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Y8 Revision 3Y8 Revision 3

Working Working worldworld

(a) To know the 4 types of economic activity – (a) To know the 4 types of economic activity – primary (extraction), secondary primary (extraction), secondary

(manufacturing), tertiary (services) and (manufacturing), tertiary (services) and quaternary (creating new things/ideas) and quaternary (creating new things/ideas) and how LICs have more primary industry and how LICs have more primary industry and

why, and what HICs and MICs have and why.why, and what HICs and MICs have and why.Lesson 1 on Lesson 1 on

http://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.comhttp://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+8+Unit+5/Year+8+Unit+5

We will not get through all of

these today – but it will be there for you to look at !

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How can we classify jobs – How can we classify jobs – why are the pictures in this order?why are the pictures in this order?

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In the UKIn the UKWhat can you see?A lot of the land is farmed, and we produce quite a lot of raw materials.How come?What about the secondary activity?And why does tertiary activity take so many people?In most HICs, there are far fewer involved in agriculture. Why is that?The number of people involved in secondary industry is also dropping. Why?The amount of people involved in tertiary industry is rising? Why?

% of the population working in each sector

Notice only primary secondary & tertiary on in this graph – quaterny is actualltoo small to show up well

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BurmaBurmaWhat pattern do you see?If there are that many people are in primary industry, how do you think it is run? Do you think they make a lot of money from it?What does the secondary industry % tell you?And the tertiary?What level of development is this country at? HIC, MIC or LIC?

% of the population working in each sector

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Working worldWorking world

(b) Tourism in National parks – (b) Tourism in National parks – what is a national park? Problems what is a national park? Problems and solutions to lots of tourists. and solutions to lots of tourists.

Lesson 3 on Lesson 3 on http://geography-at-interhigh.wikihttp://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+8+Unit+5spaces.com/Year+8+Unit+5

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What are National Parks?What are National Parks?

Originally they were set up to provide protection to wild uninhabited places – the first was the Yellowstone National Park in America.But Britain did not have any wild uninhabited places but after the WW2, government thought there was a need for National Parks in England and Wales to allow the millions of people in the towns and cities to enjoy open countryside and fresh air. The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act was passed in 1949 and the Peak District became the first National Park in 1951. 

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The National The National Parks todayParks today

The Environment Act of 1995 defined the purposes of National Parks as:

•conserving and enhancing the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage •promoting opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of their special qualities

•The National Park must also foster the economic and social well-being of the local communities. How are all these parks

similar to one another?

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Why do they visit?Why do they visit?

Physical attractions

Human attractions

Activities

Just to give you an ideas, our most popular National Park, the Lake District about 8.5 million people visit every year

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Why are tourists good for the area?Why are tourists good for the area?Generates employment, though seasonal - it also allows farmers to do more than farm!Employment brings skills in the tourist industry.Multiplier effect.

Many people and businesses benefit from the multiplier effect, the way that the original sums of money spent by visitors are worth more than their face value. For example, a visitor staying in a small guest house pays their host who then goes out and spends some of that money in local shops, so local shop owners and workers indirectly benefit from the visitor even if they never see them. This is the multiplier effect.

Entrance fees, for historical and culturally important monuments and buildings, which helps maintain them.Visitors and those that relocate to the area, help sustain local services and traditions.Rural communities within the area are sustained.

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Disadvantages of tourism: Disadvantages of tourism: HumanHuman

Employment is seasonal, low skill and minimum wage.Towns have become dominated by tourist shops, at the expense of local needs, for example Ambleside at the northern end of Lake Windermere is well known as ‘the anorak capital of the world’ with what locals say is too many outdoor shops, the choice just goes on and on. Increased visitor numbers, increases wear and tear on buildings and monuments.The popularity of the area, has encouraged the development of second homes.House prices rise, local young are forced to move elsewhere.Formation of Dormitory settlements.Loss of public services.Decline in community spirit.Many people visit by car causing congestion and pollution.

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Car pollution and noise.LitterFootpath erosion. Destruction of dry stone walls.Disturbance of animals during mating season.Gates left open, causing livestock to escape and graze sensitive areas.Dogs scare or attack livestock.

Disadvantages of tourism: Disadvantages of tourism: EnvironmentalEnvironmental

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Some solutions – to erosionSome solutions – to erosion

A trench was dug out and filed 300 bags of stone – these were flown in by helicopter – why?A path was laid over the stonedLandscaping work was carried out.The ground was reseeded.

Before

After

Why did it erode so badly?

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Some solutions: Local housingSome solutions: Local housing

Many cottages were bought up by people to use for holiday lets. There people came from places where house prices were higher – this forced up local prices so local people could not afford them.

Two castles Housing association help local people rent or buy affordable homes.

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Problems with trafficProblems with trafficLarge volumes of traffic can lead to a number of issues, especially in an area like the Lake District where roads are often narrow.POLLUTIONNOISE: ‘Peace and Quiet’ is often given as a reason for visiting.VISUAL INTRUSION: Lines of parked cars do not look goodCONGESTION: a big problem on narrow roads.REDUCING VISITOR TRAFFIC: encourage visitors to use public transport rather than private cars.PARKING: they tend to park anywhere, including on the edges of narrow roads.HAZARDS TO VULNERABLE ROAD USERS: Walkers, cyclists and horse riders feel threatened.

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Some of the things they have Some of the things they have donedone

Improving cycleway from Keswick to KendalIncreasing public transport optionsInvestigating opening up a closed railwayModifying parking facilities to reduce roadside parkingMonitoring speed restrictions, to take account of narrow winding roadsInvestigating park and ride

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Working WorldWorking World

(c) Be able to compare advantages and (c) Be able to compare advantages and disadvantages between tourism in a disadvantages between tourism in a

National Game Park and an Eco-tourism National Game Park and an Eco-tourism experience like Selenkay.experience like Selenkay.

Lesson 5 on Lesson 5 on http://geography-at-interhigh.wikispacehttp://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+8+Unit+5s.com/Year+8+Unit+5

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The advantages of tourism in LICs The advantages of tourism in LICs like Kenyalike Kenya

For places like Kenya:Tourism does not cost a great deal to start upIt earns a lot of foreign currency(they need this to buy things – for instance if you want to buy something on the internet from the US you have to pay in dollars)It gives employment to some local peopleIt can mean that some of money is invested in preserving those special things the tourists like to see.

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In Kenya, they have several big wild In Kenya, they have several big wild life parks that tourists like to visitlife parks that tourists like to visitWith cheetah, leopard and lion.For as little as £350 you can fly between 3 game reserves staying over in a different one each time and be almost guaranteed to see the BIG FIVE (Lion, rhino, giraffe, elephant & leopard), in only 5 days!Quite cheap really – so you can imagine how many people want to do it!

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But there are issues for mass But there are issues for mass tourismtourismPeople want comfort and familiar facilities like freely

usable showers (water shortage), and food they recognise. All these things have to be importedLarge developments often cost quite a lot – usually foreign companies are the only ones able to invest.Most of the money paid for the holiday is paid in another country. A lot of it never comes to Kenya.The precious environment is visited using large people carriers (imported) and a lot of fuel (pollution). The vehicles need roads, which scar the landscape. Too many vehicles travelling along them disturb the animals.A lot of people produce a lot of litter, unless this is carefully managed (pollution).The local tribesmen are not the ones who get the jobs in tourism however. They are mostly banned from using their former pastures.It is the educated people from Nairobi, the capital, then get these, as they speak good English and can use computers and have trained in skills like cooking and can drive buses and have learnt to explain about the wild life.

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However it does not have to be like However it does not have to be like thatthat

For example on the Selenkay reserve, you can have an eco-tourist experience.When the Masai, nomadic herdsmen were banned from the game reserve they were given 60,000 hectares of not very good land in exchange. Jake Cook approached them to rent 6,000 hectares to make a reserve. They would get various helpful projects in return as well as money.Also all the jobs created are given to them, not imported city dwellers. They would work in the camp, preparing food and keeping it clean. Some work as reserve rangersOthers have built the tracks (stone only that would over grow in a season if not used). These are used for 4 x4 NOT buses and for the rangers to travel about on.All energy is locally produced and waste that cannot be composted (including the compost toilets), it transported out to a recycling facility.

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Eco-tourism at workEco-tourism at workHe would not build anything that could not be taken down and leave no trace of its existence.He would not build anything that could not be taken down and leave no trace of its existence.The Masai have be paid to dig waterholes as part of the lease arrangements and there is a borehole attendant who keeps it workingThey have also built wind pumps to pump the water from the bore hole to the water holes where the animals get water.They have built tree hides so the visitors can get out of vehicles to animal watchThey now have a full 8 grade school, mostly built by themselves, with money from the reserve leaseThey still carry on their own lives, herding, and wear their traditional clothes – no Europeanised uniforms as in the larger reserves.

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So what tourism eco?So what tourism eco?

It needs to be sustainable – in other words protecting what the tourists are there to see and at the same time making sure it will continue to be there, so this means not wasting resources, not creating waste and not adding to the GHGs unnecessarily.It also creates economic opportunities for local people.

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Fragile worldFragile world

The Greenhouse effect and climate The Greenhouse effect and climate change – the difference between change – the difference between

the natural and enhanced the natural and enhanced greenhouse effect – what are 3 greenhouse effect – what are 3

important greenhouse gases and important greenhouse gases and where do they come from? where do they come from?

Lesson 1 on http://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+8+Unit+6

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Quick summaryQuick summaryThe Greenhouse effect comes in 2 varieties. The natural greenhouse effect - without which we would alternately freeze and boil but gives an even temperature. The enhanced greenhouse effect which mostly man-made, is contributing to climate change.The Greenhouse effect is created by our atmosphere and it keeps heat from the sun trapped within it. There are certain gases which encourage this – the main one being CO2, but methane and nitrous oxide all contribute something. The radiant energy from the sun that reaches the earth (some is scattered out into space by the atmosphere), is then turned into heat energy and reflects into the atmosphere, where a good deal of it is trapped by greenhouse gases (GHGs) and hence keeps the earth warm.The sources of GHGs that add to the enhanced greenhouse effect are mainly fossil fuels (CO2), but also from rubbish (methane) and also fertilizer and some industrial process ( nitrous oxide).

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Fragile worldFragile world

Waste – why is landfill a bad idea? What Waste – why is landfill a bad idea? What are the main alternatives? Give are the main alternatives? Give

particular reasons why some examples particular reasons why some examples are better e.g. recycling aluminium are better e.g. recycling aluminium used up a lot of energy to make and used up a lot of energy to make and recycling only uses 1/20 the amount.recycling only uses 1/20 the amount.

Lesson 1 on http://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+8+Unit+6

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Waste – where does it come Waste – where does it come from?from?

The sources are fairly evenly divided:1/3 building and other forms of construction like roads1/3 mining and quarrying 1/3 the rest – commercial (packaging and waste materials) and domestic – often grouped together as municipal wasteWhat happens to it? These are updated figures from 2010 (DEFRA figures - Dept of Environment, Food and rural affairs)The weight of household waste generated in 2009/10 in England, in kilograms per household, was 1036 kg (15-20 of you guys!) per household. 411 kg of that was recycled, composted or reused whilst 145kg was incinerated and the heat was used for energy and 480 kg went to landfill. Not only that, but the total refuse collected continues to fall, from 24.3 (2009) to 23.7(2010) millions tonnes.

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Why is landfill a bad idea?Why is landfill a bad idea?

1. It takes up a lot of space that we do not have.2. Putting stuff into the ground we could make use of

is wasteful of resources – and in some cases – wastes energy too (see later).

3. As the rain falls on it and the material breaks down, toxins and chemicals such as heavy metals and battery chemicals get into the water that we may want to use for drinking, and is also harmful to wildlife.

4. The major problem is that when organic matter (substances that were once living) break down they give off that nasty GHG methane – up to X 30 as bad as CO2 for trapping more heat.

5. Mostly because of (4), the EU has set national targets that if not met, will lead to those countries having to pay huge fines.

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The alternativesThe alternativesCompost anything organic – added to soil, this can reduce artificial fertilizer use (less nitrous oxide).Re-use as much as we can – to repair old machinery, give clothes to charity shops, put on FreeCycle. That way we don’t waste resources making new ones.Recycle – things like paper (saves us cutting down trees), aluminium (recycled aluminium takes 95% less energy and causes 99% less pollution that production it from bauxite rock), glass (it takes 20% less energy to produce bottles from recycled glass) and turn them into new products.Incinerating reduces the volume of waste and also can be used to make heat energy – so burning less fossil fuels – but unless carefully monitored, unpleasant and dangerous gases can be released!

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Fragile worldFragile world

Energy sources: to be able to sort Energy sources: to be able to sort renewables from non-renewables renewables from non-renewables and to be able to explain how one and to be able to explain how one

renewable source works renewable source works

Lesson 4 & 5 on http://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+8+Unit+6

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What do we need energy for?What do we need energy for?

We use energy sources to generate the electricity we need for our homes, businesses, schools, and factories.  Electricity "energizes" our computers, lights, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners, to name only a few uses. We use energy to run our cars and lorries.  Both the petrol used in our cars, the diesel used in lorries and paraffin used in aeroplanes are made from oil.  Natural gas is used in many homes for heating and cooking.

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The major source of all of fuel for The major source of all of fuel for this energy is fossil fuelsthis energy is fossil fuels

Fossil fuels are naturally occurring materials. But unfortunately, they take millions of years to form.Consequently, so far as we are concerned they are not replaceable in our life timesHence oil, coal and gas are all called non-renewable.And they have one other big problem. They are an immense store of locked up carbon – release it and we have more CO2 in the atmosphere that we had before.

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So for both those reasons we need So for both those reasons we need to look for alternative sources of fuel to look for alternative sources of fuel

to provide us with energyto provide us with energyThese include, energy from:

Water WindSunOrganic materials that we can replace

The first 3 of these will not run out, and in the case of the last, we can made sure it does not run out, by growing more.So these are all sources of renewable energy.

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The major need for energy is in the The major need for energy is in the form of electricity form of electricity

All the fossil fuels and also organic matter involve a similar process.

Heat is created form the fuel burning, which turns water into steam.The steam is used to turn a big wheel called a turbine.The turbine turns the generator that makes the electricity.

Most of the other renewables also involve a turbine turning, but it is the wind or the waves or river or the tides that do it.The one exception is the sun! In this case, the sun’s light, once it hits a special silicon panel, makes electricity directly.

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The other major need for fuel is to The other major need for fuel is to propel vehiclespropel vehicles

Oil is an organic material as it was once plants and/or tiny animals. It is very easy to move around and therefore an excellent fuel source moving things.But it is possible to make devisal that is not from fossil fuels, although we are not very good at it yet. Some cars are driven around of chip fat! Other crops are grown to produce oil, like rape seed. And replacement petrol can be made from corn and sugar cane. But this takes up land that could be used for food. And there are hungry people in the world.There are a number of experiments going on, which in the not too far distant future, may produce biodiesel and ethanol (petrol substitute), without using up land needed for food production. For example bacteria fed on waste such as sewage that can be persuaded to make biodiesel.But the up and coming means of moving vehicles is electricity – so long as the electricity is not made from fossil fuels, this is a really good thing!

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But there are problems with most of But there are problems with most of these renewablesthese renewables

1.Wind and solar– you cannot depend upon it as availability changes with the weather.2.Tidal power is reliable but only available for part of each tide.3.River power (hydroelectricity) has been put in place in most of the available places in HICs, and can have major environmental and human impacts in places like the Amazon, when 100s of square kilometres are flooded for the reservoir behind the dam.This is just a few examples – and you only need to know about one source of renewable energy – most of you have your own – those who do not had better have a look at the work of the others and pick out a good one!You will find them in lesson 5 on http://geography-at-interhigh.wikispaces.com/Year+8+Unit+6