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What is a symbiosis?
When two dissimilar organisms livetogether and form an intimate and life-
sustaining relationship that is mutually
beneficial.
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How did Cellular Symbiosis happen?Since:
1) Apparently, the first cells to appear in thefossil record (3.5 billion years ago) werebacteria-like and prokaryotic
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Cellular Symbiosis
Scientists postulate or hypothesize
that:
The origin of complex eukaryotic cells wasmost likely a type of symbiosis among
prokaryotic cells.
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KINGDOM PROTISTA
Conglomerate of organisms which do not fit into
other 4 KingdomsMoneran (bacteria), Animalia, Plantae, Fungi
Much more complicated than Monerans
They represent the intermediate step in theevolution of the other three kingdoms
Contains about 65,000 species
Protozoan is the Greek word for first animal
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Made up of a complex eukaryotic cell (unicellular)
or cells (multicellular)Eukaryotes have cellular organelles, andprokaryotes (bacteria) do not
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Prefix uni One (single)Prefix multi More than one (many)
Kingdom has organisms that demonstrate both
animal and plant-like characteristicsSome members make their own food (________)autotrophs
Some ingest food from outside (____________)heterotrophs
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All Protozoa can reproduce asexually
Called binary fissionDuring binary fission, oneprotozoan cell divides into two
identical individuals.
One parent for reproduction
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Reproduction in protozoa
The commonest form of reproduction is
binary fission in which two essentially
identical individuals result.
In some ciliatesbudding occurs in which a
smaller progeny cell is budded off whichlater grows to adult size.
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Sexual reproduction in protozoa
All protozoa reproduce asexually, but sex is
widespread in the protozoa too.
In ciliates such as Paramecium a type of
sexual reproduction called conjugation
takes place in which two Paramecia jointogether and exchange genetic material
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Figure 11.28
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Kingdom Protista
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Animal-like protists
classified by the 4 ways they move:1) Cilia -
2) Flagellum(a) -
Coordinated
movement betweenindividual cilia
Back and forthwave motion
tiny beating hair-like structures
whip-like tail(s)
All heterotrophs
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3) Pseudopodia -
Animal-like protists
classified by the 4 ways they move:
projection of cytoplasm thatsticks out like a foot (falsefoot)
4) Sessile -No locomotion (_________)movement
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/index.html8/3/2019 10 Protists Kingdom
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Cilia and flagella
No real morphological distinction between
the two structures although cilia are usually
shorter and more abundant and flagellafewer and longer.
Each flagellum or cilium is composed of 9pairs of longitudinal microtubules arranged
in a circle around a central pair.
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Cilia and flagella
The collection of tubules is referred to as
theaxoneme and it is covered with a
membrane continuous with the rest of theorganisms cell membrane.
Axoneme anchors where it inserts into themain body of the cell with a basal body.
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Figure 11.09a
Protein spo
Dynein mot
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1. Amoeba
just visible to the naked eye
moves by pseudopodia which give appearanceof cell changing size and shape
comes from the Greek wordamoibe which means change
Animal-like protists - Examples
unicellular
aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or slowlymoving streams
can cause disease amoebic dysentery
ingests small organisms like bacteria andother protozoans
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/index.html8/3/2019 10 Protists Kingdom
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1. Amoeba
Animal-like protists - Examples
feeding sequencepsuedopodia surroundand engulf food particle
process calledphagocytosis
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2. Paramecium
Animal-like protists - Examples
Unicellular, slipper-shapedmove by coordinatedbeating of many cilia
aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams
usually do not cause diseases in humans
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2. Paramecium - continued
Animal-like protists - Examples
Feeding occursin thefunnel-shaped gullet(buccal cavity) wherefood is drawn in byexternal and internal ciliato form food vacuole
ingests organic detritusand other small organismslike bacteria and otherprotozoans
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2. Paramecium - continued
Animal-like protists - Examples
Food to waste pathway
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2. Conjugation (________)sexual
2. Paramecium - continued
Animal-like protists - Examples
Reproduction
Form structure calledconjugation tube toexchange genetic material
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protist that reproduce by forming spores
sporozoans named Plasmodium causes malaria
its caused by female mosquitoshumans get malaria whenbitten by an infected mosquito
mostly common in tropical areas
Sporozoa do not move on their own
they are usually parasitic
Characteristics of Sporozoans (Animal-like)
Animal-like protists: The Sporozoan
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Have chlorophyll
Make their own foodThey can live in 4 main environments:
salt water
soiltree bark
freshwater
PLANT-LIKE PROTIST
they produce large amounts of oxygen which areused by other living organisms
they are grouped according to color & stucture
into 5 main groups:
4) red dinoflagellates
2) diatoms
5) algae
1) euglena 3) dinoflagelletes
PLANT LIKE PROTIST C ntd
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they are grouped according to color & stucturePLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont d
A) Euglena
B) Diatom
C) Dinoflagellates
D) Red Dinoflagellates
E) Green Algae
PLANT LIKE PROTIST Contd
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont d
A) Euglena-one celled alga thatmoves with oneflagellum
red eyespotnear front end to find lightWhy?
lives in fresh waterreproduces asexually
have chlorophyll and can make their ownfood ( )autotroph
http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/movies.htg/Espiro2.MOV8/3/2019 10 Protists Kingdom
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PLANT LIKE PROTIST C td
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd
B) Diatombeautiful one celled protistscome in many shapes
EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles
important food source for water dwelling animalscell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts
made of the same material as glass
Think of a box with a lid
cell coverings do not decay (when dead)
used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters
PLANT LIKE PROTIST Contd
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont d
C) DinoflagellatesAlgae that is usually found in oceans
Usually brown or red in color
Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments
Move by two flagella
Read & Highlight hand-out on Dinoflagellates
PLANT LIKE PROTIST Contd
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont d
produce large numbers which turns the ocean redresponsible for red tides
produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish
humans can become ill if they eat shell fishthat have absorbed these chemicals
common off the coast of Florida or other
warmer areas
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Red Tide
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Red Tide Kills Fish
After encountering and absorbing a red tide..a
stingray becomes disoriented. They have theappearance of not being able to see or controlwhat they are doing. Eventually the ray willstay at the surface lying horizontally and die.
Absorbed red
dinoflagellates
PLANT LIKE PROTIST Contd
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont d
E) Green AlgaeCome in many different formscan be unicellular or multicellular
usually found in colonies
Colony a group of cells that live together
they produce O2 in H2O
serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish
desmids
spirogyra
chlorella
PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd
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EX: volvox colony
Arranged in a single layerwith flagella facing outward
The flagella beat and the
colony spins through the water
PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont dAlgae Examples
EX: Kelp (brown algae)
aka.sea weedused by humans for food
also used to thicken food
such as ice cream and jelly
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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST
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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST
Slime Molds:
fungus-like protists that are consumerslive in cool, damp places EX: forest floor
feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs and
decaying leavessome are parasites (very few)
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Flagella, intelligent design and
irreducible complexity The U.S. Supreme Court has prohibited the
teaching of creationism in public schools as
a violation of the establishment ofreligion clause of the constitution.
Latest attempt to insert creationism intoschools is the idea of Intelligent Design.
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Flagella, intelligent design and
irreducible complexity The concept of intelligent design is outlined
most clearly in Michael Behes book Darwins
Black Box.
The central idea in intelligent design is that
some structures in the body are so complex that
they could not possibly have evolved by a gradualprocess of natural selection. These structures are
said to irreducibly complex.
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Flagella, intelligent design and
irreducible complexity By irreducibly complex Behe means that
a complex structure cannot be broken down
into components that are themselvesfunctional and that the structure must have
come into existence in its complete form.
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Flagella, intelligent design and
irreducible complexity If structures are irreducibly complex Behe
claims that they cannot have evolved. Thus,
their existence implies they must have beencreated by a designer (i.e. God, although the
designer is not explicitly referred to as
such).
Directions: Write out & highlight the following
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1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.
3) List the 3 structures protozoan use for
locomotion.4) List 5 plant-like protists?
5) Why are algae important?
6) Explain why red tides occur and what causesthem.
Directions: Write out & highlight the followingquestions