x4 hb (3 t^kv + 1 \yq{S).x3 t^kpw IqSn tNcp _nphmWv \yq{S.

xcv t^kpI Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 400V.

xHcp t^kpw Hcp \yq{Sepw Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 230V.

x\yq{Sepw `qanbpw Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 0V.

x

t^kpw `qanbpw Xn230V

\yq{Sense s]mjy0V

KrlsshZypXoIcWwx\psS hoSpIfn km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKnp

sshZyptXm]IcW Fmw 230V thmnemWv{]hnpXv Fm Chbvsmw Bhiyamb IdvHcpt]mseb.

xkamcambn LSnn skonse __pI IpSpXXo{hXtbmsS {]Iminpp.

xkamc skon Hcp kznv Hm^mnbmepwAXnt\mS\p_np __v HgnsI _mn __pI

{]Iminpw. Fm t{iWn skon Hcp kznvHm^mnbm Fm __pIfpsSbpw {]Imiw \nebvpw.kamc coXnbn D]IcW LSnnpXns t\

xkamc skon Hcp D]IcWns {]h\w\nemepw aph km[mcW coXnbn {]hnpw.

xHmtcm D]IcWn\pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw\nb{Wkwhn[m\w FsSpm km[npp.


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xFm D]IcWpw IpdptI Htc thmXbp Idve`yamphm km[npp.

xD]IcW skon kamcambn LSnnptmskonse k^e {]Xntcm[w IpdbpIbpw sshZypX {]hmlXo{hX IqSpIbpw sNpp.

x

hmv Huh ao, sabn ^yqkv, sabn kznv, ^yqkpI,kznpI, D]IcW F {Ian kamcambmWvKrlsshZypXoIcWw \StXv.

x^yqkv t^knemWv LSnntXv.xkznpI t^knemWv LSnntXv.xBhiyambn hcptmsgmw Fm skonsebpw

sshZypXn{]hmlw hntOZnpIbmWv sabn kznns [w.xD]IcWsf kznv hgn \yq{Sentev kamcambn LSnnWw.

{Xo]nKpw Sq]n Kpw

x

{Xo]nKn E (Fv ]n) F ]n Fvsse\pambnmWv kn hcpXv. Cu ]naphtbm hepXmbncnpw.Cu sse D]IcWnstemlNIqSpambn `mKhpambnmWv _nnncnpXv

xt^kv sse\pw \yq{S sse\pw D]IcWns tImbnepambn_nnncnpp.

xt^kv sse D]IcWns temlNqSpambnkn hcptm sshZypXnbpsS Hgpv`qanbntembncnpw.

x

\psS hoSpIfnsep sshZypX sse hmv Huhaodnt\mSmWv BZyw _npXv. hon D]tbmKnpsshZypXnbpsS Afhv IrXyambn IWmm\mWv CuD]IcWw D]tbmKnpXv.

sshZyptXmPnsAfhvx1000W (1kW) ]h D Hcp D]IcWw Hcp aWnq sIm v

hn\ntbmKnp CuPamWv Hcp Intem hmv Huh.CXmWvsshZypX DuPns hymhkmbnI bpWnv.

i_vZwxtIhnsb _m[np DuPcq]amWv i_vZw.xJc, {ZmhI, hmXI cq]nep hkvXpfpsS I\w aqew

i_vZapmIppi_vZt{kmXv

xi_vZw Dmp hkvXpfmWv i_vZt{kmXpI


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i_vZt{kmXv I\w sNp hkvXpxsN, afw, X_exhoW, hben, KnmxHmSpg,\mZkzcw,auv

HmK

x Ub{^wxhenpsInb Inxhmbp

kzm`mhnI BhrnxI\w sNp Hmtcm hkvXphn\pw AXntXmb Hcp

Bhrbpv. CXmWv B hkvXphns kzm`mhnI Bhrn.I\s kzm[o\np LSI

xhkvXphns kz`mhw ; tOZXehnkvXoWw ; hkvXphns \ofw ;henhv

i_vZt{]jWwxi_vZn\v kcnm am[yaw \n_amWv.x_lncmImiv A\ptbmPyamb am[yaanmXn\memWv

_lncmImi bm{XnI kwkmcnm tdUntbm kwhn[m\wD]tbmKnpXv.

am[yaw1. Aepan\nbw2. Ccpv3. Pew4. hmbp

thKX( m/s)642059501498340

xi_vZt{]jWw A\pssZLyXcwKcq]nemWvXcwKns AfhpI

XcwKssZLyw ()xHtc hennep {]Xe Xnep AIew. bqWnv m

Bhrn ()

xHcp skn DmIp XcwKfpsS Fw. bqWnv Hz (slSvkv)

{]thKw ()

xXcwKw Hcp skn kcnp Zqcw. bqWnv m/sxCu aqv AfhpIfpw Xnep _w

/ /

i_vZns khntijXIXo{hX

xbqWnv hnkvXoWap {]XeneqsS Hcp sknISpt]mIp i_vtZmPns AfhmWv Xo{hX.

DXxi_vZw sNhnbnepmp tIhnbpsS \nebmWv DX. CXv

Xo{hXtbbpw Bhrnsbbpw sNhnbpsS Ignhns\bpw


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B{ibnncnpp. bqWnv dB (sUkns_). 120dB IqSpXep i_vZw sNhnv XIcmdpmpw

KpWwxhyXykvX i_vZsf Xncndnbm\p Ignhv

{ipXn (mbn)x

sNhnbnsep i_vZns IqXbmWv (XpfpIbd){ipXn. I\hkvXphns Bhrn IqSnbm {ipXn IqSpp.Ch 2 hn[w.

xDb {ipXnbph: kv{Xo i_vZw, NohoSv, hnkn, mkvs]mp i_vZw Fnh

xXmgv {ipXnbph: ]pcpj i_vZw, CSnapgw, Im, t]mv,{Uns i_vZw Fnh

_mkv & s{S_vxXmgv {ipXnbp i_vZfpsS IqamWv _mkv. Db

{ipXnbp i_vZfpsS IqamWv s{S_vtUm C^IvSv

xi_vZt{kmXnstbm i_vZkzoIcWnbpsStbm Asn 2stbm Ne\w aqew t{imXmhv tIp i_vZnsBhrnbn amw hcp {]Xn`mkw.

xDZm: AIse \nv thKn hcp s{Sbn\nse tlmi_vZns Bhrn IqSpXmbpw s{Sbn \nmsXISpt]mbm Bhrn IpdbpXmbpw tXmm ImcWwtUm C^IvSmWv.

kzm`mhnI I\w, {]tWmZnX I\w, A\p\mZw:

kzm`mhnI I\wxHcp hkvXphns kzX{amb I\amWv kzm`mhnI I\w.xHcp hkvXphns\ kzX{ambn I\w sNm\\phZnm AXv

AXns kzm`mhnI Bhrmbnembncnpw I\w sNpI.{]tWmZnX I\w

xI\w sNp Hcp hkvXphns t{]cW aqew t{]cWwsNepp hkvXphns AtX Bhrnbn asmcp hkvXpI\w sNpXmWv {]tWmZnX I\w.

A\p\mZwx

tkmtWmaodns {]h\w: SyqWnMv t^mns X

vtkmtWmaodn Aaptm tkmtWmaodns {]Xew,AXn Dsmp hmbpbq]w, tkmtWmaodnse henpsInb In Ch {]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIpp.{_nUvPpI \optm {_nUvPpIInSbnse InbpsS \ofwhyXymksSpt B JWvUns BhrnbpwhyXymksSpw. Fm Nne AIen Cu JWvUnskzm`mhnI Bhrnbpw SypWnMvt^mns Bhrnbpw


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XpeyamIp k`w DmIpw. Atm AhA\p\mZnembncnpw. InpmIp {]tWmZnXI\ns BbXn IqSpw. B k`n t] ssdUInbn \nv sXdnv t]mIpw.

x {]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIp hkvXphns kzm`mhnIBhrnbpw t{]cWw sNp hkvXphns kzm`mhnIBhrnbpw XpyamIp {]Xn`mkamWv A\p\mZw

xCXp aqew {]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIp hkvXpIqSpX BbXnbn I\w sNpp.

xA\p\mZw hniZoIcnpXn\v ]coWimebn D]tbmKnp kwhn[m\fmWv tkmtWmaodpw sdkWkv tImfhpw.

A\p\mZns ^exXqp]meneqsS ]mfm amv sNbvXv t]mImdn.xIcnacpv {]tbmKw \Sptm kao] sInSfnse P\epI

I\w sNpp.xhoW,hben FnhbpsS ASpp \nv kwkcnptm

AhbpsS InI I\w sNpp._opI

xBhrnbn sNdnbhyXymkap 2 hkvXp Htc kabwI\w sNptm AhbpsS i_vZnse GIpdnemWv_opI.

{ihWncX

x\mw tIp Hcp i_vZw tIXn\v tijhpw 1/10 skvt\ctv sNhnbn Xn\np {]Xn`mkamWv

{ihWncX.{ihW]cn[n

xHcmv 20Hz \pw 20000Hz\pw CSbnep i_vZw tImw.

CXmWv {ihW]cn[n. 20Hz \v Xmsgbph C{^mtkmWnv

Fpw 20000Hz\v apIfneph A{SmtkmWnv FpwAdnbsSpp.

A{SmtkmWnv i_vZns D]tbmK

xlrZbns Nn{XsaSpmecg xIc, InUv\n XpSnb Bc Ahbhsf Ipdnv ]Tnm

x

InUv\nbnse sNdnb Iv s]mSnv Ifbmxkap{Zns Bgw AfpXn\p tkmWmdnxhmen\v apnep XSsf Xncndnbmx\mbIsfbpw apw ]cnioennpXn\p Km hnknen.

C{^mtkmWnIv {]tbmP\sSp k`/PpxB\, XnanwKew, ImarKw, `qanIpepw

{]Xn^e\w, {]Xn[z\n, A\pcW\w


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{]Xnê\wxi_vZw apnep XSfn Xn sXdnp {]Xn`mkamWv

{]Xnê\w.xsaKmt^m, kvsXkvtImv, euUv kv]o XpSnbh

{]Xnê\w {]tbmP\sSppp.{]Xn[z\n

xi_vZw apnep XSfn Xn Xncnv sNhnbn Xs

tIpXmWv {]Xn[z\n echo.x {]Xn[z\n A\p`hnm i_vZt{kmXpw XShpw Xn

NpcpnbXv 17m AIew thWw.A\pcW\w

xi_vZw apnep XSfn Xn Bhnp hcp{]Xnê\amWv A\pcW\w

FqnIvkv Hm^v _nUnwKv

x

Hcp henb lmfn i_vZ {]Xnê\hpambn _sv hcp{]iv\sfbpw ]cnlmcsfbpw Ipdnp ]T\amWnXv.

{]iv\xi_vZw hyIvXambn tIpn.xi_vZw Bhnv tIpp.xicnbmb DX e`npn.xkwKoXns am[pcyw \jvSamIpp.xlmfns Fm `mKpw Hcp t]mse i_vZw Fpn

]cnlmc

x

Bhiyn\v P\epIfpw hmXnepIfpw m]npIxaSpIfp I D]tbmKnpI.xNpacpI ]cp\mpI.x\nev ]cp]cp Imv D]tbmKnpI.

i_vZaen\oIcWw Ipdbvm\p amKxtdmUcnIpIfn acw hp ]nSnnpI.xi_vZaen\oIcWhpambn _s \nba Ii\ambn

A\pkcnpI.xFbtlm, euUvkv]o Fnh HgnhmpIx

hml\ bYmkabw khokv sNpI

{]Imins {]IoW\wx[hf {]Imiw hWcmPnbmbn thXncnbp {]h\w.x[hf {]Imin ASnbncnp LSIhv

AhbpsS XcwKssZLynep hyXymkw A\pkcnv


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hyXykvX Afhn hyXnbm\w kw`hnpXmWv{]IoW\n\v ImcWw.

aghnvxPeIWnIbn {]Imin\v {]IoW\w kw`hnpXv

sImmWv aghnv DmIpXv.x

aghnns tI{sbpw \ncoIt\bpw XntbmPnnp tcJbmWv ZrjvSntcJ.

x {]Imicivanv PeIWnIbn cv {]mhiyw A]h\hpwHcp {]mhiyw Bc{]Xn]X\w kw`hnpp.

xHmtcm \ndhpw ZrjvSntcJbpambn Hcp \nnX tImDmpXn\m aghnv Bv t]mse hfXmbnImWsSpp.

AXmcyhkvXpxHcp AXmcy hkvXp AXns \nds {]Xn]Xnnpp.

AXn ]Xnp {]Imi civanbn ap LSIhWDsn

Ahsbmw BKncWw sNpp.kpXmcyhkvXp

xkpXmcyhkvXphns \ndw AXv ISn hnSp hWsB{ibnncnpp.

s]knkv Hm^v hnjx\psS In\v apnep Hcp hkvXphns\

IpsImncnptm AXns\ ZrjvSn]Zn \np

amnbmepw B Zriym\p`hw 1/16 skv kabtp IqSnXn \npp. CXns\ s]knkv Hm^v hnj Fv

]dbpp.\yqs hW]cw

x\yqs hW]cw thKn Idnbm shfp\ndn ImWsSpw. ImcWw s]knkv Hm^v hnjImcWw Fm hWfpw Hcpanv IA\p`hw D mIpp.

{]mYanIhW,ZznXobhWxNphv, ], \oe Fo \nd {]mYanIhWfmWv.xNphv, ], \oe Fo \nd AXnhym]\w sNptm

[hf{]Imin ImWsSpw.x

{]mYanIhWsf atsXnepw hWw D]tbmKnv \nanmIgnbn.xcv {]mYanI hW tNpmIp hWfmWv

ZznXobhW.]qcIhW

x[hf{]Imiw e`nm {]mYanI hWtmsSmwIqntp hWtPmUnIsf ]qcI hW Fp]dbpp.


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\nd ZznXob hWw {]mYanI hWw ]qcI hWw] +Nphv a ] aP]+\oe kb Nphv kb

\oe+Nphv aP \oe a{]Imi hnkcWw

x

{]Imiw ]cp]cp {]Xew Asn Aconses]mSn]Sefn ]Xnptm hnhn[ ZniIfntev {]Xn^envNnXdntmIp {]Xn`mkamWv hnkcWw.

xNphn\v aphWsf At]nv XcwKssZLyw IqSpXemWv.hnkcW\ncv Ghpw IpdhmWv.

DZbmkvXabkqcy\pw BImihpwxDZbkqcy\n \npw AkvXab kqcy\n \npw `panbn

Fp {]ImicivanI XcwKssZLyw IpSnb NhvhWambncnpw. CXns ^eambn kqcys\ Nphp\ndn

ImWpp.x

Zriy{]Iminse XcwKssZLyw Ipd hWvhnkcWw kw`hnpXn\m BImiw \oe \ndnImWsSpp.

xN{\n Acohmbp C. {]Imin\v hnkcWwkw`hnmXn\m N{\n BImiw Ccpv ImWsSpp.A{Smhbev hnIncWfpw C{^msdUvv hnIncWfpw

xZriy{]Imins Ccphipap hnIncWfmWvZriy{]Imitm XcwKssZLyw IqSnb C{^msdUvhnIncWhpw XcwKssZLyw Ipd A{Smhbev

hnIncWhpw.xIpd hnkWtmsS IqSp Zpcw kcnp hnIncWw

C{^msdUv hnIncWamWv.xA{Smhbev hnIncW AZriyamsWnepw Ah

t^tm{K^nIv tn \Sp {]h\wsImv AhbpsSkm\n[yw a\knemmw

xanXamb Xo{hXbnep A{Smhbev IncW \psSXzn\Snbnep saem\n F hWhkvXphpambn {]hnv

hnman DD mm klmbnpp.xXcwKssZLyw Ip\ {]Imis BKncWw sNbvXv

XcwKssZLyw IpSnb {]Imiamnamp hkvXpfmWv^vfpdskv ]ZmY.

xA{Smhbev hnIncW ^vfpdskv ]ZmYn]Xnptm AhbpsS XcwKssZLyw IqSpp.

x^vfqdskv s]bnpI A{Smhbev hnIncWsfBKncWw sNbvXv Zriy{]Imiamn amm IgnhphbmWv.


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CeIvt{SmWnIv skonse LSIdkndpI

x

skonse sshZypX {]hmlw \nb{nv Hmtcm LSIn\pwBhiyamb s]mjy hyXymkw {]Zm\w sNpI FXmWvdkndpIfpsS [aw. dknkv AfpXv Hmw F

bqWnnemWv. CXns {]XoIamWv . If tImUvD]tbmKntm t\cntm Chbn dknkv areywtcJsSpnbncnpw.

CUIvSdpIxskonse sshZypX{]hmlnepmIp amsf

FXnphm Ignhp InpcpfpIfmWvx

CUIvSdpI. Cu Ignhns\bmWv CUIvSkv Fp]dbpXv. sldn BWv CXns bqWnv.ImkndpI

xsknpIfn sshZypXNmPv kw`cnp hbvpXn\pwBhiym\pkcWw hnpsImSppXn\pw D]tbmKnpLSIamWv ImkndpI. cv kamc temltpInSbvv Hcp ssUCeIv{SnIv shmWv Imkn\nannpXv. NmPv kw`cnv hbvm\p tijnbmWvvImkndns Imknkv. Imknkns bqWnv ^mcUv

BWv.

x

ImkndpIfn D]tbmKn ssUCeIv{Snns t]cnemWvkm[mcWbmbn ImkndpI AdnbsSpXv. (DZ: t]Imkn)

xssUCeIv{Snn\v ]Icw, CeIvt{Smssev D]tbmKnnpImkndpIfmWv CeIvt{SmennIv ImkndpI.

A[NmNIxNmeIfn \npw CkptedpIfn \npw hyXykvXamb

kz`mhw {]ISnnp ]ZmYfmWv A[NmNI. Pta\nbw, knen FnhbmWv {][m\ A[NmeI.A[NmeIfn ap Nne aqeI Ienbm AhbpsSNmeIX h[npw.

UtbmUpIxUtbmUns Hc{Kw t]mknohv Fpw at A{Kw s\Kohv

(shfp \ndw) Fpw ASbmfsSpnbncnpw.x_mdnbpsS t]mknohv sSan\ UtbmUns t]mknohv

`mKtmSpw s\Kohv sSan\ s\Kohv `mKtmSpwLSnnm UtbmUn IqSn Idv ISp t]mIpw.


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xUtbmUneqsS sshZypXn {]hlnhn[w AXns\skon _nnpXns\ t^mthUv _bknMv FpwadnmsWn AXns\ dnthgvkv _bknMv Fpw ]dbpp.

ssev FannMv UtbmUv (LED)x

sshZypXn {]hlnptm {]Imiw DPnpUtbmUpIfmWv LED.

sdIvSn^ntj

xAC sshZypXnsb UtbmUv Htc ZnibnepsshZypXnbmnampw. CXmWv sdIvSn^ntj. CXvkm[yamp D]IcWamWv sdIvSn^b.

xC]pv thmtPns t]mknohv lm^v ssknfpIfn am{XwHuv]qv thmtPv DmbncnpIbpw s\Kohv lm^vssknfpIfn Huv]pv CmXncnpIbpw sNpsdIvSn^bdpIsf lm^v thhv sdIvSn^bdpI Fp ]dbpp.

^pthhv sdIvSn^bxACsshZypXnsb XpSbmbn Htc Znibn HgpIhn[w

koIcnnp dIvSn^bdmWv ^pthhv dIvSn^b. {SmkndpI

xA[NmeI D]tbmKnv \nanncnp CeIvt{SmWnIvLSIamWv {Smkn. {SmkndpIv aqv sSan\epIDmbncnpw.

Bwn^ntjxsshZypXknepIfpsS in h[nnp {]{InbbmWv

Bwn^ntj.xBwn^ntj\p appw Bwn^ntj\p tijhpw BhrnvhyXymkw C. XcwKns BbXn hnpp.

Ct{KUv skopIxHcp sNdnb A[NmeI]mfnbn CeIvt{SmWnIv

skopIfn D]tbmKnp dkn, Imkn, {Smkn,UtbmUv Fo eWn\v LSI A\ptbmPyamwhn[w]ckv]cw _nnp cq]sSpnsb kwhn[m\amWv

Ct{KUv skov AYhm IC Nnv. Iyqdns XetmFv ]dbp t{]mk Hcp Ct{KUv skomWv.

xN{\v qansb Hcp {]mhiyw Npm GItZiw 27Znhkw thWw.

xN{s kmc]Ys 13 UnKn hoXap 27 `mKfmbnIWmmw.

\m


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xN{ AXns ]Zns 27 Hcp `mKwkcnpXns\Spp kabamWv Hcp \m.

xN{s kmc]Zn hcp \{XsfASnm\amnbmWv \mfpI cq]sXv.

x`panv kqcys\ Hcp {]mhiyw {]ZnWw sNm 365 ZnhkwthWw.

{Imnhrwx`qanbpsS hmjnINe\w sImv kqcys ]men

hcp \{XnSbnepsS kqcy \opXmbntXmpp. kqcy \{XnSbneqsS t]mIpXmbntXmp kqcy]Ys {Imnhrw Fv ]dbpp.

kuccminIx {Imnhys 12`mKfmbn Xncnncnpp. ChbmWv 12

kuccminI. Hmtcm cminbnepap \{XKWs

t]cnembncnpw B cmin AdnbsSpXv.xkqcy FXv cminbn \nevpXmbn \apv tXmppthm

B cminbpsS t]cmWv aebmf amkambn hcnI.xkqcy 12 cminIfnepsS ISpt]mIpXn\nSbn 27

\mfpIfnepsSbpw ISpt]mIpp.

xFItZiw 365 Znhkw sImmWv Cu 27 \mfpIfnepsS kqcyHcp {]mhiqw ISpt]mIpXv

RmpthexHcp \mfnt\msSmw kqcy ImWsSpXmbn tXmp

ImebfhmWv Rmpthe.x

Hcp RmpthebpsS Imebfhv FItZiw13-14 ZnhkfmWvkqcy

xkucbqZns tI{amb kqcy Hcp \{XamWv.xkqcy Npp]gp Hcp hmXItKmfamWv.

{]`maewx\ ImWp kqcys ]pds ]mfnbmbmWv {]`maew

(t^mtmkv nb).xkqcys AImn \Sp ssl{UP ^ypj F

{]Xn`mkamWv kpcys DuPt{kmXv.

hWaWUewx {]`maen\v ]pdp I\wIpd taLebmWv

hWaWUew(t{Imtamkv nb)sImtdmW

xhWaWUen\v ]pdp hnimetaLebmWv sImtdmW.xhWaWUehpw sImtdmWbpw tNXmWv kpcys

Acow.


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(km[mcW Zriyamhmdn. ]qW kqcy{KlWkabvZriyamhpp.)

kucIf

x {]`maens icmicn Xm]\ne 6000 sIhnt\mfw

hcpsanepw Xm]\ne AXnepw Ipd Nne taLeI Idps]mpt]mse ImWsSmdpv. ChbmWv kucIf.kuchmXw

xkuc{]Xen \nv ]pdtv ssl{UPsbpwloenbnsbpw AWptI{fpsS ({]mtmWpIfpwB^mIWfpw) h{]hmlw kw`hnpsImncnpp.CXmWv kuchmXw.

kuct{]man\kpIxkuc{]Xen Nnetm h PzmeI Dbp s]mn Bv

cp]n Xncnv ]Xnmdpvv. ChbmWv

kuct{]man\kpI.x

\{XfpsS Xm]\nebpw AhbpsS \ndhpw Xn_apv

s\_yqex\{Xmc kvt]knse hmXI taLbfmbmWv

\{XfpsS PKrlw. Ch s\_yqeFdnbsSpp.xs\_yqeIfnse hmXItaLw KpcpXzmIjWm

NpcppXmWv \{XP\\ns XpSw.x^yqj Bcw`nv DuPw ]pdv hcp LamWv Hcp \{Xw

P\np Fv ]dbmhp Lw.

x

kqcys, P\\w apXep ]cnWma]mX: s\_pe {]mKv\{Xw apJy[mcm\{Xw Nqh `oa

shp IdpIp.KmeIvkn

xKpcpXzmIjW_ew sImv ]ckv]cw _sp InSptImSnWn\v \{Xfpw \{Xmc {ZhyfpwtNXmWv KmeIvkn. tImSnWn\v KmeIvknI{]]nepv.

x\t\{XisImv ImWp \{Xsfmw \psS

KmeIvknbmb BImiKwKbn DsSpXmWv.xkpcy\n \nv ]pdsSp {]Imiw `qanbnsem 8an\nv

kabsaSppw.

Akvt{SmWanv bpWnv (AU) xkpcy\n \nv ]pdsSp {]Imiw `qanbnsep kabw

sImv kcnp ZqcamWv Hcp Akvt{SmWanv bpWnv.{]Imihjw


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x {]Imiw Hcp hjw sImv kcnp ZqcamWv Hcp{]Imihjw

xCy _lncmImi KthjWns ]nXmhmWv tUm.hn{Iw

kmcm`mbn (1919-1971).

x

\nch[n Ir{Xntam]{Klfpw, `qnc D]{Klhnt]nm\mhiyamb GSLV, t]mfm D]{Kl

hnt]nm\mhiyamb PSLV, XpSnb hnt]Whml\fpw hnIknnsSpm Cy imkv{XmvIgnp.

CIztmdnb D]{KlxCIztmdnb D]{Kl `qa[ytcJbvv apIfnembn Hcp

Hm_nn `qansb ]cn{IaWw sNpp. ChbpsS]cn{IaWImew `qanbpsS {àWImen\v XqeyambmAcw D]{Klsf `qnc D]{Kl Fv ]dbpp.

t]mfm D]{Kl

x`qanbpsS Dc ZnW {[phv apIfneqsS 200Intemao

apX 1000 Intemao hsc Dbcnep {àW]Yn`qansb NpphbmWv t]mfm D]{Kl.

Pze\wx]ZmY HmIvkn P \p ambn XoIvjvW ambn {]Xn {]hnv

Xm]hpw {]Im ihpw D

m Ip XmWv Pze\w.C\xXmt]mPw \nnm D]tbmKnp hkvXpfmWv

C\.C \ Pzen ptm DmIp h

xIm_ssU HmIvsskUv; Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv; Icn;Pe_mjv]w

C \fpsS ]qWPze\n \p kmlNcyxDW n bXv, Bhiyn\v HmIvknP,xPze\êambpmhp hmXIv ]pdv t]mIm\pff

kuIcyw.`mKnI Pze\w

xHmIvkn Ps Afhv Ip dhmbm IqSpX Im_ tamtWmIvsskUpw Ipd Afhn Im_ssU HmIvsskUpwIcnbpw ]pIbpw DmIpw. Ccw Pze \ amWv `mKnI Pze \w.

`mKnI Pze\w sImp tZmjxC\\jvSw


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xkab \jvSwxhtXmXn Aco aen\oIcWw krjvSnppx]pI IqSpp.

C \ns t{kmX pI

x

Uok, F ]n Pn, s]t{Sm, \m^vX,as

s]t{Sm fnbwxknFPn {]IrXn hmXIw

xIevcnIevcn

xssl{UP Pew

xhndIv ac

xsshZypXn sshZypX \neb, Pew, t^mkn C\t^mkn C\

x]Xn\mbncWn\v hjp apv an \Sn bnspt]mb kky fpw Pohn Ifpw hmbp hns Akm n [y nepw

DX Xm]\n ebnepw aZnepw cq]m cw {]m]n pm bXmWvt^mknen \ .

xIevcn, s]t{Smfnbw, {]Ir Xn hm X I Ch t^mkn en \ fmWv.

xt^mkn C\ ]p\ m ]n m Ign bm DuP t{km XpI BWv.

IcnxAS nbnp Im_ Wns ASnm \ n CXns\, ]ov,

enKvss\v, B{ sskv, _np an \kv tIm Fns\ \membnXcw Xn cn mw.

Icn D] tbm Knp k`xKmlnI C\ambn D]tbmKnpp.xhymhkmbnI C\ambn D]tbmKnppxsXa ]h tj\n C\ambn D]tbmKnpp;xtImSm, tImKymkv, tImv, AtamWnb Fnh

\nnm D]tbmKnpp.CNG, LNG, LPG:

CNG LNG LPG

km[mcW

aZn{ZhoIcnm ]n

km[mcW

aZn{ZhoIcnmw

km[mcW

aZn{ZhoIcnmwZqc kvYefntevtImpt]mIm

{]bmkw

Zqc kvYefntevtImpt]mIm

Ffpw

Zqc kvYefntevtImpt]mIm

Ffpw

aosYbv\mWv{][m\ LSIw

aosYbv\mWv{][m\ LSIw

s{]msbv\pw_yqsbv\pw{][m\ LSIw


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Item dn nIv aqeywxHcp Intem{Kmw C\w ]qWambn Iptm ]pdphn

Sp Xmt]mPns AfhmWv B C \ ns Item dn nIvaqeyw.

xItem dn^nIv aqeyns bqWnv Pq/Intem{Kmw BWv.x

Ghpw Itemdn^nIv aqey ap C \amWv ssl{UPxtdmpIfn ssl{UP C\ambn D]tbmKnpp.

_tbm amkvxssPhmhinjvS _tbmamkv FmW dnb s Sp p.

Hcp ]ZmYw \ C \ambn ]cnKWn Wsa n AXn\vDmbn cn tKpW

xIqSnb e`yX.xsNehpIpdhmbncnWw.xA coaen\oI cWw Ipd hmbncnWw.

x

{Zmh Im h bneph km[m cW Xm] \n e bn Ffpw _mjv]oIcncpXv.

xPze\ Xm]\ne IpdhmbncnWw.xsImp\Sm\pw kqnm\pw IgnbpXmbncnWw.

ssPhmhin jvSfpsS Pze\w aqew Dm Ip {]iv\ x]pI DmIp p; ZpKw DmIpp.xIm_ tamtWmIvsskUv DmIpp.xk^ UtbmIvsskUv t]mep hmXI DmIpp.

kutcmP D] I c W

x

tkmfm ]m\; tkmfm hmlo; tkmfm Ip; tkmfmsXa ]h mv.xtkmfm ]m\ en {]ImtimPw sshZyptXmPambn amdpp.

Idp {]X e xIdp Xpw ]cp ] cp Xp amb {]X e hnIn cWXm]s

\mbn BKn cWw sNp Ibpw AXp t]mse DXvkPnp IbpwsNpw.

tkmfm hmloxtkmfm hmlodn Idp {]X e D]tbmKnv shw

NqSmpp.

tkmfm Ip dn Blmcw ]mIw sNpXpsImptaI

xAcoaen\oIcWw Hpw Dm Ip n.xkpcy{]Imiw e`yamb GXp epw ]nmhpXmWv.x\nan tijw ZoL\m D]tbmKnmw.

tkmfm Ip dns ]cn anXn Icm{Xnbn D]tbmKnm km[ya.


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SSL

Physics Short Notes

BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL CALICUT 9048332443

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24

Db Xm] \ne e`n m Xn \m hdpm t\m, s]mcn mt\m, Nmn NpSmt\m km[y a.

]mNIn\v IqSpX kabw thn hcpp.

xtkmfm sXa ]hmp I fn kutcmPw Xmt]mPhpwsshZyptXmPhpambn amdpp.

xImm Sn I fn\npw e`n p DuPw sshZypXnDXv]mZnnpXn\pw Pew ]p sNpXn\pw {]tbm P \ sSpmw.

xkap {Z fnse Xnc am e I fpsS KXntImPw bm{ntImPambpwAXp sshZyp tXmPambpw ]cn h\w sNmw.

xthentb kabqw thenbnd kabpw HgpIp PenASnbncnp DuPamWv thentbmPw.

xtIcfn `qanSnbn tlmv kvt]mpI CmXn\m

PntbmsXa ]h mpI km[ya.x

\yqn bn \nv DuPw D]mZnnm\p amKfmWv\yqnb ^nj\pw, \yqnb ^yqj\pw

]mc cy DuP t{kmX p Ixt^mkn C\ ; _tbm amkv; sslt{Um Ce Iv{SnIv ]h;

hndIv.]mc tcyXc DuPt{kmX pI

xtkmfm F\Pn; ssU F\Pn; \yqn b F\Pn; Imv;_tbmKymkv; PntbmsXa.

DuP{]Xn k n ]c am h[n eLqIcn m\p amK

x

DuP s bpn k l ambn D] tbm Kn pI.xkutcmPw ]cam h[n {]tbm P \ sSp pI.x]pXnb DuPt{kmXpI IspI

Q

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