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EOARD Physics 15 March 2011 LtCol Scott C. Dudley AFOSR/EOARD Air Force Office of Scientific Research AFOSR Distribution A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0762

10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Page 1: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

EOARD Physics 15 March 2011

LtCol Scott C. Dudley

AFOSR/EOARD

Air Force Office of Scientific Research

AFOSR

Distribution A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0762

Page 2: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:

Solid State Physics, Quantum Systems, Electromagnetic

Interactions, Space Weather, Mathematics

LIST SUB-AREAS IN PORTFOLIO:

Graphene

Metamaterials – antennas and high power

Cold Atoms

Entangled Photons

Random Matrices and Elliptic Curves

Solar Observation

Scintillation

Gallium Nitride

Josephson Junctions

2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW

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Highlights in EOARD Physics

Carbon Nanotubes with Catalyst

Controlled Chiral Angle

Future effort:

August 5, 2010

Immanuel Bloch

Kostya Novoselov Andre Geim

Krzysztof Koziol

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Single Site Addressing in Cold Atoms

Nature 2010

doi:10.1038/nature09378

Single site addressing lens

NA 0.68, resolution 0.7 µm

at wavelength of 780nm

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Single Site Addressing in Cold Atom Lattices

EOARD - Grant History with Immanuel Bloch

• 2003 – Jay Lowell (AFOSR) & Carl Kutche (EOARD)

start grant: “Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices”

• 2007 – Paul Losiewicz (EOARD) and Anne Matsuura

(AFOSR) fund “Multiparticle Entanglement and Spatial

Addressability of Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices”

• 2008 – Grant transfers to Dudley (EOARD) & Curcic (AFOSR)

• 2010 – Grant concludes as group moves Mainz to Munich

2010 – Single Site Addressing realized!

Actually by two groups independently – Bloch in Germany and

Greiner at Harvard with both groups funded by AFOSR!

Immanuel Bloch

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Quote re Single Site Addressing

“The high resolution microscopes

have created quite of buzz …

Wolfgang Ketterle of MIT likens

the new tool’s impact to that of

scanning probe microscopy on

condensed matter systems”

Barbara Goss Levi, Physics Today, Oct 2010, p. 20.

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Mott Insulator Transition Simulated(from Nature 2010, doi:10.1038/nature09378)

Although the finding yielded few surprises, still “they are

amazing to see,” commented Pierre Meystre, Univ of Az.

“The pictures are gorgeous.” Physics Today, October 2010

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Single Site Addressing to appear in Nature

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“Action this Day”

portion omitted

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“It’s still all about graphene”

thinnest imaginable material

highest mechanical strength: stronger than diamond

highest intrinsic mobility: >100 times of silicon

highest thermal conductivity: better than diamond

largest sustainable currents: million times of copper

most stretchable crystal: up to 20% elastic strain

longest mean free path at room temperature (~micron)

possible new quantum mechanical devices

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Geim & Novoselov - Recent Annual Report

• 10 papers w/2 in Physical Review Letters and a Nature Physics

– Quantum capacitance, new devices (Ponomarenko et al, PRL 2010)

– Diamagnetic down to 4K, no ferromagnetism (Sepioni et al, PRL 2010)

• Unpublished – Graphene encapsulated within boron nitride

– mobility ~100,000 cm2/Vs @ T= 300K, micron mean free path

• 40 invited talks, including 10 plenary

• “Andre Geim day” at AFOSR & ONR, 26 April 2010

• National Academy of Science J.J. Carty Award to Geim

• Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 to Geim and Novoselov

that’s for the period Oct 2009 to Sept 2010

but what have they done lately?

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Digression - Compound Semiconductors

Bandgap Energy vs Lattice Constant

for various semiconductor systems

1970s

1980s

1990s

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Band Gap Engineering in Graphene

• Geometry –

nanoribbons,

constrictions,

vacancy/substitution

superlattices

• Interactions with

substrate or other

layers, e.g SiC

• Bi-layer graphene

• Chemical

Modification

• Others?

Graphene-on-SiC FETs from DARPA CERA

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Fluorographene – “2-d Teflon”

• Birth of a new promising material

• High quality insulator > 1012 Ω

• > 3 eV optical gap, wide gap

semiconductor

• 15% sustained strain

• Inert and stable up to 400oC

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“Fluorographene” discovered mid-2010as of 26 Jan 2011

18!

Opacity of graphene

paper left and

transparency of

fluorographene flake

right reminiscent of

GaAs and GaN wafers

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Update of early grant results: “Graphane”(shown in 2009 spring review)

“Graphane” – 1 hydrogen per carbon, tailoring

electrical properties with hydrogenation,

Geim, Novoselov, et al., Science, 30 Jan 2009

Hydrogen

storage ?

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“Graphane” discovered 2009as of 26 Jan 2011

472!

With over 300 of these citing this seminal paper

Sci-Bytes - Hot Paper in Chemistry

“the report now ranks as the 3rd most cited paper,

excluding reviews, published in the last two years in

chemistry”

WEEK OF JANUARY 9, 2011

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Citation Summaryas of 26 Jan 2011

“Graphene” exfoliation published 2004/5, 62,500

“Graphane” first publication Jan 2009, 472with over 300 citing Geim and Novoselov’s seminal paper!

“Fluorographene” first produced mid-2010, 18it’s really only ~4 papers, there are extra hits in Google Scholar

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2-d Boron Nitride

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2008 2009 20112004/5

Geim, Novoselov, et al. publish seminal papers in Science 2004, and in Nature 2005.

Kostya Novoselov visits WPAFB, March 2009, seminar, tours labs

AFOSR & ONR host Geim for full day at Arlington, 26 April 2010 to give seminar, discuss research directions

AFRL’s Boeckl & EOARD’s Dudley visit Manchester Sept 2008

AFRL’s John Boeckl and Albert Bogozi and Dudley visit Manchester Oct 2009 for research discussions

Interactions - Manchester & the U.S. Air Force

Boeckl, Bogozi and Manchester Bobbies after

“Stop/Search”, Oct 09

EOARD’s Dudley visits Andre Geim, Apr 08, discusses proposal (grant awarded Sept 08)

John Boeckl (left) with

Andre Geim in Manchester

Sept 2008, sample and

data sharing begins AFRL shares their micro-

Raman data on Manchester

provided exfoliated samples

Manchester’s Dr Peter Blake visits WPAFB 22-27 May 10

2010

Oct 2010, Geim and Novoselov announced to receive 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics, photo, Stockholm, Dec 2010

2011, to be continued… AFRL researchers plan more time in Manchester and vice versa w/Alexander Zhukov likely to spend time at WPAFB

Geim on “Long Walk,” Windsor Workshop Aug 2010

Dr John Boeckl works in Manchester June, July, and part of November 2010 via AFOSR’s “Window on the World” program

Page 21: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Iconic “First” Devices

TransistorBardeen and Brattain -1947

Nobel Prize – 1956

Integrated CircuitKilby - 1956

Nobel Prize - 2000

Graphitic DeviceGeim and Novoselov – 2004

Nobel Prize - 2010

Page 22: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Historical Note on Carbon & Nanotechnology

Humphry Davy

demonstrates the

carbon arc electric light

at the Royal Institution,

London 1809below are the banks of batteries down

in the basement

Michael Faraday, father of

nanotechnology, depicted here

giving a “Christmas Lecture,”

which started in 1825 and

continues to this day

Page 23: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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The “Terahertz Gap” in 1938

Page 24: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Electron emitters for THz TWTsfrom Steve Fairchild (AFRL)

Key numbers: 345 GHz

Beam Current = 30 mA

Beam Voltage 25 kV

( power product 750W)

Carbon

electron

emitter,

roughly

human

hair

diameter

Page 25: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Graphite emitter testsfrom Steve Fairchild (AFRL)

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AFRL & EOARD visit Cambridge

AFOSR’s Luginsland

suggests EOARD &

AFRL researchers visit

Prof Koziol and view

nanotube spinning

apparatus, photo:

Cambridge, Nov 2010

Page 27: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Carbon Nanotubes at Cambridge

Can spin 4km long strands w/controlled

chirality, but only short pieces needed

to explore electromagnetic applications

Krzysztof Koziol

Carbon nanotube fibres for

power transmission lines

Carbon nanotube

detectors

Supercapacitors and

actuators

Carbon nanotubes as wide

range EM absorption coatings

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Acknowledgments

DoD Collaborators on projects: Chagaan Baatar, Karatholuvu Balasubramaniam,

John Boeckl, Albert Bogozi, Lisa Boyce, Tatjana Curcic, Steve Fairchild, Barrett

Flake, Pat Garman, Tom Gavrielides, Keith Groves, Tim Haugan, Brian Hibbeln, Dan

Javorsek, Jamie Lawton, Robert Lee, John Luginsland, Perry Malcolm, Jack McCrae,

Evgeny Mishin, Bill Mitchel, Todd Peterson, Ty Pollak, Vic Putz, Kitt Reinhardt, Jon

Sjogren, Brad Thompson, Augustine Urbas, Harold Weinstock, Stan Yukon, and Dave

Zelmon and special thanks to the fantastic staff at AFOSR EOARD London!

Sundog over Stockholm, December 8, 2010, morning of Nobel Lectures in Physics

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Contact Information

Lt Col Scott C. Dudley, PhDPhysics Program Manager

European Office of Aerospace Research

and Development (EOARD)

From London: 07733-01-8892 (mobile)

Address: 86 Blenheim Crescent

Ruislip, Middlesex

United Kingdom HA4 7HB

From the U.S.: 011-44-773-301-8892 (mobile)

Address: Unit 4515, Box 14

APO, AE 09421-0014

DSN: 314-235-6162

Commercial: 011-44-1895-616162 (from US)

Email: [email protected]

Get charged up …

… it’s all physics!

For stickman figure explanation, see The human

discharge chain Scott C. Dudley, Bret D. Heerema, and

Ryan K. Haaland, Am. J. Phys. 65 553 (1997)“Rounding the corner of 7th Avenue

eyes on the street and bent to it

again...gone” - Kerouac

Page 30: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Historical Perspective

from Professor Nick Holonyak, University of Illinois, Urbana

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Fluorographene - Mechanical

7 μm TEM mesh

covered with

Fluorographene

Page 32: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Geim in his Nobel Lecture

“Let me put it this way, if

the quality of graphene is

100 times less, I wouldn’t

be standing here”

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Difference between MWNTs and cca-MWNTsfrom Krzysztof Koziol

mu

ltiw

alled

carb

on

nan

otu

bes

co

nsta

nt

ch

iral a

ng

le

mu

ltiw

alled

carb

on

nan

otu

bes

MWNTs cca-MWNTs

K. Koziol, M. Shaffer and A. Windle, Adv. Mat. 17, 760 (2005)

wavy straight like a needle

Page 34: 10. Dudley - EOARD Physics

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Graphene – Current DoD Research Efforts

• DARPA - “Carbon Electronics for Radio Frequency

Applications” (CERA), Dr. Mike Fritze then Dr. John

Albrecht, $30M, 51 months – start 2008

• Air Force Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative

(MURI) “Fundamental Graphene Material Studies and

Device Concepts,” Dr. Harold Weinstock, $1.5M/yr, 5 yrs –

start 2009

• Other AFOSR grants – further $1M current fiscal year

• Navy 3 MURIs “Tailoring Electronic Bandgap of

Nanostructure Graphene,” Dr. Chagaan Baatar, $3.0M/yr, 5

yrs– start 2009

• Other ONR graphene grants – approximately $1M in FY10

• Army MURI, start 2011, novel 2-d oxides and nitrides

~$13M/year is roughly 0.8% of DoD’s annual basic research budget

~$1-200k/year EOARD funding is 1-2% of total DoD graphene funding

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AFRL’s Objectives – Bedke 25-Jan-09

• AFRL’s Objectives:

• Mission: Objective 1 – Lead Discovery (Tech Push)

Objective 2 – Respond to Needs (Rqmts Pull)

• People: Objective 3 – Effective and Thriving Workforce

• Resources: Objective 4 – Efficient and Healthy Resources

• Process: Objective 5 – Processes that Help, not Hinder