10.3 THE IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• The Arts- were also impacted by ideas of Enlightenment– Palaces modeled – Italian baroque

style of 1500s & 1600s– Balthasar Neumann – architects -

Church of the Fourteen Saints & the Residence

– Rococo – new artistic style • Emphasized – grace, charm, and gentle

action• Highly – secular• Sense of – enchantment and enthusiasm

• Music – greatest period of EU music in 18th C – Bach – renowned organist & composer

• Composed – Mass in B Minor • Reputation – one of the greatest composers of all

time

– Handel – German musician • Best known – religious music• Messiah – been called a masterpiece of the

highest order

– Both perfected – baroque musical style

• Hayden – musical director for wealthy Hungarian prices– 2 great works – The Creations & The Seasons

– Mozart – child prodigy – 3 great operas 1. The Marriage of Figaro

• 2. The Magic Flute• 3. Don Giovanni

•Literature, dev of – EU novel attractive to middle class readers

ENLIGHTENMENT & ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

• Philosophes believed – natural rights for all peopleIncl. 1. equality before the law

2. freedom of religion3. freedom of speech4. freedom of press5. the right to assemble

• To be preserved by – enlightened rulers

• Enlightened rulers:– Allow – religious toleration, freedom of

speech, press & right of private property– Nurture – arts, science & education– Obey – the laws – Enforce – laws fairly for all subjects

• Enlightened Absolutism – rulers tried to govern by enlightened principles

Prussia• Frederick Wm I strove – maintain a highly

efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers– Valued – obedience, honor, and above all

service to king– Major concern – the army– 1740 – he doubled the size of the army– 4th – largest army

• Frederick II – or Frederick the Great– 1 of – best educated and most cultured

monarchs in 18th C– Well versed – in ideas of Enlightenment– Enlarged – the Prussian army– Strictly watched – over bureaucracy (gov’t

workers not elected by vote)– Enlight reforms 1. abolished – use of torture

except for treason & murder cases– granted – limited freedom of speech & press,

religious toleration– But kept – Prussia’s serfdom and rigid social

structure intact

Austria • Difficult – to rule

– b/c – large & made up of diff. nationalities, languages, religions & cultures

• Maria Theresa – Empress 1740 – Worked to – centralize the empire &

strengthen the power of the state– Not open to – philosophes’ calls for reform– Worked to – alleviate the condition of the

serfs

• Joseph II – son of Theresa– Abolished – serfdom – Eliminated – death penalty– Est – principle of equality of all before the law– Enacted – religious reform including religious

toleration– Largely – failed in his efforts

• Alienated 1. nobles by freeing surfs

2. Church by religious reforms

– Successors – undid almost all of Joseph II’s reforms

Russia • had series of weak rulers

– Peter III – was murdered by a group of nobles– New ruler – his German wife became ruler– Catherine the Great – Catherine II

• Ruled – 1762 to 1796• Favored – enlightened reforms• Recognized – considered principle of the equality

of all people in the eyes of law• In end – did nothing • b/c – did not want to anger nobles

• Favoring – landed nobility– Led to – worse conditions for peasants– Eventually – led to rebellion (led by Emelyan

Pugachev)– Took stronger – measures against peasants

• All rural – reform was stopped• Serfdom – was expanded to newer parts of empire• RU spread – southward to the Black Sea

– Defeated – Turks– To West – gained 50% of Poland’s territory

10-3B Enlightened Absolutism

• Only – Joseph II sought truly radical changes– Both – Frederick II & Catherine II liked to talk about

enlightened reforms• Even – attempted some• But – their interest in strengthening the state was their

priority– Inc powers used to – collecting taxes– Creating – armies– To – gain more power

• 18th C monarchs concerned w/ - balance of power (doesn’t mean peace)– States should – have equal power – To prevent – any one from dominating others

• War of Austrian Succession (1740-48)– Aust Emp – war breaks out in 1740 when

Charles VI dies– Succeeded by – his daughter, Maria Theresa– Fred II of PR – invaded Austrian Silesia– FR – then entered the war against Austria– Maria Theresa – made an alliance with Great

Britain

• In Eur, PR – seized Silesia – FR – occupied the AU Netherlands– In Far East, FR – took Madras in India– In N Am, BR – captured the FR fortress of

Louisbourg (St. Lawrence River)– 1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

• Guaranteed – returned of all occupied territories except Silesia to original owners

• PR – refusal to return Silesia • Meant – war between Prussia & Austria

• 7 Years War– Maria Theresa – refused to accept loss of Silesia– Built – army– 2 new rivalries: 1. Britain & France (over colonial empires)

2. Austria & Prussia (over Silesia)

– FR – abandoned Prussia– Allied w/ - Austria – RU – saw Prussia as a threat

• Joined – new alliance of France & Austria

– BR – allied with Prussia

– 3 areas of conflict 1. Europe 2. India 3. North America

• War in Eur– BR & PR vs – Austrians, Russians & French– 1763 – EU war ended– All – occupied territories were returned – Aust – recognized Prussia’s control of Silesia

• War in India btw – Britain vs France– Known as – Great War for Empire– BR – ultimately won not because they had

better forces but because they never gave up

• 1763 FR – Treaty of Paris – FR withdrew & left India to British

• War in N Am – greatest conflict of Seven Years’ War– BR & FR fought over: two areas1. Waterways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence

2. Unsettled area of Ohio River Valley

• Fr gained – support of Indians (Native Americans) because they were traders not settlers

• William Pitt the Elder (BR PM) focused all resources in North America used

• BR Navy to cut off FR supplies

• Treaty of Paris 1763 – French were forced to make peace– Eng got – Canada and lands east of Mississippi– SP gave – Florida to England– FR gave – Louisiana territory to Spain

• By 1763 – Great Britain had become the world’s greatest colonial power