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Workshop “Energy from Renewables”Budapest, November 29th, 2007
Chances and Challenges for the Development of Biofuels
Francesca Ferrazza and Mario Marchionna
Corporate Strategies & Development
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General ScenarioGeneral Scenario
Fossil fuels are expected to dominate the world’s energy supply portfolio for some decade to come.
However, satisfying future energy needs while meeting the challenge of energy security and mitigating the risk of climate change has brought energy conservation to the forefront of public discussion.
Among renewables, wind, solar and biofuels are growing rapidly, albeit from a small base.
Other technologies, such as hydrogen, are considered to hold promise, but face substantial challenges in terms of costs and large-scale implementation.
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Eni VisionEni Vision
In the short term, energy-saving-oriented technologies and behaviours are the most economical and practical measures.
Carbon Sequestration and Storage technologies will make use of fossil fuels more sustainable.
In the long term, it will be important to identify energy sources that could be alternative or complementary to fossil energy.
However, most of the current alternative energy sources (especially the renewable ones) are neither economical nor able to secure adequate supply.
R&D investment could generate technological and market discontinuity.
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Eni has recently launched a major national communication and education project to stimulate energy saving at family level.
24 virtuous behaviours have been suggested that can enable a four member family to save up to 1,600 Euro at no or affordable cost.
These behaviours would permit an abatement of emissions of about 27 Million t of CO2, i.e. 25% of the Italian gap to the Kyoto target.
Other initiatives are being evaluated within Eni industrial Other initiatives are being evaluated within Eni industrial plants, such as energy recovery from low temperature streams plants, such as energy recovery from low temperature streams through Organic Rankine Cyclesthrough Organic Rankine Cycles
Eni “Energy Saving” ProgramEni “Energy Saving” Program
...consume less, consume better...
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Eni Projects for Carbon Sequestration and Eni Projects for Carbon Sequestration and StorageStorage
Explore alternative technical solutions for the total elimination of gas flaring.
Improve energy efficiency in production operations
Assess the potential for safe CO2 storage in aquifers and depleted reservoirs.
Participate in CO2 Capture Project (CCP) together with most of the major O&G companies.
Promote CO2 assimilation in greenhouse plant cultivation.
Eni owns a specific inter-wells seismic technique able to appreciate any fluid movements within the reservoir.
Ability to monitor CO2 injection both at the surface and inside the reservoir is paramount.
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Biofuels Production
Solar Energy Conversion
Lipids for biodieselLipids for biodiesel
Conversion Processes
(BtL, hydrogenation)
Conversion Processes
(BtL, hydrogenation)
phytoplankton, micro-algae,
bacteria
phytoplankton, micro-algae,
bacteria
Plants for energyPlants for energy
CO2CO2
Sun lightSun light
BiodieselBiodiesel
Sun lightSun light
Solar energy concentrationSolar energy concentration
New photo-active material,
nanotechnology
New photo-active material,
nanotechnology
Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency
“Third Generation”PV Systems
“Third Generation”PV Systems
HydrogenHydrogen
E. E. generation via Hybrid CyclesE. E. generation
via Hybrid Cycles
Eni R&D Program “Along with Petroleum”Eni R&D Program “Along with Petroleum”
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BiofuelsBiofuels
Biofuels appear to be the only realistic short term solution to provide a renewable energy alternative to fossil fuels in the transportation sector.
Their liquid nature and compatibility with traditional fuels are their main strength points.
As a fuel product, biofuels offer a number of technical advantages: they are sulphur and aromatics free and have good combustion properties.
However, biofuels have a lower heat content than petroleum derived fuels due to their oxygen content. This means that they are less efficient in terms of fuel economy (km per liter).
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Energy Carriers for Transportation FuelsEnergy Carriers for Transportation Fuels
DistributionDistribution
Performance&
Impact on Environment
Final UseFinal Use
CarrierCarrierProductionProduction
ProcessProcess
CarrierCarrierStorageStorage
EnergyEnergySourceSource
Gasoline / Diesel
LPG (DME)
Natural Gas
Electric Power
Hydrogen
Bio-Fuels
Existing infrastructure is a major barrier for any new fuel/energy carrier incompatible with it.
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Biofuels : current scenarioBiofuels : current scenario
The European Union requires biofuels (biodiesel + bioethanol) to reach 10% of total automotive fuel consumptions by the year 2020.
US President has announced a target of 15% of the national gasoline pool by the year 2017.
However, the current generation of biofuels cannot be an answer to market demand because of their scale limitations due to cost and large land requirements.
Land use impacts, fertilizer requirements and water use are other important factors to be taken into account when considering the potential of biofuels.
Competition “fuel versus food” is a major issue to be circumvented not to impact on the living of poorer mankind and on the prices of food staples.
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Current liquid biofuels are mainly Bio-ethanol/ETBE and Biodiesel
Bio-ethanol Rapeseed BiodieselSugar can
First Generation First Generation BiofuelsBiofuels
Low conversion efficiency
Only a small portion of the biomass is converted to fuel
Low yield per hectare (mainly for bio-diesel)
Low energy efficiency
High production cost
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New Generation BiofuelsNew Generation Biofuels
Current biofuel’s limitations are a technological challenge, stimulating intensive R&D efforts towards omnivorous, efficient conversion technologies able to:
use massive low cost resource (e.g. agriculture/forest waste, wood, grass, cane, etc.)
make the most of the biomass resource
integrate with manufacturing infrastructure
convert biomass to market compatible fuels (e. g. gasoline, diesel)
be linked to distribution infrastructure
be sustainable and economical
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Eni positionEni position
• Direct involvement in biofuel production is planned by Eni in the next future
• Eni’s vision is that only 2nd generation biofuels will have the possibility to gain significant shares of transportation fuel market
• Strong R&D actions are necessary to overcome current problems:
high costs
energy balance (often questionable)
competition with food crops
induced environmental damages (e.g. deforestation)
low conversion efficiency
unwanted side products
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Eni R&D activity on biofuelsEni R&D activity on biofuelsShort term approachShort term approach
EcofiningTM process
new technology, developed together with UOP, based on hydro-treating
high performance product, better than conventional biodiesel
no glycerol as side product
full scale demonstration plant (250 kt/y) planned to be completed in an Italian refinery by 2010
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Eni R&D activity on biofuelsEni R&D activity on biofuelsMedium to long term approachMedium to long term approach
Biomass to Liquids biomass gasification followed by biofuel synthesis compatible with ligno-cellulosic biomass full use of input biomass strong technical background
High yield biomass for energy use only database on biomass and relevant conversion routes
Micro-organism based biofuels no competition with edible crops extremely high productivity demo plant currently under evaluation
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2nd Generation Biofuels
Second generation biofuels are needed to close the gap:
Require massive low cost resource
Ag./forest waste, wood, grass, cane, …
Want omnivorous, efficient conversion technology
Makes the most of the resource
Should integrate with manufacturing infrastructure
Linked to distribution infrastructure
Need conversion to market compatible fuel
Gasoline, Diesel
Other issues: sustainability, economics
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22ndnd Generation Biofuels Generation BiofuelsBiomass conversion RoutesBiomass conversion Routes
BTLFischerTropsch
SynthesisGasificationBIOMASS
Vegetable Oil
Hydro processing
Green Diesel
OIL SEEDS
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EcofiningEcofiningTMTM process process
• Alternative to conventional esterification, without glycerol co-production
• High quality product (high heating value and cetane number, low density)
Esterification(conventional)
Hydroprocessing(Green Diesel)
VegetableOil
Methanol
VegetableOil
Hydrogen
Biodiesel
Glycerol
Green diesel
FEED PROCESS PRODUCT
Esterification(conventional)
Hydroprocessing(EcofiningTM)
VegetableOil
Methanol
VegetableOil
Hydrogen
Biodiesel
Glycerol
FEED PROCESS PRODUCT
A joint effort of UOP and Eni to develop a processing route to convert A joint effort of UOP and Eni to develop a processing route to convert
vegetable oil to high quality diesel using conventional hydroprocessing vegetable oil to high quality diesel using conventional hydroprocessing
technology that is already widely deployed in refineries and utilizes the technology that is already widely deployed in refineries and utilizes the
existing refinery infrastructure and fuels distribution system.existing refinery infrastructure and fuels distribution system.
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Biomass to Liquids (BTL)Biomass to Liquids (BTL)
• Target: processes based on biomass gasification followed by liquid biofuel synthesis (in principle: FT diesel, DME and alcohols)
• Activity: feasibility studies (economic analyses, energy balances, LCA) based on literature data and internal know-how
• Eni’s background:
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis proprietary technology development (20 bpd pilot plant scale operating)
deep knowledge of refinery residue gasification technologies (Shell and Texaco) and of Methanol/DME production process, through engineering subsidiary Snamprogetti
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Growing biomass by means of micro-organisms (such as phytoplankton, micro-algae, bacteria) to produce lipids suitable for conversion into diesel fuel.
CO2 produced from power station and industrial plants can be
used to feed the process (CO2 recycling and biofixation).
Biomass Collection
Lipid Extraction
Conversion to Green Diesel
A promise of high productivity
CO2
Open ponds, fotobioreactors or
hybrid systems
33rdrd Generation Biofuels Generation Biofuels
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High yield biomass for energy use onlyHigh yield biomass for energy use only
• Eni’s Activity: data collection on high yield biomass for energy use only and relevant conversion routes
performances and requirements (productivity, soil quality, etc.)
production cost evaluations
energy balances
LCA
• These data will provide input data for feasibility studies on biomass exploitation, addressing production costs and energy and environmental performances (CO2 recycle capability)
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Micro-organism based biofuelsMicro-organism based biofuels
• Activity: development of a new generation of high performance, environmentally compatible biofuels based on micro-organisms such as phytoplankton, microalgae, yeasts and bacteria
micro-organism study and selection
process developmentB
ioreactor
Polluted water
Treated water
Flue gases
CO2 depletedflue gases
Algae for biofuel production
solar
radiation
Bioreactor
Polluted water
Treated water
Flue gases
CO2 depletedflue gases
Algae for biofuel production
solar
radiation• Feasibility studyFeasibility study in in
progress on a demo plant progress on a demo plant for the production of for the production of high-yield microalgae, high-yield microalgae, which in turn produce which in turn produce vegetable oils for the vegetable oils for the manufacture of biofuelsmanufacture of biofuels
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Potential breakthrough might come from development of plants fully dedicated to energy use:
jatropha curcas in India/Indonesia
switchgrass in the USA
Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments