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International Experience inIntelligent Transportation
Systems
Mark Carter (SAIC USA)
Steve Tarry (FaberMaunsell UK)Neil Perks (GHD China)
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Primary Objectives of the
Course Primary Objectives
Expose participants to innovativeapproaches for solving transportationproblems
Aid participants in maximizing transportationinvestments
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Course Sub-Objectives
Sub-Objectives To provide an overview of ITS activities in
Europe in North America
To demonstrate the benefits of carefullymeasuring ITS improvements
To provide guidance on how to measureITS improvements
Provide Case Studies of Recent ITS
Activities
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Agenda
Introduction
Overview of ITS in North America and Europe
How to maximize your ITS Investment
Analysis Approaches and Techniques
Evaluation Case Studies
Additional Resources
Wrap-up and Conclusions
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Agenda
Time Module
9:00 9:15 Introductions
9:15 10:30 Overview of ITS in North America, Europe, and China
10:30 10:45 Break
10:45 11:15 Maximizing Your ITS Investment: Introduction
11:15 12:00 Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part I)
12:00 13:00 Lunch13:00 14:00 Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part II)
14:00 14:40 Case Study #1: South Lake Tahoe Coordinated Transit System
14:40 15:20 Case Study #2: Tunnel Safety Systems in Europe
15:20 15:35 Break
15:35 16:15 Case Study #3: Evaluation of the Integrated E-Screening / ElectronicToll Collection Deployment
16:15 16:45 Additional Resources
16:45 17:00 Wrap Up
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Feedback is Critical
Audience participation is strongly encouraged
Please feel free to ask questions:
At the conclusion of each section
At the end of the course
During the presentations
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Feedback is Critical
We want to learn through your questions and fromyour experiences
Based upon your feedback we will update the courseand make it available to the world
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Questions?
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Agenda
Introduction
Overview of ITS in North America and Europe
Break
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: Introduction
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 1)
Lunch
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 2)
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 1)
Break
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 2)
Additional Resources Wrap-up and Conclusions
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Overview of ITS in North America,Europe, and China
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Section Overview
This section will introduce:
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
The benefits and cost of ITS The current status and future direction of ITS investments in:
USA
Europe
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Elements of An Effective
Transportation SystemEffective TransportationSystem
Construction Maintenance
Operations
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Elements of Effective
Operations
Advanced
sensor,
computer,
electronics, andcommunicationstechnologies
Advanced
Operations,
Maintenance
Strategies
Effective Operations
Intelligent TransportationSystems (ITS)
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ITS Classifications (USA)
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Why Deploy ITS?
Congestion at toll facilities Electronic toll collection
Red light running crashes Automated enforcement
Work zone delays Improved traveler information
Delays from poorly timed signals Signal retiming programs
Delays from roadway incidents Earlier detection
ITS SolutionTransportation Problem
ITS are designed to optimize the performance of existing
transportation infrastructure. Intended to preserve capacity
and improve security, safety, and reliability.
Wh h B fi f
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What are the Benefits of
ITS?Sample Findings - Freeway Management Systems:
Safety Studies of traffic management centers using ramp meters
show freeway management systems reduce accidents 15-50%.Mobility Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) in theAstrodome area reduced street congestion delay by 46%.
Productivity Variable speed limits with lane controls on the GermanAutobahn reduced injury accidents 20-29% savingapproximately $4 million/year.Efficiency After ramp meters were experimentally turned off in the TwinCities of Minnesota, freeway volume declined 9% and peakperiod throughput decreased 14%.Energy &
EnvironmentIn Denver, CO, dynamic message signs (DMSs) thatdisplayed real-time vehicle emission levels motivated mostmotorists surveyed to consider repairs.Customer
SatisfactionAfter the Twin Cities ramp meter shutdown test, support for acomplete shutdown fell from 21% to 14%.
Wh t A th C t f
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What Are the Costs of
ITS?Component Cycle Life
(Years)Total Capital Cost Annual Maintenance
CostAnnual
Operational Cost
IMT 6 $600,000 $400,000
Signals 7 $2,205,000 $15,000
VMS 20 $15,250,000 $21,960
CCTV 10 $8,400,000 $75,600
Ramp Metering 20 $5,750,000 $13,800 $8,280
TMS 10 $2,100,000 $42,000 $37,800
HAR 10 $250,000 $7,000 $3,600RWIS 25 $1,250,000 $18,000
Fiber Optic Conduit/Cable 20 $51,176,000 $50,000 $150,000
Electronic Equip 5 $5,000,000 $150,000
Software 10 $5,000,000 $250,000 $750,000
Design Costs 1 $1,000,000
Additional Personnel Costs $400,000
State TOC 20 $7,800,000 $100,000
City TOC 20 $100,000 $100,000
County TOC 20 $100,000 $100,000
Total System Costs $105,981,000 $377,800 $2,315,240
Example: Freeway Management System (T-REX) in Colorado, USA
D th B fit O t i h
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Do the Benefits Outweigh
the Costs? Often Yes
However,
May be unexpected impacts E.g. increase in crashes from electronic tolling
Difficult to procure and deploy effectively
Human element is critical for success
C t St t f ITS i
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Current Status of ITS in
the US Over 20 years of ITS research and development
Many applications are now mature
ITS has become mainstreamed Dedicated Federal funding for stand-alone ITS
applications has been eliminated Investment decisions are primarily made at the State, local
and industry level
The Federal Government is Coordinating these efforts
Encouraging standardization Advancing new research and major initiatives
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ITS Deployment Statistics
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ITS Deployment Statistics
(US)
Room for Improvement
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Room for Improvement
(USA) Development of in-vehicle systems has been slow
Relatively few inter-urban applications
Limited surveillance on arterial streets
Challenges with integration
Impacts on congestion, safety, etc. remain small
Current Status of ITS in
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Current Status of ITS in
Europe 10-15 years in ITS research and development
Some applications are now mature
Each nation state has its own ITS applications
The EU is encouraging standardisation, especially inthe delivery of seamless services
Major Areas of ITS
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Major Areas of ITS
Investment in Europe Urban on-road applications Inter-urban on-road applications
Monitoring and enforcement applications Trip planning systems
Driver information
Freight and fleet management Automated vehicle applications
Vulnerable road user applications
Deployment of ITS in
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Deployment of ITS in
Europe EasyWay (2007-2013)
Over the last six years the European
Commission (EC) has supported theroll-out of ITS on the Trans-EuropeanRoad Network (TERN) through theEuro Regional Projects.
EasyWay is the continuation of thisEuropean wide programme for ITSdeployment now also includinginterfaces to the urban road networks.Within the EasyWay programme thereare eight Euro Regional Projects.
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EC Support
EasyWay (2007-2013)
The EC supports the programme of ITS
Deployment with 300M (up to 20% ofCosts).
All European Road Authorities are ableto seek support.
EasyWay is not simply a source offunding from the EU but also anexchange of best practice between
partners to develop seamless customerservices.
Project Domains and Major Areas
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Project Domains and Major Areasof ITS Investment in Europe
1. Road Monitoring Infrastructure
3. Traffic Managementand Control
2. European Network of Traffic Centres
4. Traveller InformationServices
9. ProjectManagement
8. HorizontalIssues
Evaluation
Focus of Evaluation Within
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Focus of Evaluation Within
Europe European Evaluation Group
provides overview and best practice in the field ofevaluation
advises on how authorities might seek to optimisecurrent and future project outputs and returns on
investment
fosters exchange of experience, results andlessons learnt and help analysis of transferability
Assessing What is
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Assessing What is
Delivered Evaluation will focus on
overall achievement of the EasyWayprogramme objectives through evaluation ofstandard indicators at a project level
key performance measures related to trafficcongestion, safety and environment
identifying priority areas for further investment.
What This Means in
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What This Means in
Practice Set up of a simple and feasible evaluation methodology with focus on
standard indicators, primary and secondary, to asses impact of ITS
Publicise guidance on how to document outcomes and analyse thetransferability of solutions in different problem contexts (e.g. for newmember states)
Provide a global analysis of the impacts of EasyWay includingdeployment maps, list of best practices and remarkable results withclear examples
Draft recommendations concerning further deployments and studies,regarding their potential impacts and contribution to achieving keypolicy objectives
Current Status of ITS in
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Current Status of ITS in
China Statistics 53 million cars on the road;
Growth 11% per annum;
89,455 road fatalities in 2006;
15% of the annual world fatalities;
Predicted to increase by 92% by 2020;
2.23 trillion yuan government investment overpast 5 years.
Principal Issues Driving
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Principal Issues Driving
Transport Development Improving road safety; Reducing congestion;
Improving the environment;
Improving public transport;
Compliance with basic traffic laws;
More informed education;
Wide transport mix; Increased use of technology;
Beijing 2008.
Chi T S l i
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China Transport Solutions
Building new roads;
Widening existing roads;
Investing in new public transport;
Subways
Bus Rapid Transit
Light Rail
New Buses
Reducing the number of vehicles on the road; Maximising vehicle capacity;
Employing technological solutions.
Current Position of ITS in
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Current Position of ITS in
ChinaChina is, in general, starting from a cleansheet;
Major opportunities for the development of ITS;
Interested in the most advanced technologies;
Strong interest in ITS for solving safety andcongestion issues;
ITS often seen as a total problem solving tool;
Strong financial investment in ITS;
Strong bias toward technology and systems;
ITS not often built into new infrastructure.
Issues Currently Retarding
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Issues Currently Retarding
ITS Growth in China ITS often seen as buying technology, not a solution; Considered to be a commodity item;
Based around procurement and install, less interest inoperational design or management;
Cost rather than quality often the main factor in procurement;
Little evaluation or accountability for the success of projects;
Currently a lack of understanding of its true value, often byan uninformed client, is retarding growth in this sector;
Excellent theoretical expertise, but little practical experience;
Difficult for international expertise to penetrate an oftenclosed home market;
As a result many projects have been poorly implemented and
have not delivered, what were often unrealistic expectations.
Future Direction for ITS:
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Future Direction for ITS:Federal (USA) Federal Government has reduced funding for wide-spread,
stand-alone deploymentof ITS and is focusing on: Nine areas of research
Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems Electronic Freight Management
Emergency Transportation Operations
Integrated Corridor Management Systems
Integrated Vehicle Based Safety Systems
Mobility Services for All Americans
Nationwide Surface Transportation Weather Observing and ForecastingSystem Clarus
Next Generation 9-1-1
Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII)
A major initiative that leveragesITS Congestion Initiative
Future Direction for ITS:
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Future Direction for ITS:Federal (USA) Federal Government has reduced funding for wide-spread,
stand-alone deploymentof ITS and is focusing on: Nine areas of research
Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems Electronic Freight Management
Emergency Transportation Operations
Integrated Corridor Management Systems
Integrated Vehicle Based Safety Systems
Mobility Services for All Americans
Nationwide Surface Transportation Weather Observing and ForecastingSystem Clarus
Next Generation 9-1-1
Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII)
A major initiative that leveragesITS Congestion Initiative
El t i F i ht M if t
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Electronic Freight Manifest
Focused on truck-air-truck shipments between Chinaand the US
Testing the benefits of moving from paper basedsupply chains to electronic supply chains
Prototype will: Exchange information electronically in a standardized format;
Provide an open architecture in which all shippers, across all modescan access needed information
Integrated Corridor
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Integrated Corridor
Management Arterial ManagementFreeway Management
Incident Management
Integrated Vehicle Based
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gSafety Systems
Emergency Transportation
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g y pOperations Focused on use of technology to improve
evacuations
Improved monitoring and coordination Support for reversed lanes
Future Direction for ITS:
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Federal (USA) Federal Government has reduced funding for wide-spread,
stand-alone deploymentof ITS and is focusing on: Nine areas of research
Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems
Electronic Freight Management
Emergency Transportation Operations
Integrated Corridor Management Systems
Integrated Vehicle Based Safety Systems
Mobility Services for All Americans Nationwide Surface Transportation Weather Observing and Forecasting
System Clarus
Next Generation 9-1-1
Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII)
A major initiative that leveragesITS Congestion Initiative
Congestion Initiative
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Congestion Initiative
Large Federally led effort to reverse growingcongestion
Significant investment of resources $100 Million to $1 Billion
Follows a coordinated blue-print / plan
Leverages ITS with traditional and non-traditionaltransportation improvements
USA Congestion Initiative:
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gSix Point Plan
Relieve urban congestion
Unleash private sector investment resources
Promote operational and technological improvements
Establish a Corridors of the Future competition
Target major freight bottlenecks and expand freight policyoutreach
Accelerate major aviation capacity projects and provide afuture funding framework
Source: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/speeches/trafficsignalforum07/index.htm
USA Congestion Initiative:
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Point 1
Relieve Urban
Congestion Create urban partnerships Promote High Occupancy Vehicle
(HOV) to High Occupancy / Toll
(HOT) lane conversion Implement meaningful congestion
management process
Reduce impacts of bottlenecks
Urban Partnership Agreements
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Urban Partnership Agreements
I mplement broadcongest ion pr icing
New or expanded bus rapidtransit
Expanded telecommuting /flexible work schedules
Technology / operationsstrategies
Selected five sites
Miami
Minneapolis
New York
San Francisco
Seattle
HOV to HOT Conversions
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HOV to HOT Conversions
Champion High
Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)to High Occupancy / Toll(HOT) Lane Conversions
Assess opportunities for
HOV to HOT conversionsProvide technicalsupport/training
Identify role of
technology inenforcement / pricing
Meaningful Congestion
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Management Process
Bring Operations into the
Planning Process New Legislative
requirement
R d I t f B ttl k
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Reduce Impacts of Bottlenecks
Initiate dialogue with States topursue innovative solutions with
near-term impacts Distribute Primer and lessons
learned from Lead States
Promote establishment ofcomprehensive bottleneckreduction programs
USA Congestion Initiative:
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Point 3
Traveler Information
Work Zones
Incident Management
Traffic Signal Timing
Promote Operat ional
andTechnological
Improvements
Real Time Traveler Information
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Real-Time Traveler Information
Nationwide 511
deployment
Travel time on allurban DMS signs
Reduce Work Zone Delay
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Reduce Work Zone Delay
Implement work zone
safety and mobilityfinal rule
Reduce Incident Delay
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Reduce Incident Delay
Move it laws
Quick clearancepolicies
Full function servicepatrols
Integrated
transportation / lawenforcementtechnology
Improve Traffic Signal Timing
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Improve Traffic Signal Timing
Increase
awareness/funding(Self Assessments andNational Report Card)
Champion regularsignal retimingprograms
Release AdaptiveControl Software (ACS)
Springfield, MO
Lite
Future Direction for ITS:I E
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In Europe Major investment in Galileo (the European Global satellite
navigation system)
Increasing emphasis placed on eSAFETY systems (collisionavoidance etc) Underpinned by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Move is towards: Intelligent ICT-based transportation (Co-operative vehicle highways,
eCALL systems etc)
Improved traffic and travel information Improved traffic management and road safety
ECs aims for the transport sector are: More competitive alternatives (to the private vehicle)
Integrated, greener, smarter, and safer transport systems
7th EC Framework to start in 2007 and last until 2013
What Should be Delivered
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Europe-Wide Traveller Information Services
providing the European traveller with comprehensive real
time traffic information well-informed travel plans (pre-trip information)
decisions during the journey (on-trip)
focusing on real time, multi modal information
Europe-Wide Traffic Management Services to detect incidents and emergencies
ensuring safe and efficient use of the road network
travellers and haulers also for cross-border transport.
What Should be Delivered
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Freight and Logistics Services optimise the capacity and efficiency of goods transport by
providing safe and efficient access to intermodal terminals
provide the European hauler with dedicated seamless servicesinformation on the TERN.
effective management of hazardous or sensitive cargo willcontribute to the overall goals and objectives of this activity.
Connected ICT Infrastructure providing the end user services with data from systems that
monitor the road situation in real time
will also enable cross-border interoperability and continuity ofservices through harmonised data provided by connectedsystems.
The Way Forward for ITSin China
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in China Often starting from a clean sheet, the opportunity exists for
China to develop a strong ITS sustainable transport network;
Learn, dont copy, experiences, of international implementations;
Recognise the importance of design and operationalmanagement, otherwise what is planned is not often delivered;
Develop full and well thought through implementations; evaluatethe results and demonstrate that ITS can contribute toward andeffective sustainable transport system if properly developed.
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Questions?
Agenda
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g
Introduction
Overview of ITS in North America and Europe
Break
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: Introduction Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 1)
Lunch
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 2)
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 1)
Break
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 2)
Additional Resources
Wrap-up and Conclusions
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Maximizing Your ITSInvestment: Introduction
Section Overview
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This section will answer a series of questions:
What is ITS evaluation?
Who conducts ITS evaluation?
Role of EU and US Governments
Why evaluate ITS?
How do we select the level of evaluation?
What are the benefits of evaluation?
What are the guiding principles In Europe?
In the US?
What is Evaluation?
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The reasoned consideration of how well projectgoals and objectives are being achieved
A feedback mechanism to ensure that projectgoals and objectives are met or exceeded
IMPLEMENTATION
User Needs
Strategy
Identify ProjectObjectives
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
Inform
Decision
Makers
IMPLEMENTATION
User Needs
Strategy
Identify ProjectObjectives
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
Inform
Decision
Makers
Is Evaluation a ReportCard?
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Card? Evaluation is a process, not a report card
IMPLEMENTATION
User Needs
Strategy
Identify ProjectObjectives
Pre-Implementation
Evaluation
Monitoring
Post-Implementation
Evaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
Makers
IMPLEMENTATION
User Needs
Strategy
Identify ProjectObjectives
Pre-Implementation
Evaluation
Monitoring
Post-Implementation
Evaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
Makers
Is it Acceptable to Reporton Our Failures?
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on Our Failures? In ITS evaluation it is acceptable to report our
successes and our failures
In fact it is critical that we report both
Sometimes we learn more from what didnt work then we dofrom what did
Who Conducts ITSEvaluations?
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Evaluations? In Europe and the US evaluations are conducted at
the local level and Federal/EU level
Most important consideration is independence
Why Do We Evaluate ITS?
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Understand the impacts
Quantify the benefits
Help make future investment decisions Optimize existing system operation or design
To improve the surface transportation system
How Do We Select the Levelof Evaluation Required?
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of Evaluation Required?
Level of evaluation required dependant on:
Maturity of technology
Objectives of the evaluation
Scale of the project
Requirements of the funding agencies
Impact of the Maturity ofTechnology
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ec o ogy
Level of Evaluation Required
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Idea (New
Concept)
Plan Prototype Pilot of f r oad Pilot on r oad Large scale
demonstration(level of
benefit in
question)
Implementation
(provenbenefits but
highly location
dependant)
Full scale
implementation(Proven
product,
predictable
benefits)
Level of Application development
LevelofEvaluatio
Remaining evaluation to beundertaken on Application
Continuum of Techniques forEvaluation
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Idea PlanProto-type
Pilottest
Large-scaledemos
Delphi
Simulation & models
Field trials
Checklist
Laboratory tests
Full-scaleimplementation
Impact monitoring
S1
How can ITS Evaluation beUseful: Process Improvement
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Useful: Process Improvement In-Vehicle Navigation Deployment to Public Sector in
Texas
Initial reaction was lukewarm Evaluation revealed ineffective training
and maintenance
When these improved, satisfactionincreased substantially
Para-transit drivers now demand vehiclewith units
Slide 71
S1 Suggest adding exxamples as a "fly in" box of some type.SAIC, 9/28/2003
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How can ITS Evaluation beUseful: Programming Assistance
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g g Metropolitan Model Deployment Evaluation
Aided traveler information resource allocation andprogramming decisions
Versus
How can ITS Evaluationbe Useful: Policy Analysis
S3
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y y Minnesota Ramp Metering
Public / Legislative questions ofeffectiveness
Shut system down for evaluation Freeway travel times increased 22%
while meters were off
This led to increased public support
Led to operational improvements
Slide 73
S3 Too much text/too many sub-bullets on slide. Seems to be a mixture of points and examples.SAIC, 9/28/2003
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Guiding Principles(Europe)- 1/3
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( p ) Be clear about the reasons for undertaking evaluation
Use and build on national approaches to ex ante
appraisal and ex post evaluation Ensure national objectives are adopted within the
evaluation framework
Clearly state the objectives of the application
Guiding Principles(Europe)- 2/3
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( p ) Clearly describe the environment in which the ITS
application resides
Clearly describe the measurement approach taken Determine the spatial and temporal perspective of the
evaluation
Use well-established indicators in measuring theimpacts
Guiding Principles(Europe)- 3/3
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p Express the results in real and not just relative
numbers
Clearly indicate the level of statistical significance ofthe result, if appropriate
Provide supporting information
Guiding Principles (USA)
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Focus limited evaluation resources on data gaps
Develop and follow a standardized approach
Use sound scientific methods
Allow visibility into the process
Ensure consistency and transferability
Carefully set the context
Report on impacts Positive and Negative
Evaluation is a ProcessEvaluation is a Process
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Questions?
Agenda
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Introduction
Overview of ITS in North America and Europe
Break
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: Introduction Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 1)
Lunch
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 2)
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 1) Break
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 2)
Additional Resources
Wrap-up and Conclusions
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Maximizing Your ITSInvestment: A Process
Section Overview
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This section will introduce:
Present a common approach to evaluation
Walk through each major step
The Evaluation Process inEurope and North America
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1. Form an evaluation team
2. Develop an evaluation strategy
3. Develop an evaluation plan or plans4. Develop test plans
5. Perform data collection and analysis
6. Reporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation ProcessEvaluation Process
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ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & TestPlanPlan
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam Identify Project
Objectives
Strategy
User Needs
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
IMPLEMENTATION
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
Feedback
Improve
operations
InformDecision
Makers
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation Process: Form EvaluationTeamEvaluation Process: Form EvaluationTeam
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & TestPlanPlan
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
Feedback
Improve
operations
InformDecision
Makers
User Needs
Form the Evaluation Team
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Need to decide who will be involved
Questions of independence
Access to data
Need for an evaluation champion
Evaluation Process: Develop Strategy
DevelopDevelop
SS
Evaluation Process: Develop Strategy
F E l iF E l i
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & TestPlanPlan
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
Makers
User Needs
Developing a Strategy
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Evaluation Strategy Elements What is the problem to be
addressed?
What are the project objectives? What are the evaluation objectives?
What is the general evaluationapproach?
Technical Analysis Impact Analysis
User Analysis
Socio-Economic Analysis
Financial Analysis
Identify Project Objectives
Id if h bj i f h i l
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Identify the objectives of the system implementers
In US Why was the project implemented?
In Europe What are the goals of the effort?
What is the problem that is being addressed?What is the problem that is being addressed?
Consider User Needs
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Must consider needs of the project and the evaluationfrom the perspective of:
Users: Traffic managers and operators, passengers,
commercial drivers, emergency services, etc.
Decision makers: Those responsible for production,introduction, and/or implementation of ITS applications: Governmental agencies, road infrastructure owners, system operators
Consider Needs of OtherStakeholders and Funding Agencies Oth St k h ld
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Other Stakeholders: Residents along a highway
Citizens of a town affected by poor air quality
Requirements and Preferences of Authorities (European Union,U.S., National, Regional) Improving system interoperability
Promoting the transport telematics industrial sector
International, national or regional objectives of improving transportefficiency in a specific area
Develop EvaluationObjectivesCross reference the following evaluation areas to Project
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Technical Assessment: system performance, reliability
Impact Assessment: safety, environment, transport efficiency,user behavior, etc
User Acceptance Assessment: users opinions, preferences,willingness to pay
Socio-economic Evaluation: benefits and costs of systemimplementation
Financial Assessment: capital/operating costs
Cross reference the following evaluation areas to ProjectObjectives and User Needs
Technical Assessment
Determines technical parameters of system
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Determines technical parameters of systemperformance Delay time of system reaction
Capacity of information link Hardware reliability
Determines how far a system meets technicalrequirements and expected objectives
Does not address impacts of system beyond itsboundaries
Impact Assessment
M t ti ti f ff t f
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Measurement or estimation of effects of anapplication
Safety and Security
Environmental conditions
Transport efficiency/economy
. . . For the particular Target Groups likely tobe affected
Socio-economicAssessment Estimation of social gains and losses resulting from
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Estimation of social gains and losses resulting fromimplementation in comparison with:
The existing situation, or
Alternatives Measures of:
Direct and indirect costs and benefits
Non-monetary factors
Typical approaches:
Cost-benefit analysis
Multi-criteria analysis (utility analysis)
User AcceptanceAssessment Estimates users attitudes toward and perception of
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Estimates users attitudes toward and perception ofapplication(s) investigated
Users may be Operators who implement and operate the system
Passengers using the service
Drivers who buy and use in-vehicle equipment for the service
Measures of interest to drivers:
Improvements in safety Travel time reliability
Etc
Financial Assessment
Appropriate when application is intended to affect
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Appropriate when application is intended to affectcapital or operating costs of a transport service
Only impacts internal to the application and its costs
Investment and operating costs
Revenues
Important input: Evidence of users willingness to buy
or use the service
May combine elements ofall E g Electronic Freight Manifest described earlier combines the
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E.g. Electronic Freight Manifest described earlier combines thefollowing assessments
Technical data reliability
Impact changes in supply chain efficiency Socio-economic benefits to the public
User Acceptance continuation of program beyond pilot
Financial Return on investment
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategy
Evaluation Process: Evaluation andTest Plans
Form EvaluationForm EvaluationTTeam
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & TestPlanPlan
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
Makers
User Needs
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam
Evaluation Process: EvaluationPlans
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
EvaluationEvaluation & Test& TestPlanPlan
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
Makers
User Needs
Elements of an EvaluationPlan Evaluation Approach
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Evaluation Approach
Statement of hypotheses
Refinement of testing approach
Evaluation Management plan
Preliminary description of final reports and outreachplan
Statement of Hypotheses
What are evaluation hypotheses?
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What are evaluation hypotheses?
If-then statements about outcomes
Should be measurable
Should be testable
How do we develop them?
Translated from evaluation goals and expected impacts
Sample Hypothesis:Portlands Transit Tracker
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Evaluation Objective Assess bus riders perceptions of personal security
Hypothesis
Transit Tracker will increase bus riders perceptions ofpersonal security
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What Makes a GoodMetric? Is accepted by and meaningful to the customer
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Tells how well goals and objectives are being met
Is simple, understandable, logical, and repeatable
Shows a trend Is unambiguously defined
Allows for economical data collection
Is timely Is sensitive
Source: Serving The American Public: Best Practices In PerformanSource: Serving The American Public: Best Practices In Performance Measurementce Measurement
((http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/papers/benchmrk/nprbohttp://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/papers/benchmrk/nprbook.htmlok.html))
US National ITS ProgramGoals and Measures - 1/2
Goal Area Measure
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Safety Reduction in the overall rate of crashes
Reduction in the rate of crashes resulting in fatalitiesReduction in the rate of crashes resulting in injuries
Mobility Reduction in travel time delayReduction in travel time variability
Improvement in customer satisfaction
US National ITS ProgramGoals and Measures - 2/2
Goal Area Measure
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Efficiency Increase in freeway and arterialthroughput
Productivity Cost savings
Energy and Decrease in vehicle emissions
the Environment Decrease in vehicle energyconsumption
Customer Satisfaction is the Bottom LineCustomer Satisfaction is the Bottom Line
Surrogate Measures
Its not always possible to obtain objective measures
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Often we need to use surrogates Safety
Have used speed variability as an indicator of crash risk Environment
Have derived environmental impacts from speed profiles
Security
Requires creative surrogates such as reporting frequency, responsetime, etc.
Case Study: Variable SpeedLimits - Denmark
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Construction SiteConstruction Site
Testing Approach Denmark VariableSpeed Limit Example
Objective Hypothesis Measure ofEffectiveness
Data Source Method ofAnalysis
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y
Determine ifdrivers comply
with postedspeeds
Drivers willcomply with
posted speeds
Posted speeds
Actual speeds
Driver perception
Logs
Loop data
Questionnaire
DescriptiveStatistics
Telephone survey
Determineimpacts on speedvariability
System will leadto morehomogeneous
speeds
Speed variability Loop data Analysis ofVariance
Determine impacton traffic flow
System will leadto morehomogenousflows
Flow variability Loop Data Analysis ofVariance
Investigatemaintenancerequirements
The system will beeasy to set upand workreliably
Implementerperceptions
Mean TimeBetween Failure
Interview results
System logs
Descriptivestatistics
Testing Approach Denmark VariableSpeed Limit Example
Objective Hypothesis Measure ofEffectiveness
Data Source Method ofAnalysis
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Determine ifdrivers complywith postedspeeds
Drivers willcomply withpo
Posted speeds
Actual speeds
Driver perception
Logs
Loop data
Questionnaire
DescriptiveStatistics
Telephone susted speeds
rvey
Determine impactson speedvariability
System will lead tomorehomogeneousspeeds
Speed variability Loop data Analysis ofVariance
Determine impacton traffic flow
System will lead tomorehomogenousflows
Flow Loop Data Analysis ofVariance
variability
Investigatemaintenancerequirements
The system will beeasy to set upand work reliably
Implementerperceptions
Mean TimeBetween Failure
Interview results
System logs
Descriptivestatistics
Evaluation ManagementPlan
iFlorida SecurityEvaluation
EvaluationStrategy
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Schedule
Work Breakdown Structure / Resource Allocation
Describe Coordination with project staff
Data Management Plan
EvaluationManagement
Evaluation TestPlan
Data Collection AnalysisReporting of
Findings
Strategy
EvaluationPlan
FinalizeObjectives
FinalizeHypotheses
Identify DataRequirements
Design DataCollection
Design DataAnalysis
SpecifyReportContent
EstimateResourcesRequired
ConductInterviews
Collect LogData
Produce C&CReport
SynthesizeInterviews
Analyze LogData
MonitorProgress
Integrate withOther
Evaluations
ConductVulnerabilityAssessments
ReviewVulnerabilityAssessments
ObserveMock
Exercises
Review MockExercises
Produce VAReport
ProduceEvacuation
Report
Description of Final Reportsand Outreach Plan
SignalPriority Everyone
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Thats theGame!
Special Events
Case StudyRiver City SEMS
Technical Report
EveryoneWins!
Signal PriorityBrochure
Travel Time Variability
6-7 am7-8 am
8-9 am9-10 am
Barbur
I-5
53
42 44
52
4342
41 43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Speed
(mph)
Day 3
ITS America
Presentation
Protecting theTransportationSystem
ConfidentialVulnerability
Assessment
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategy
Evaluation Process: Test PlanEvaluation Process: Test Plan
Form EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam Identify Project
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation &Evaluation & TestTestPlanPlan
IMPLEMENTATION
Objectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
Makers
User Needs
Example: Freight ReservationSystem (FIRST)
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Develop Evaluation TestPlans The Detailed Methodology for the evaluation
O
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One or more test plans for each test
Lays out how test will be conducted
Identifies Staff
Equipment and supplies
Procedures
Timing of evaluation tests
Sample Elements of theFIRST Test Plan
1A surveyor to be locatednear the security booth, but
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2. Surveyor
Gatehouse
1. Surveyor
may have to movedependent on the end ofthe queue. Theresponsibility of thissurveyor is to mark down acontainer number and thetime it passed then radiothat information to surveyor#2.2A surveyor to be locatednear the gatehouse. Thissurveyor will be
responsible for measuringand recording the time theidentified unit arrived at thegate for processing.
Additionally this surveyorwill monitor a randomsampling of vehicles in
process at the gate.
TransactionType
TotalNumber of
Vehicles
PercentTrouble
Average Timein Terminal
(Minutes)Empty In
Empty Out
Load In
Load Out
Chassis In
Chassis Out
Develop& Analysis
Develop
StrategyStrategy
Evaluation Process: Data CollectionEvaluation Process: Data Collection& Analysis
Form EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam Identify ProjectObjectives
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & TestPlanPlan
IMPLEMENTATION
Objectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
Makers
User Needs
Data Collection andAnalysis: Overview Implementation of each test plan
Th th l h
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There are three general approaches:
Before and After Studies Accident rates before and after ramp metering
With and Without Studies Satisfaction of travelers with and without in-vehicle navigation devices
Performance Improvements Human factors analysis of traveler information web site interface
Data Collection and Analysis:Pre-Implementation Activities
Collect before data identified in test plans Objective - Baseline speed profiles
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Objective Baseline speed profiles
Subjective Travelers satisfaction with existing transit service
Work with implementers to facilitate after data
Provide early feedback
Share baseline data, past experiences
Consider Undertaking a Design Review
Evaluation of systems engineering processes
Experience in ITSImplementation Delays
Deployments of ITS are often delayed This can impact evaluation
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p Schedule
Resources
Validity of results
Work with project partners for realistic assessments of schedule
Consider with and without studies where possible
Automate data collection as much as possible
Data Collection and Analysis:During Implementation Activities
Monitor deployment as specified in test plans
Record the deployment experience
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Record the deployment experience
Deployment Costs
Challenges
Mitigation strategies
Unique approaches
Lessons that will aid others in similar deployments
Data Collection and Analysis:Post Implementation Activities
Collect after data identified in test plans
Obtaining data may be simplified
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g y p
System itself may automatically provide data
Obtaining appropriate data may be difficult Need to account for learning curve
Need to control for external factors Other improvements
Seasonal Weather
Phoenix Cross-Jurisdictional SignalCoordination Example: Overview
Si l C di t dSi l C di t d
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Signals CoordinatedSignals Coordinated
within Scottsdalewithin ScottsdaleSignals CoordinatedSignals Coordinated
within Tempewithin TempeNo coordination atNo coordination at
jurisdictionaljurisdictionalboundaryboundary
City of ScottsdaleCity of Scottsdale City of TempeCity of Tempe
Phoenix Cross-Jurisdictional SignalCoordination Example: Overview
ITS Allows CoordinationITS Allows Coordination
along entire length ofalong entire length of
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along entire length ofalong entire length of
RoadwayRoadway
City of ScottsdaleCity of Scottsdale City of TempeCity of Tempe
Data Collection Activities
Collected before data for 3 days before and after changes Allowed 1 month between data collection period
M d I U i
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Measured Impact Using Floating Cars
GPS Equipped Vehicles 301 trips through corridor
Controlled for External Factors with Tube Counts
Turning Movement Counts
Phoenix Cross-Jurisdictional SignalCoordination Example: Results
Numerous statistically significantimprovements 1% reduction in stops
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Northbound Southbound
AM Peak Midday PM Peak AM Peak Midday PM PeakAverage
Speed BEFORE
(km/h)
45.4 43.5 38.5 47.5 46.9 29.5 41.9
Speed AFTER(km/h)
(% change)
47.9(+5.5%)
46.0(+5.7%)
41.0(+6.5%)
48.2(+1.5%)
45.4(-3.2%)
38.7(+31%)
44.5(+6.2%)
1% reduction in stops
2% reduction in fuel consumption
7% reduction in crash risk 6% increase in speeds
as detailed below:
Phoenix Cross-Jurisdictional SignalCoordination Example: Results fromMicro-Simulation Also used micro-simulation to study potential impacts
of alternative signal timing plans
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g g p
Could lead to reduce delay
Stops were reduced 1% in deployed conditions Could be reduced 10% under further signal improvements
Could lead to further energy benefits Fuel consumption was reduced 2% in deployed conditions
Could be reduced 6% under further signal improvements
D l
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategy
Evaluation Process: ReportingEvaluation Process: Reporting
Form EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam Identify ProjectObjectives
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & TestPlanPlan
IMPLEMENTATION
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
Reporting and Feedback
Evaluation Is not a report card
I i ( i i )
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It is a process (continuous improvement)
It provides a perspective for others
It is vital to explain the context in which the application residesand the context in which the evaluation was undertaken
Evaluation can help shape international national agendas
Need to report successes and failures
Reporting and FeedbackActivities Target reporting to maximise benefit
Presentation to the board
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Internal memos
Cost reporting Formal Reports
Provide feedback to implementation
Identify weak areas to be improved Identify strong areas to build on for
both existing and new implementations
Reporting Results: In theU.S. Projects receiving certain ITS federal funds are
required to transmit results of evaluation Fi ld O ti l T t (FOT )
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Field Operational Tests (FOTs)
ITS earmark projects Reports to be submitted to ITS benefits and costs database
http://www.benefitcost.its.dot.gov
Transmittal of results only requested of locally-
funded projects
Reporting Results: InEurope Dependant on National Rules
For EU (part) funded projects the evaluation
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requirement varies:
TEMPO Trans-European Network ITS projects Must carry out evaluations, must report in common format for EU
6th Framework Research Programme Results must be disseminated
Reporting Activities
Audience Needs Report Style
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General Public Awareness information Sunday Supplement info, video
presentations
Board of Directors High-level, summary info PowerPoint Presentation
Mid-LevelManagers
General information, limitedtechnical detail
Briefing book summarydocument, 8 12 pages
Technical Staff Detailed information and
implementation support
Implementation Guides; 60 100
pages
EU Tempo Framework -1/2 Summary of Methods and ResultsSummary of Methods and Results Aimed at those undertaking evaluationsAimed at those undertaking evaluations
Seeks to enable accurate comparison between projectsSeeks to enable accurate comparison between projects
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Seeks to enable accurate comparison between projectsSeeks to enable accurate comparison between projects
Contents listContents list
Description of the problemDescription of the problem Description of the ITS projectDescription of the ITS project
Evaluation MethodologyEvaluation Methodology
Impacts of the ProjectImpacts of the Project
Transferability of the ResultsTransferability of the Results Technical AnnexTechnical Annex
Length 20Length 20--30 pages30 pages
EU Tempo Framework -2/2 Designed so that results can be summarised into one to two pageDesigned so that results can be summarised into one to two page
information notes and guidance for decision makersinformation notes and guidance for decision makers
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Designed so that those interested in the detail of the evaluatioDesigned so that those interested in the detail of the evaluation cann can
request more informationrequest more information
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Questions?
Agenda
Introduction Overview of ITS in North America and Europe
Break
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Maximizing Your ITS Investment: Introduction
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 1)
Lunch
Maximizing Your ITS Investment: A Process (Part 2)
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 1)
Break
Evaluation Case Studies (Part 2)
Additional Resources
Wrap-up and Conclusions
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Background: South LakeTahoe Rural resort community at the
California-Nevada state border atthe south end of Lake Tahoe
Popular for casinos, beaches,
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Popular for casinos, beaches,skiing
Peak tourist seasons in summerand winter
Background: Transit inTahoe Area spans two counties intwo states - regional planning
agency (TRPA) overseesentire area including transit
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Transit services in South
Lake Tahoe Fixed Route
BlueGO Fixed Route forresidents
Nifty 50 Trolley for tourists
Demand-Responsive BlueGO Door-to-Door for
residents Casino Shuttle for tourists
Background: CTS Project
Consolidation of casino shuttles Consolidation of operation of all 4 transit services Addition of ITS technologies
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3 Separat e Casino Shut t les for 3 Main Casinos15 vehicles
Harrahs Harveys Caesar s
1 Common Casino Shut t le for all Casinos and Hot els
5 vehicles
Background: ITS Technologiesfor Transit Operator
Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) Dispatchers and supervisors track vehicles
through GPS and monitor on-time performance
Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)
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Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD)
Trips reserved through automated tripreservation system automatically scheduledand assigned to drivers
Mobile Data Terminals (MDTs)
Messages transmitted betweendrivers and dispatch
Background: ITS Technologiesfor Transit Customers
Automated Trip Reservation Systemfor the Casino Shuttle
Trip reservation kiosks at all 5 casinosand at 25 hotels
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and at 25 hotels
Dedicated phoneswith direct connection to dispatchers(over 50 dedicated phones)
Project Goals
Provide same level of service at a lower cost Improve operational efficiency
Technology (e.g., previously had paper manifests for drivers) Less shuttles in operation at a given time
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Less shuttles in operation at a given time
One service provider for all 4 transit services Improve customer satisfaction to grow transit ridership and
get people out of cars (particularly tourists)
Form the Evaluation Team
Led by independent evaluation contractor (SAIC) Included experts in
Transit operations Data collection and analysis
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y Survey design and survey analysis
Included representatives from Deployment team (CTS Board, TRPA,etc) Federal Department of Transportation
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelopEvaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
Develop EvaluationStrategy Perform a limited quantitative systems impact study
Limited because we found that it is difficult to get data whenworking with casinos most of their numbers are consideredproprietary
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p p y
Perform a customer satisfaction study
Interview stakeholders to document challenges, institutionalissues, and lessons learned to share with other agencies
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
Develop Evaluation andTest Plans
Evaluation Objectives Hypotheses Measures of Effectiveness
CTS will result in increasedtransit ridership
Ridership
CTS will result in increased useof transit by visitors
Ridership on visitor-orientedtransit services
Assess the impact of CTS ontransit ridership
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Assess the impact of CTS on
traffic congestion
ITS will result in reduced traffic
Volumes
Traffic volumes on segments of
US 50 relative to visitor activity
Number of passengers carriedreltransit system efficiency operate with greater efficiency
than the existing transit systemative to service provided
Assess the impact of CTS on With CTS, transit services will
Transit operating costs relativeto service provided
Assess transit operator
perceptions of the system andthe technologies
CTS will benefit transit operators Transit operator perceptions of
CTS benefits
Assess the impact of CTS oncustomer satisfaction with transitservices in South Lake Tahoe
With CTS, transit riders will bemore satisfied with availabletransit services
Passenger perceptions ofreliability, wait time, and traveltime
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelopEvaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
Data Collection andAnalysis Collected and analyzed before/after customer intercept surveys(distributed on-board casino shuttle)
Collected 694 surveys in total Baseline surveys - Aug 2002 P t d l t A 2004 / M 2005
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Post-deployment surveys - Aug 2004 / Mar 2005
Gathered and analyzed before/after data Traffic volume Transit ridership Room-nights sold
Casino revenue Performed interviews at key stages in the project and synthesizedfindings
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
Findings TechnologicalChallenges
Automated phone trip reservation system Too few phone lines, long queues, system hang-ups, callers stuck in
endless loops Pulled the automated system and working out these bugs before
turning it back on to customers
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turning it back on to customers
Automated kiosk trip reservation system Initial roll-out suffered a lot of problems User interface too complicated for many users Worked with system integrator to simplify menu from 7-8 screens to
only 2 screens and reactivated kiosks 6 months later
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
Findings Impact on TransitRidership / Traffic Volumes
Traffic volumes decreased from 2003 to 2005 Winter peak traffic decreased by 10.2% Summer peak traffic decreased by 7.7%
7.5% increase in ridership on casino shuttle over this same timei d
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period Percent of tourists with access to a car while in Tahoe dropped
from 91% to 80% from 2002 to 2004
Monthly CTS Casino Shuttle Ridership - October 2003 to
September 2005
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Oct-03
Nov-03
Dec-03
Jan-04
Feb-04
Mar-04
Apr-04
May-04
Jun-04
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
Jan-05
Feb-05
Mar-05
Apr-05
May-05
Jun-05
Jul-05
Aug-05
Sep-05M
on
thlyPassengerTrips
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm EvaluationTeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
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Findings Impact on TransitOperators
Drivers Benefit in receiving automated trip changes through their Mobile Data
Terminals
Dispatchers Benefit in having real-time vehicle location at their fingertips can tell
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Benefit in having real-time vehicle location at their fingertips can tell
customers where the buses are when they call Benefit in having kiosk trip requests automatically assigned by the CAD
system
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelop
Evaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
Findings Impact onCustomer Satisfaction
Ease of booking a trip 78% of those booking by phone and 67% of those booking via a kiosk
satisfied or very satisfied 90% of baseline survey respondents satisfied or very satisfied
Information received about expected wait time
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Information received about expected wait time
72% receiving information by phone satisfied or very satisfied 62% receiving information via a kiosk satisfied or very satisfied
Reported reasons for not using a phone or kiosk to book a trip About 1/3 reported that they were not aware of it 20% of phone users and 16% of kiosk users reported that they were
aware of it but that they did not want to use it
*
Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelopEvaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
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Findings Institutional Issuesand Lessons Learned
Stakeholders felt that forming a Board was key to their successin managing interests of both public and private stakeholder Strong leader who understands both sides also critical
Found that technology can be challenging when dealing withtourists
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Data Collection & AnalysisData Collection & Analysis
ReportingReporting
DevelopDevelopEvaluation & TestEvaluation & Test
PlanPlan
DevelopDevelop
StrategyStrategyForm EvaluationForm Evaluation
TeamTeam
IMPLEMENTATION
Identify ProjectObjectives
Strategy
Refine Strategy
Pre-ImplementationEvaluation
Monitoring
Post-ImplementationEvaluation
FeedbackImprove
operations
InformDecision
MakersUser Needs
tou sts
New potential customers every day who are not familiar withtransit options or trip reservation technologies
Important to know who your audience is and to do a lot of user-testing
Critical to keep the user interface as simple as possible
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Questions?
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Case Study: EU Tunnel Safety
EU Tunnel SafetySystems
Inter-continental Channel Tunnel Vehicles transported by train approximately 30km
Urban Tunnels Cities often use motor tunnels to take traffic under rivers or estuaries
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Cities often use motor tunnels to take traffic under rivers or estuaries generally less than 1km
Tunnel Types
Inter-continental Channel Tunnel Vehicles transported by train approximately 30km
Interurban Network
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Motor tunnels ranging from 2-3 Km, up to 25Km
Urban Tunnels Cities often use motor tunnels to take traffic under rivers or estuaries
generally lest than 1km
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Why Safety Systems?
Mont Blanc Fire on 24 March 1999 emphasised the importance ofsafety in tunnels
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41 fatalities
Tunnel carried twice its intended capacity of vehicles
Inaccessible to emergency services
Unique problems, high temperatures, chimney effects, caustic smoke
What Was Learnt FromThis Incident?
Many safety systems turned off or inoperative Reliability is key
No coordinated safety response
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No advice given to motorists
Operational safety systems did allow a responsewhen the fire was detected. Some Lives were saved
Pre-Emptive MeasuresRequired
Need to prevent accidents, not just deal with them Tunnels now have lower accident rates than the rest
of the road network
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Systems available to prevent accidents Now EU mandate requires all tunnels over 500m long
to have an emergency broadcast system
Over 2000 of these tunnels in Europe
Emergency Broadcast
Emergency broadcast overrides FM signal andprovides in car information over all active radioreceivers in cars
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Provides information on actions and routes to take Can be linked to emergency services
Intelligent Road Studs To help Guide Motorists
Light Emitting Diode
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Low running costs Choice of colours
Can be controlled or linked
into most ITS Systems
Gabilbier Tunnel
Hardwired studs along the sidewalls Single bore tunnel controlled by traffic lights
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Gabilbier Tunnel(Continued)
Studs strobe along current direction of travel
Helps eliminate
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optical illusionsof distance
Paris Tunnel d' Antony
On the southern ring road of Paris Delineate the tunnel carriageway edges
Strobe along the tunnel equivalent to the road speed limit of 50kph
Can also be configured that in time of emergency the studs strobe
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towards the nearest exit or refuge within the tunnel
Tunnel Systems
Many different components go into making tunnelssafe
Monitoring
S ill
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Surveillance Communications
Management and maintenance
Many different systems working together
Tunnel Safety Systems:
Tunnel Safety
Systems
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Traffic Related
SystemsCCTV Monitoring
Management
SystemsCommunications
Tunnel Plant
Monitoring and
Control
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CCTV Monitoring
CCTV S stems
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CCTV Systems
Inside Tunnel Tunnel approaches Security
Communications
Communications
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Emergency
Telephones
Radio
Rebroadcast
Driver instructions from
message boards
Smoke control
panels
Emergency Services Mobile Phones Radio Stations
Tunnel Plant
Tunnel Plant
monitoring
and control
Environmental
Monitoring and Fire Detection
Other Tunnel
Subsystems
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gcontrol
Subsystems
Lighting Visibility VentilationPump/Sump
monitoring
Emergency
Panel monitoring
Power Monitoring
And energy
Management
Cross passage
door monitoring
Supply health and
Switching
Generator and UPS
Status
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Evaluation of TunnelSafety Systems
Difficult to test outside of use
Used only in emergency or Drill
Drill conditions differ from genuine use
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Drill conditions differ from genuine use
Hence incident required for evaluation
Mont Blanc case study provides an insight into thepotential benefits of investing in Tunnel Safety Systems
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History of Events
17 truck fires between 1965 and 1990, mostly minor and dealtwith quickly
11th January 1990 fire highlighte