1 ZVx - The Network Analyzer Family 2 ZVRE, ZVR, ZVCE, ZVC, ZVM, ZVK: Functionalities linear nonlinear frequency- converting S-Parameter Group delay

1

ZVx - The Network Analyzer Family

2

ZVRE, ZVR, ZVCE, ZVC, ZVM, ZVK: Functionalities

linear nonlinear frequency-converting

• S-Parameter• Group delay• Impedance• Admittance

• Compression point• Interceptpoint IP2, IP3

• Mixer measurements• Any harmonics• Intermodulation• (Arbitrary frequency conv.)

ZVx- Overview

3 3

Power

S211dB

S21

S12

S11 S22

IF LOLSB USB

3

Test Sets & Frequency Ranges

ZVx- Overview

ZVC + ZVCE Active or PassiveTest Set

ZVR + ZVREActive Test Set

8 GHz4 GHz10 Hz 20 kHz9 kHz 300 kHz

ZVR + ZVREExternal Measurements

ZVR + ZVREPassive Test Set

20 GHz

ZVMActive Test Set

10MHz

ZVKActive Test Set

40 GHz

4

ZVR, ZVC, ZVM, ZVK: 4 receiver channels

• bidirectional

• standard calibration methods plus...

.... R&S calibration methods for test fixtures, on circuit boards

Distinguishing Features

ZVx- Overview

ZVRE, ZVCE: 3 receiver channels • bidirectional• standard calibration methods

5

ZVx- Test Sets

Basic Task of a NWA: Measurement of S-Parameters

SS1212

SS2121

SS1111 SS2222

b S a S a

b S a S a

1 11 1 12 2

2 21 1 22 2

bb11

aa11 bb22

aa22

6

ZVx- Test Sets

Principle of a 4-receiver NWA

Port 1

Port 2

Source

Meas. andDisplayUnit Test set

Meas. Channel b2

Ref. Channel a1

1

111 abS

1

221´ abS

2

222 abS

2

112 abS

b2b2

Meas. Channel b1

b1b1a1a1

Ref. Channel a2

a2a2

7

ZVx- Test Sets

Port 1

Port 2

Ref. Channel R1

Meas. Channel A

Source

Meas. Channel B


Bidirectional ZVRE, ZVCE

8

Bidirectional ZVR, ZVC

ZVx- Test Sets

Port 1

Port 2

Ref. Channel R1

Meas. Channel A

Source

Ref. Channel R2

Meas. Channel B


4 channel receiver. Calibration techniques for calibration in test fixture and on circuit board4 channel receiver. Calibration techniques for calibration in test fixture and on circuit board

9

Test Set of ZVR and ZVC: Options B21-B25, B6

ZVx- Test Sets with Options

PORT 1

PORT 2

Output a1

Input 1

Input b1

Source

MeasurementChannel A

Measurement Channel B

Reference. Channel R2

ZVR-B21

ZVR-B22

ZVR-B24 ZVR-B25

ZVR-B25

ZVR-B25

a1

b1

a2

b2

ReferenceChannel R1

ZVR-B6 ZVR-B23

Reference

channel ports

10


Test Set of ZVM, ZVK: Options B21-B24

ReferenceChannel a2

MeasurementChannel b2

PORT 2

INPUT b2ZVM(K)-B24

a2

b2

Generator

ZVM(K)-B23

DC Bias

ZVM(K)-B22

ZVM(K)-B21

PORT 1

ReferenceChannel a1

R1 CH. IN

MeasurementChannel b1 INPUT b1

b1

a1

b2

b1

DC Bias

R1 CH. OUT

R2 CH. OUT

R2 CH IN

11

External Test Set (*) for High Power Application


S22, S12Attenuator

Reference planes forPower and full two port calibration

DUT

PORT 2

INPUT b2

PORT 1

INPUT b1 S11, S21

Referencebackward

Amplifier

Amplifier Isolator

Isolator

Attenuator

Attenuator

Attenuator

Ref. A2 IN

Ref. A1 IN Referenceforeward

ReferenceChannel a2


ZVM(K)-B24

a2

b2

Generator

ZVM(K)-B23

DC Bias

ZVM(K)-B22

ZVM(K)-B21

ReferenceChannel a1


b1

a1

b2

b1

DC Bias

(*) Proposal for a test set. Components must be provided by customer.

12

Components inside the four channel instruments

ZVx - The Instruments in Detail

testset frontend converter measurementcontrol unit

front panel

AD

AD

AD

AD

LCD

CPU

synthesizer main processor, disk drives

PORT 1

interfaces

keys

referenceoscillator

signalgenerator

first secondlocal oscillator

PORT 2

a1

b1

b2

a2

13

ZVx - Specifications

Dynamic Range (1)

Low-noise front end

Fundamental mixing

Direct generator and receiver access

Measurement bandwidths 1 Hz to 10 kHz and 26 kHz

Specified and unspecified output power range

14


Dynamic Range (2)

Specified Values PORT 1/2, 10 Hz IF-BW, maximum specified power

ZVR(E): Dynamic range > 120 dB

ZVC(E): Dynamic range > 110 dB

ZVM : Dynamic range > 115 dB

ZVK : Dynamic range > 110 dB

15


Dynamic Range (3)

Maximum Values External Measurement / Input b2, 1 Hz IF-BW, maximum power (unspecified)

ZVR(E): Dynamic range > 140 dB

ZVC(E): Dynamic range > 135 dB (up to 6 GHz)

ZVM : Dynamic range > 140 dB (up to 18 GHz) > 130 dB (18 GHz to 20 GHz)

ZVK : Dynamic range > 135 dB

16

Dynamic Range (4): Filter Measurement with ZVR(E)

>120 dB with internal Test Set

>130 dB with Option "External Measurements" (direct generator - receiver access)

-130 dB


0 dB

17

2 GHz 18 GHz

20 dB/

-160 dB

0 dB

MAGdB CH1 ¯ -160 dB 0 dB

START 10 MHz STOP 20 GHz2 GHz/

EXT

FIL1 1 FIL1 1

S21

D1 -130 dB

Date: 4.OCT.00 18:46:08

2.4 GHz

20 dB/

-160 dB

0 dB

MAGdB CH1 ¯ -160 dB 0 dB

START 2 GHz STOP 2.44 GHz50 MHz/

CPL

EXT

FIL1 1 FIL1 1

S21

D1 -140 dB

Date: 5.OCT.00 16:38:04

- 140 dB- 140 dB - 130 dB- 130 dB16 GHz


Dynamic Range (5): Maximum Dynamic Range of ZVM

The highest dynamic range money can buy!

At ZVx, limit line defining the dynamic range is clearly above the noise floor,

not in the middle of the noise floor !

18


Dynamic Range (6): Maximum Dynamic Range of ZVK

5 G H z 3 5 G H z

2 0 d B /

- 1 6 0 d B

0 d B

M A Gd B C H 1 ¯ - 1 6 0 d B 0 d B

S T A R T 1 0 M H z S T O P 4 0 G H z5 G H z /

CPL

FIL10 10 FIL10 10

S 2 1 & M

1

23

4

1 : - 1 2 6 . 8 d B

5 0 0 M H z

2 : - 1 2 2 . 0 d B

8 G H z

3 : - 1 1 9 . 8 d B

1 6 G H z

4 : - 1 0 5 . 8 d B

2 8 G H z

Specified

• PORT1/2• 10 Hz IF BW• spec. Power

Maximum

• Input b2

• 1 Hz IF BW

• max. Power

110 dB105 dB

90 dB80 dB

20 dB/div

-120 dB

-140 dB

19

Segmented Sweep Mode

>140 dB with external measurements using segmented frequency axis

-140 dB


0 dB

20

Available power depends on... - Instrument- Option (External Measurement Option, Enhanced Power Opion, etc.)- Frequency range

Specified values for ZVR (examples):Standard 0 dBm at PORT1/2with ZVR-B25 +7 dBm at Output a1

With Option ZVR-B10 (Enhanced Output Power)Standard +13 dBm at PORT1/2with ZVR-B25 +20 dBm at Output a1

Specified values for ZVM: +2/+5 dBm

Specified values for ZVK: 0/-5 dBm


Output Power (1): Specified Values

21

Output power can be increased

above the specified level !


Maximum Output Power ZVM (2): Unspecified Values

Example: ZVM Maximum (unspecified) power ...

with setting “additional power” (*)

with standard setting

18 GHz

2 dB/

-4 dBm

16 dBm

MAGdB CH1 2 dB/ REF 0 dBm


FIL1k 1k FIL1k 1k

CPL

b2&M

á 0 dBm

Date: 5.OCT.00 15:54:51

10 dBm

grid line

10 dBm

grid line

0 dBm

grid line

0 dBm

grid line

(*) Setting “Additional Power” avoids 4 dB attenuation

of a step attenuator, which is normally present

even if 0 dB attenuation is selected.

22


Maximum Output Power ZVK (2): Unspecified Values

Specified

• 0 dBm (up to 22 GHz)• -5 dBm (above 22 GHz)

5 GHz 35 GHz

5 dB/

-25 dBm

25 dBm

MAGdB CH1 5 dB/ REF 0 dBm


FIL100100FIL100100

CPL

a1&M

á 0 dBm

5 dB/div

0 dBm

-5 dBm

Maximum

• 5 dBm (up to 22 GHz)

• >0 dBm (above 22 GHz)

23

Fast IEEE/IEC - bus data transfer and control

Enhanced throughput via LAN/Ethernet

Short measurement times per point

High sweep rate

Analog operational feeling

Increased system performance


Measurement & Transfer Speed (1)

24



IEC-bus data transfer of real and imaginary part(Time between sending of request and arrival of data at the PC)

Number of test points 51 201 401

ASCII 40 ms 90 ms 160 ms

IEEE-754-Floating-Point-Format(command data 64 bit,measurement data 32 bit)

10 ms 15 ms 25 ms

25



Measurement Times per PointIF-BW 10 kHz

ZVRLZVR(E)ZVC(E)

ZVM ZVK

Normalization < 0.24 ms < 0.5 ms < 0.7 ms

Full Two-PortCalibration

< 0.48 ms < 0.9 ms < 1.1 ms

26

Table of full two-port Calibration Procedures


TOM 5 inherent verification

Calibration procedure

Number of Calibration steps

Special feature

TRM

TNA

TRL

TOM-X

5 especially for test fixtures

4 high directivity

3 especially for test fixtures

5(9) eliminates crosstalk

TOSM

7 classical procedure

ZVRE and ZVCE just provide normalization and TOSM calibration techniques.

27

Capabilities for Enhanced Accuracy

Calibration techniques for all purposes- TOM calibration with inherent verification- TNA, TRM calibration for test fixtures / on circuit boards- TRL/LRL calibration for circuit boards and on wafers- TOM-X calibration for test setups with crosstalk

(De)Embedding functionality

Default / Factory calibration

Automatic two-port calibration AutoKal (up to 8 GHz)

Easy handling of calibration kit parameters


28

Integrated Pentium PC

Link to Ethernet & General IEC/IEEE-bus control

WINDOWS NT Operating System

PC-compatible formats for screen hardcopies

Connection to Ethernet with option FSE-B16

No external PC necessary - „Controller of its own“

Quick and easy documentation

Measurement and simulation in one instrument

ZVx - General Highlights

Open to PC and Ethernet

29

Efficiency & Operation

Huge display with 4-channel configuration

External PC monitor interface

Segmentation of frequency and magnitude axis

Numerous marker functions

Arbitrary zooming in all settings

Operation via hardkeys or mouse

Internal HDD for storage of data and settings

ZVx - General Highlights

30

Excellent technical data High speed

High sensitivity and dynamic range

High accuracy

Calibration Techniques

Wide frequency range

High versatility Frequency converting measurements

Harmonic measurements

Intercept- and compression point measurements

ZVx - Highlights (Survey)

Highlights of the ZVx instrument family

31

Software Options

ZVx - Options

ZVR-B2 Time Domain (*)Measurements of runtime & distance

Option Name Description

ZVR-B4

ZVR-B7

ZVR-B5

Frequ. Converting Measurements

Independent settings of generator and receiver

frequencies

Nonlinear Measurements

Measurement of n-dB compression point and SOI/TOI

Power CalibrationCalibration of all

generator and receiver

(*) Transputer module required

ZVR-K9 Virtual Embedding

NetworksVirtual integration of networks

Correction of existing networks

32

Hardware Options for ZVR(E), ZVC(E)

ZVx - Options


ZVR-B6 Reference channel

portsDirect access to the reference channels

ZVR-B1

AutoKalAutomised

calibration procedure

ZVR-B25

ZVR-B21/22/23/24 Step AttenuatorsAttenuation of generator

and receiver level

External Measurements

Bypassing theSWR bridges

ZVR-B8(B14)

3/4 port adapterExtending Port 1 and/or

Port 2 to 2 ports

ZVR-B10 Increased Output

PowerIncreased Output Power

at Port 1 or Output a1

33

Hardware Options for ZVM, ZVK

ZVx - Options


ZVM(K)-B21ZVM(K)-B22

Generator Step Attenuators

Attenuation of generator level

ZVM(K)-B23ZVM(K)-B24

Receiver Step Attenuators

• Attenuation of receiver level

• ZVM(K)-B23 includes Input b1

• ZVM(K)-B24 includes Input b2

34

Option ZVR-B1: AutoKal

ZVx - Options

Fundamental Calibration

TOM or TOSM

"Once a Year"

ZVR controlledautomatic calibrationin less than 20 seconds

35

Option ZVR-B2: Time Domain Measurements

ZVx - Options

Windows in frequency domain

Gating in time domain

Fast transformation time Online operation feeling

up to 2001 measurement points

Step response

Pulse response

36

Option ZVR-B4: Mixer, Harmonics, General Frequency Conversion

ZVx - Options

Fundamental Frequency: 460 MHz...1.66 MHzFREQ ON POWER NUM DEN xF OFFSET RESULTINT SRC -25 dBm ( 1 / 4 ) xF -15 MHz = 100 MHz..400 MHzEXT SRC1 10 dBm ( 1 / 4 ) xF 5 MHz = 120 MHz...420 MHz EXT SRC2RECEIVE ( 1 / 1 ) xF = 460 MHz..1.66 GHz

Up converter Down converter Tuner

f(IF) > f(RF) f(RF) > f (LO): f (RF) < f (LO) IF = const.

RF

LO

IF

f

RFIFLO LO

IFRF RF LO

IF

f (IF) = f (LO) + f (RF) f (IF) = f(RF) - f (LO) f (IF) = f (LO) - f (RF) f(IF) is fixed

Same sweep directions of generatorand receiver

Same sweep directions ofgenerator and receiver

Opposite sweep directions ofgenerator and receiver

Swept external source asLO with fixed IF

37

ZVx - OptionsOption ZVR-B4: Mixer, Harmonics, General Frequency

Conversion

f

Pout

f1 f22f1-f2 2f2-f1 f

Swept intermodulation measurements

f

IF- RF LO IF+ 3LO-RF 3LO+RF

Triple swept mixer and spuries measurements

Intermodulation of amplifiers

Intermodulation of mixers

Any harmonics vs. Frequency

Any harmonics vs. power

Conversion of frontends, receivers(Internal LO & frequency conversion)

38

Option ZVR-B5: Non-linear Measurements

ZVx - Options

n-dB compression point vs. frequency Second/third order intercept point (SOI/TOI) vs. frequency

Pin [log]

Pout

[log]

11

3

1

TOI

f1, f2 IP3

n dB

Power towards amplifierP

ower

fro

m a

mpl

ifier

@ f0

n dB compression pointn dB compression point

ZVx performs power sweep(s) at each frequency point during a sweep.

Display of Compression point or SOI/TOI vs frequency

fff

P P

3*P3*P

fIP3- f1 f2 IP3+

P [log]

39

Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (1/3 )

ZVx - Options

PORT 1

PORT 2

Output a1

Input 1

Input b1

Source


Measurement Channel B

Reference. Channel R2

a1

b1

a2

b2

ReferenceChannel R1

ZVR-B6 Reference

channel ports

Path from source to the Ref-Channel interruptedusing mechanical switches

Signal for the Reference Channel can be fed from outside of the NWA

Option just for ZVR(E), ZVC(E)(Access to both reference channels standard at ZVM, ZVK via jumpers at the front panel)

40

Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (2/3)

ZVx - Options

Po

wer

sp

litt

er

Input b1

Source


a1

b1

ReferenceChannel R1

ZVR-B6

DUT

Pre-amplifier

ZVR(E), ZVC(E)

ZVR-B6 Application example 1:

Example: Pre-amplifier to provide high power for the DUT

• Getting the „real“ reference signal

• Correction for non-linearities and (temperature) drift of the pre-amplifier

41

Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (3/3 )

ZVx - Options

PORT 2

Output a1

Input 1

Input b1

a1

b1

a2

b2

External Signal Generator

(LO)

f0

f0

Reference channel

Source f0

Measurement channel

f0

fconv

fLOfLO

fconv

fconv Measurement at

converted frequency fconv

DUT(frequency converting)Reference mixer

f0 fconv

ZVR-B6 Application example 2:

External ref. mixer:

• Equal frequencies in measurement and ref-channel

• „Comparison“ of equal frequencies allows phase and group delay measurements

42

Option ZVR-B7: Power Calibration

ZVx - Options

Po rt 1

P ort 2

Ref. Channel R1

M eas. Channel A

Source

Ref. Channel R2

M eas. Channel B

M eas. andDisplayUnit Test set

Generator Receiver

Power meter

IEC II

ZVR

Power calibration of the internal generator

Power calibration of the receiver

Generator (cal.) ReceiverZVR

Accuracy: up to 0.1 dB or better

43

Option ZVR-B8: 3-Port Adapter

ZVx - Options

CH 1

CH 2

CH 3

CH 4

ZVR

ZVR-B8

Port 1 Port 2

TX

RX

ANT

1

2

3

multiport adapter

DUT example:

antenna diplexer Automatic Control by ZVR

Switching time 10 s

Measurement of 7 (from 9)S-params of a 3-port devicewithout rewiring

CH1 & CH3 show Port 1CH2 & CH4 show Port 2

44

Option ZVR-B14: 4-Port Adapter

ZVx - Options

PORT2PORT1

ZVR-B144-Port Adapter .02

CH 1

CH 2

CH 3

CH 4

ZVR

DUT

DUT

1 2 3 4

CH 1

CH 2

CH 3

CH 4

ZVR

ZVR-B144-Port Adapter .03

DUT

PORT1 PORT2

1 2 3 4

45

Option ZVR-K9: (De)Embedding (Part 1/3)

ZVx - Options

Simulation of virtual networks

Elimination of real existing networks

Simulation of Matching Networks with SAW filters

Identical matching at each production place

46


ZVx - Options

2 431

TN2TN1 DUT

DUT1 2 3 4

Integration of 2-port solutions

Embedding of 4-port data

Integration of 1-port solutions

47


ZVx - Options

ideal NWA

1'

E1 V1-1 DUT

1

"modified" error two port

neutral Network

V-1 ° V =1

1''

1

V1

48

Option ZVR-B10: Enhanced Output Power

ZVx - Options

Internal Pre-Amplifier

Enhanced power in foreward direction

Option for ZVR(E), ZVC(E)

Maximum power depends on model: Different for ZVR(E) and ZVC(E)

Maximum power depends on directive component: Different maximum power for ZVC(E) with couplers or ZVC(E) with bribges

Maximum power: Output a1 at ZVR: + 20 dBm

49

Frequency converting and nonlinear Measurements

Characterisation of frequency converting devices

Characterisation of nonlinear parameters

Generator / receiver with arbitrary frequency offset

Up to two external generators controlled by ZVx

Measurement of mixers, frequency multipliers and amplifiers, frontends etc

Determination of compression and intercept point

Display of compression and IP2/3 versus frequency

ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements

50

Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements


f

f

ZVM

IEEE/IEC-Bus II

Freq.REF IN

Ext. Source

f1

f2

ZAPDJ-2

ZJL-3GPin

Pout

ff1 f2

f1 f22f1-f2 2f2-f1 f

Port 1 Port2

No external filters required

No limitations of frequency ranges and offsets

All settings controlled by the ZVM

51

Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements (cont.)


Settings for carrier f1

Settings for carrier f2

52



Settings for measuring the lower IP3 product 2f1-f2.

Settings for measuring the upper IP3 product 2f2-f1.

53



590 MHz

5 dB/

-30 dBm

20 dBm

590 MHz

5 dB/

-30 dBm

20 dBm

590 MHz

5 dB/

-30 dBm

20 dBm

590 MHz

5 dB/

-30 dBm

20 dBm

b2

ARB

FIL10k10kFIL10k10k

MAG

MAGb2

MAGb2

MAGb2

10 MHz/ 600 MHz500 MHz

REF 0 dBm5 dB/


REF 0 dBm5 dB/


REF 0 dBm5 dB/


REF 0 dBm5 dB/

á 0 dBm

á 0 dBm

á 0 dBm

á 0 dBm

Date: 3.DEC.99 16:16:47

lower IP3 product2f1-f2

upper IP3 product2f2-f1

carrier f1

carrier f2

54

Example 2: Mixer Measurement


IEEE / IEC-Bus II

ref. Freq.

ZVM

PORT 1

PORT 2

Source

RF

LO

IF

ZFM-4

R

I

L

55

Example 2: Mixer Measurement (cont.)


ARBITRARY SYSTEM FREQUENCIES

BASE FREQUENCY: 100MHz ...400MHz

ON POWER (NUM / DEN) xB + OFFSET RESULT

INT SRC / 0 dBm (1 / 1) xB 100MHz..400MHz

EXT SRC1 / 7 dBm (1 / 1) xB +20MHz 120MHz..420MHz

EXT SRC2

RECEIVER / (4 / 1) xB +60MHz 460MHz..1.66GHz

STIMULUS AXIS: RECEIVER 460MHz..1.66GHz

B = RF = 100 MHz ... 400 MHz

f(LO) = RF + 20 MHz

f(Rec) = 3*LO +RF = 3*(RF + 20 MHz) + RF = 4*RF + 20 MHz

Scaling for x-axis

20 100 120 220 260 400 420 460 820 860 1660 f / MHz

Offset = 20 MHz

IF- RF LO IF+

3LO-RF 3LO+RF

56

Example 3: Amplifier Measurements


ZVR

PORT 1 PORT 2

57

Example 3: Amplifier Measurements (cont.)


S21 small signal parameter

S21 versus power

@ 1GHz

second harmonic versus power

@ 1GHz

1 dB compr. point versus frequency

Examples for measurement quantities

58

Example 4: Hot-S-Parameters


2 swept tones f1, f2 are fed to the amplifier

Constant, narrow offset f = |f2 - f1|

Power of signal f2:- Constant at high power level- Defines the operating point

Power of signal f1:- Constant at small signal range- Measurement of S21

(Both generator and receiver of ZVx at frequency f1 !)

Ext. Source

ZVx

IEEE / IEC-Bus II

Freq. ref REF IN

PORT 1 PORT 2

combiner DUT (amplifier)

f1

f2

f1

f2

Po

wer

f2

f1

f

f

59

Example 5: Measurement of a Frontend

ZVR

Port 2

DUT

( Converter )

ZVM

Port 1 Port 2


internal LO

PORT 2PORT 1

f

RF IF-IF+

LO

ZVx

60

Example 5: Measurement of a Frontend (cont.)


Conversion loss IF- (wanted sideband)

Conversion loss IF+ (unwanted sideband)

LO power

(used also for LO freq. detection)

Return loss

61

Example 6: Measurement of double converter (receiver)

DUT

( Front End )

Ext. Source 2

ZVM

IEEE / IEC-Bus 2

Freq. ref.

LO 1LO 2

Ext. Source 1

Port 1 Port 2


62

Example 6: Measurement of double converter (receiver)


Documents

1 ZVx - The Network Analyzer Family 2 ZVRE, ZVR, ZVCE, ZVC, ZVM, ZVK: Functionalities linear nonlinear frequency- converting S-Parameter Group delay