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1
Women Survivors, Lost Children and Traumatized Masculinities
An ethnographic focus on sexual violence in the context of war in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
Jill Trenholm RN PhD International Maternal and Child Healthand the Centre for Gender ResearchUppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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To explore the phenomena of war rape and its consequences in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
To generate practical and theoretical knowledge relevant for prevention, sustainable health and humanitarian interventions.
PhD Study’s Overall Aim
Aim J. Trenholm
3
Background
• Misogyny
• Women’s body as symbol of honor/nation
• Nature of warfare
• Military culture
• Atmosphere of impunity
• Intimidation/survival looting
Background J. Trenholm
4
Impact: Multiple burdens• mental/physical
trauma• HIV, infertility,
unwanted pregnancy etc...
• stigma/marginalisation• impaired caring
capacity• livelihood• malnutrition• lack of health care
J. TrenholmRelevance
5
Country context
Context J. Trenholm
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Study site
Context J. Trenholm
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8Methodology J. Trenholm
Ethnography
• Prolonged engagement at the study site• Informants/gatekeepers are key• Participant observation:
– flexible immersion into the environment– interacting formally & informally with a variety of
people
• Qualitative semi-structured interviews • Field notes (documentation & reflexivity)
Overview of the Papers
Participants Objective Analysis
Paper IPublished: Global
Public Health
10 local leaders
interviews
To explore local leaders perceptions and attitudes towards rape and raped women.
Qualitative Content Analysis
Paper IIPublished: Men and
Masculinities
12 ex-child soldier boys
interviews
To explore ex-child soldiers’ experiences of war & sexual violence.
Thematicanalysis
Paper III Published: Gender, Place and Culture: a Journal of Feminist
Geography
15 affected women interviews/narratives
To illuminate women’s and girls’ experiences of war & sexual violence.
Situating suffering in the global context
Thematicanalysis
Paper IVsubmitted
15 affected women interviews/narratives
To illuminate women’s and girls’ experiences of war & sexual violence.
Resilience in the margins
Thematic analysis
10
J. Trenholm
Jill Trenholm Uppsala University 2008
pregnancy HIV-STI’s, fear
traumatization
military cultures
chaos of wardefunct infrastructure
insecurity-impunity-corruption
poverty
inappropriate aid
global political economy
international apathy
women’s low statuspatriarchy-church-culture
rejection
Emergent Conceptualisation
Local Leaders Study
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Theoretical Frames
• ”New wars” (Kaldor, 2006)
• Gender constructions (Lorber, 2005)
– Power differentials– Militarised masculinity (Enloe,2000)
• Intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1991)
• Structural violence (Galtung,1971, Farmer, 2004)
• Sites of resilience (Payne, 2006)
J. TrenholmConcepts
12Ethics J. Trenholm
Ethical Concerns
• Sensitivity of subject matter
• Security of participants and research team• Potential re-traumatisation (back-up in place)
• Research fatigue
Guided by Ethical Treatment of Human subjects (NIH/ WMA)
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Affected Women
• Overarching theme: Insecurity
Subthemes:• Profound Dispossession: Multiple
burdens, multiple losses• Impregnated by rape: the
magnified burden• Survival strategies: God, HIV
testing, survival sex• Making sense of sexual violation
and the perpetrators
Results J.Trenholm
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Ex-Child Soldier Boys• Who wants to go to war?
• Inculcating captive obedience
• Indigenous healing: making fearless soldiers
• Substance abuse: an anesthetising disconnect
• Constructing non-reflective ”mask-culinity”
• Power: Guns, uniforms and intimidation
• Sexual violence: domination and bonding
• Impregnated: women’s shame and soldiers indifference
Results J.Trenholm
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Recap’ of Results
• Local leaders expressed a very complex understanding of the phenomena of rape but felt they lacked sufficient power to address the situation.
• Affected women suffered a profound dispossesion of security, identity, health, space/place and material basics, often with a child born of the rape.
• Marginalised young men’s circumstances led them into a
militarised masculine world pre-empting a life course trajectory, common to their context.
Results J.Trenholm
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How do people survive?
• Resilience in the margins– God and Faith– Health care– Indigenous healers– Small business, prostitution, banditry etc.
• Payne’s Sites of resilience model (2011)– emphasizes lived experiences and a broader perspective
• Identifying sites of resilience is key.
Synthesis J. Trenholm
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Concluding Remarks (1 of 3)
Rape and it consequences are a result of– a multitude of intersecting factors – deeply embedded in social practices and
power structures from local to global– cannot be addressed in isolation
Sexual violence is not exclusively a Congo problem but a global one
J.TrenholmConclusion
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Sites of resilience are key
– strengthening and coordination of networks: health services, religious organisations and indigenous practices
– focus on holistic care
Mass traumatization– innovative approaches tailored to entire
communities– sustainable at village level
Concluding Remarks (2 of 3)
J.TrenholmConclusion
20
Concluding Remarks (3 of 3)
Focus on perpetrator – a more complex view– the role of gender, ethnicity and class
Critical analysis of how raw materials are sourced for the global market
Efforts towards peace, justice and poverty reduction must be concommittant goals
Conclusion J.Trenholm
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Thank-you for your attention
J.Trenholm
Extra slides
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Useful Websites in support of Congo
• http://www.enoughproject.org/
• http://www.congocalling.org/
• http://www.unwatchable.cc/
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Local Leaders
Results J.Trenholm
J. Trenholm
Can indigenous healers be a local resource for dealing with mass trauma and its consequences?
http://www.afro.who.int/note_press/2003/pr20031009.html
Battles on Women’s BodiesWar, rape and traumatisation in eastern Democratic Republic of
CongoInterviews with local leaders
J. E. Trenholm RN BA MSc , P. Olsson RNMT PhD, B.M. Ahlberg PhDDepartment of Women’s and Children’s Health
International Maternal and Child Health & the Centre for Gender ResearchUppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Publications1. Battles on women's bodies: war, rape and traumatisation
in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Trenholm JE, Olsson P, Ahlberg BM. Glob Public Health. 2011;6(2):139-52.
2. Constructing Soldiers from Boys in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Trenholm JE, Olsson P, Blomqvist M, Ahlberg BM. Men and Masculinities. (2012). available online.
3. The Global, Ethnic and Gendered War; Women and rape in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Trenholm J., Olsson P., Blomqvist M. & Maina Ahlberg B. Gender, Place and Culture. (2014) available online.
28
Local Leaders Interview Study
• Mass traumatization: ”A people dispossessed
• ”The unfortunate life” of a woman: the target has no value
• Who cares? International apathy & inappropriate aid
• ”Caught between a rock and a hard place”: The Church’s support vs the silence
• ”The selling of another’s pain is inhumane”
29
•Military culture of violenceand its intersections with constructions of maculinity: militarised masculinity (Enloe)
•The rationalisation/normalisation of rape
•The role of poverty/lack of basics
•The destruction of the family unit and the impact on the development of the child
Ex-Child Soldiers Interviews
30
Constructing Soldiers from Children
polity.org.za
1. Who wants to go to war?
2. Inculcating captive obedience
3. Indigenous healing: making fearless soldiers
4. Substance abuse: an anesthetising disconnect
5. Constructing ”mask-culinity”
6. Gun Power
7. Living on the edge: no reflection
8. Sexual violence: domination and bonding
9. Impregnated: women’s shame and soldiers indifference
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The Women’s Interview Study
• Participants: 15 affected women from diverse backgrounds Recruited from local hospital and re-integration facilities
• Method: 11 Formal semi-structured interviews, 35-70 minutes 4 written narratives Embedded caretakers used as multilingual translators
• Data Collection: approx 8 hours audio recorded 4 narratives 150 plus pages of text transcribed into English
• Theoretical Framework: Structural violence (Galtung 1971/ Farmer 2004) Intersectionality (Crenshaw 1991)
• Analysis: Continuous in ethnography Thematic analysis for formal interviews
32
Findings: Women’s Interviews
• Insecurity as the overarching theme
Subthemes:• Profound Dispossession: Multiple burdens, multiple
losses• Impregnated by rape: the magnified burden• Survival strategies: God, HIV testing, survival sex• Making sense of sexual violation and the perpetrators
33
kristof.blogs.nytimes.com
www.endingextremepoverty.org
QCA (G & L)
Description
Multiple researchers
Thorough readings
Condensation
Coding
Categorising
Rich data stew
Thematic Analysisexplanatory and interpretive
Multiple researchers
Thorough readings
Seeking patterns, core/central meanings
Rich quotes are highlighted and notes made
Significant passages distilled down to essence
Ideas intuited into groups and abstracted to themes
Thematic mapping
Grounding of claims in data
Rich data stew
The comparison
QCA• Creative• Descriptive• Reading• Less theoretical• Exclusive categories• Basic recipe
Thematic Analysis• Creative• Interpretive/Explanatory• Reading• Constant comparison• Theorising• Distinctive themes• Building models,
concepts, recipes