NTI DAY #6—8th Grade Social Studies

Learn about the French exploration of the New World in this lesson. Discover how French sailors mapped territories, and explore the impact of the French on the Native Americans.

The Beginning of French ExplorationAfter Columbus made the first voyage to the New World in 1492, other European nations also began to make exploratory voyages. The French initially concentrated their efforts on the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, where they found large schools of fish. Soon, many French fisherman began making the long but very profitable journey to the New World.

In 1524, several French captains began seeking the Northwest Passage, a mythical water route that connected the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. During the 1500s, many Europeans believed that the Northwest Passage would provide a safe water route from Europe to Asia. No one ever found it; however, they did map out significant portions of the Canadian and New England coastline.

Establishing SettlementsDuring the 1530s, Jacques Cartier sailed up the Saint Lawrence River into Canada as far as the modern city of Montreal with the intent of setting up a permanent settlement. However, Canada proved to be too cold for the French to establish a lasting community. Nevertheless, Cartier did establish a cordial trading relationships with several Native American tribes that allowed the French to establish temporary trade sites. For much of the 1500s, the only French settlements in the New World were temporary trading outposts.

Finally in 1608, the French government established a permanent settlement at Quebec City under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain. Overall the French attempts at colonization tended to produce small, isolated colonies for the purpose of trading. Few French settlers wanted to set up communities in the frigid region. The French monarchs of the period were largely interested in trading and not in setting up permanent communities.

In 1718, the French Mississippi Company founded one of the most successful French colonies at the end of the Mississippi River. They called their colony La Nouvelle Orleans, or New Orleans, in honor of the regent of France at the time. The French Mississippi Company controlled colony until 1779, when the Spanish took control of the city. The French regained control of New Orleans in 1801, but they sold New Orleans to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Profiting from ExplorationJust as with other European exploration, the French wanted to prosper. The French became the largest exporters of beaver pelts, which were popular for making hats and coats, as a result of their trade with the Native Americans. Native Americans would trap the beaver and trade them to the French in return for weapons. The Huron tribe eventually developed exclusive trade relationship with the French in return for French military aid against the Iroquois tribes. French traders often lived and traveled with the tribes they traded with. Many took Native American spouses and kept extensive records about life with the tribes. In some cases, these records provide the only information historians have about the Native American tribes present in Canada and New England at the time.

Exploring the MississippiIn 1673, Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette sailed up the Mississippi River in an attempt to ascertain whether the Mississippi River flowed all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Joliet and Marquette explored from a French outpost on Lake Michigan to the Arkansas River. They encountered buffalo, which they termed large cattle, and monstrously large catfish. They decided to return to Lake Michigan when they came close to Spanish settlements. They were concerned that the Spanish might imprison them for trespassing on their territory.

Legacy of French ExplorationAlthough the French established only a few lasting colonies, they explored deeper into the interior of the North American continent than any other European explorers of the time. The French traders who lived in the New World recorded valuable information about Native American culture and the natural resources present in their new homes.

Lesson SummaryThe French began their exploration of the New World by looking for new fishing waters and the Northwest Passage. At first, they only founded temporary trading posts, but as profits increased and more French people found their way to the New World, permanent settlements were established, such as New Orleans. The French worked and lived with some Native American tribes and explored much of the area surrounding the Mississippi River. They also explored deeper into the interior of the North American continent than any other Europeans and recorded valuable information about Native American culture.

1. What activity did most French settlers engage in?

Establishing permanent colonies in New England

Spreading religion to Native Americans

Farming corn, soy, and wheat

Trading with the Native Americans

2. Where did Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explore?

The Mississippi River

Canada

New England

Montreal

3. Which of the following was NOT an area explored by the French?

The Mississippi River

Montreal

Mexico

Lake Michigan

4. What was an early motivation for French exploration of the New World?

The possibility of finding corn

The possibility of finding the Northwest Passage

The possibility of converting Native Americans to Christianity

The possibility of establishing a colony in Florida

5. One of the most successful French colonies at the end of the Mississippi River was called _____.

La Nouvelle York

Quebec City

Peu Mississippi

La Nouvelle Orleans

NTI DAY #7—8th Grade Social Studies

Watch this video for an overview of the cultural groups of Native Americans as they lived at the time of first contact with Europeans. Some of these groupings, like the tribes of the plains, changed so much due to the addition of European influences, such as horses, that there is only conjecture as to how exactly they lived before European contact.

A Vast Land with Many PeoplesFirst, we have to recognize that this is a U.S. History course - to give complete details of the many nations that existed in what is today the U.S. is far beyond our scope. To give you an idea of the diverse cultures that inhabited the land before Europeans arrived, we'll be discussing the cultural groups of Native Americans, not in all of North America, but instead just those within the Lower 48. We'll be looking at the following cultural groups: Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, Northwest Coast, and Great Plains.

There are a few more groupings, but this is a manageable list that should illustrate how unique these different groups are.

The Tribes of the NortheastFirst, the tribes of the Northeast - these are the tribes that encountered the Pilgrims. Remember, Columbus never even touched the shores of what is today the U.S., so these people are completely different from those who were first encountered by the early explorers.

The tribes of the Northeast lived in the territory from the Atlantic shores to the Mississippi Valley and from the Great Lakes to as far south as the Cumberland River in Tennessee. The people in this group include the Iroquois and the Algonquian. These tribes relied on each other for a very long time for trade but also spent a great deal of time as warring enemies.

Depiction of Native Americans belonging to Northeast tribes

The Northeast tribes cleared forests to plant crops and used the lumber to build homes and make tools. The women of many of these tribes did all of the work with crops, while the men primarily hunted and fished.

An interesting note on the Iroquois social structure is that it was matrilineal. This means when a couple married, the man joined the woman's family. After marriage, the man was no longer considered a part of his birth family. This family structure was not completely unique to the Iroquois, but it certainly would have seemed odd to European settlers.

The Iroquois League is quite famous because it is believed that the coming together of the 13 colonies was based on this coming together of this group consisting of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and the Mohawk tribes. The League of the Iroquois was feared by all other tribes of the region.

The Tribes of the SoutheastNext, the tribes of the Southeast - the Southeast cultural group stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Trinity River in what is today Texas and from the Gulf of Mexico north as far as points in modern-day Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia.

The tribes in this group included the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. These are the people who would be referred to by whites as 'the Five Civilized Tribes.' They were given this title because many of them decided to adopt customs of the colonists. They are also the people who later were victims of the forced relocation known as the Trail of Tears.

The Southeastern tribes settled in river valleys. They were first and foremost farmers with hunting and fishing coming in second as their source of sustenance. They lived in various styles of houses. They included thatched roofs and various styles for the sides.

A typical dwelling for the Southwestern Navajo

The Tribes of the SouthwestMany people have interesting, or should I say very incorrect, images of this next group, the Southwestern tribes. This is because old movies oftentimes used images of these tribes, but the imagery was often incorrect. They would use imagery from the Plains Indians because they're so well-known. So many films show an Apache family happily standing next to their teepee… this could not be farther from accurate!

The Southwest cultural group territory goes from the south of present-day Utah and Colorado down through Arizona and New Mexico. This includes parts of Texas, California, and Oklahoma and continues into Mexico. These tribes all have the dry climate binding them together as a group.

Two basic lifestyles developed in the region: farming and nomadic. Agriculture north of Mexico reached its highest level of development in the Southwest. Examples of farming, or agrarian, people include the Hopi, Zuni, and many other tribes. The nomadic groups include tribes such as the Apache, Navajo, and others.

Agrarian tribes like the Hopi and Zuni developed desert farming techniques that did not require irrigation. They relied on the little natural moisture the area does provide by using specific planting techniques and getting the crops in as early in the season as possible. They traditionally grew corn, beans, and squash. For meat, they also farmed turkeys and did some hunting.

Nomadic groups like the Apache were hunters and gatherers. The men hunted deer, rabbits, and other game. The women gathered berries, nuts, corn, and other fruits and vegetables. Being nomads, they moved from place to place in search of resources. Interestingly, most in these groups did not eat fish, although fish were plentiful. The Navajo were actually a farming people, and they lived in permanent dwellings, but they had two homes, called hogans - one in the mountains and one in the desert. Later their lifestyle included herding sheep. After the arrival of horses, both the Apache and the Navajo lifestyle became closely tied to riding horses.

Northwest tribes built seaworthy boats for catching fish

The Tribes of the Northwest CoastThe Northwest cultural group followed the West Coast all the way from Northern California all the way up to the southernmost parts of Alaska.

Tribes of the Northwest Coast had oceans, rivers, and forests to offer up plenty of fish and game. Even with very little agriculture, the Northwest Coast Native Americans had more than enough food to support a dense population. Because of the readily available food and building materials for their large plank houses and seaworthy boats, the tribes had time to achieve an affluent, highly complex society.

Much of this society revolved around the custom of the potlatch, in which an individual's prestige and rank were determined by the quantities of material possessions he could give away. Chinook and Tillamook are two of the well-known tribes of this region.

The Tribes of the Great PlainsThe people of the Plains region are the most known. Their imagery has been used to incorrectly represent many other tribes in popular culture. From the feathered headdresses to teepees, almost everyone is familiar with some aspect of these groups. The most well-known tribes of the area are the Sioux, Pawnee, Blackfoot, Crow, Cheyenne, and Arapaho.

This is a good time to note that many of the names today common for Native American tribes are actually not what the groups originally called themselves. As an example, the tribes today generally referred to as Sioux were the Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota people. Sioux was a name given to them by

their enemies.

Examples of a headdress and teepee used by Plains tribes

The Plains tribes covered much of the middle of what is today the U.S. and Canada. The Plains tribes are greatly tied to horse culture and the hunting of the buffalo, but remember, this lifestyle was not possible until the horse was introduced to the Americas by Europeans. Earlier, many of these tribal groups were hunter-gatherers and farmers who lived in villages or at least semi-permanent settlements. Many groups later moved into the Plains region to partake in the new buffalo-hunting horse culture.

Lesson SummarySo let's review. This was just a quick overview of the cultural groupings of Native American tribes by region. We did not cover every group and certainly not every tribe. The groups we discussed were the Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, Northwest Coast, and Great Plains. To truly learn about these peoples takes a great deal of study, just like any other unique cultural group in the world.

1. Which of the following is true of the lifestyle developed by the Hopi tribe?

The tribe depended heavily on fishing.

The tribe depended on agriculture.

The tribe depended wholly on hunting.

The tribe was mostly traders.

2. How did the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota people acquired the name Sioux?

Through their culture.

Through their region.

Through their religion.

Through their enemies.

3. Why were the tribes that included the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole considered to be civilized?

Because they could self-sustain.

Because they adopted customs of the colonists.

Because they could be relocated anywhere.

Because they could learn quickly.

4. Which of the following best describes the Iroquois social structure?

At the time of marriage a man joins his wife's family.

Children born in a marriage are considered a part of their fathers family.

New married couple create a new family name by combining the pronunciation of their family names.

At the time of marriage a woman joins her husband's family.

5. How were the Chinook and Tillamook tribes able to achieve an affluent, highly complex society?

These tribes were venerated, so they quickly achieved an affluent, highly complex society.

These tribes were hardworking, so they quickly achieved an affluent, highly complex society.

They dominated all other tribes and were considered as leaders, so they easily achieved an affluent, highly complex society.

Food and building materials were readily available due to their positioning, so these tribes had time to achieve an affluent, highly complex society.

NTI DAY #8—8th Grade Social Studies

Learn about the Puritans, a religious group who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1600s. Explore the world and religious views of these important immigrants to the American colonies.

Origins of the Puritan FaithThe Puritan religious faith originated in England during the early 1600s. The Puritans believed that the Anglican Church, the state's religious institution of England, needed to be purified of the influence of the Catholic religious faith.

Throughout the early 1600s, the Puritans attempted to reform the Anglican Church with very limited success. The Stuart monarchs, who ruled England, were disinterested in reforming the Church or in limiting Catholic religious influences. By 1629, many Puritans had become discouraged and they began to look for a new home in the colonies, where they could practice their religious beliefs far from the influence of Catholicism and the Stuart kings.

Several wealthy Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay Company and pooled their resources to move a group of the Puritan faithful to the New World.

Moving to AmericaBy March 1630, 17 ships funded by the Massachusetts Bay Company left London to establish a new colony led by a one-time lawyer named John Winthrop. The Puritans, under Winthrop, agreed that they would establish a city on a hill, an example of good behavior and religious purity for the whole world and especially for the Stuart monarchs in England.

Between 1630 and 1643, nearly 9,000 Puritans migrated to the colony. The Puritan migration was much more rapid than any other group migration in the colonies at the time. Once they arrived in New England, the Puritans established towns and farms. Most Puritans settled in towns near their extended families and created churches and schools.

Puritans raised many different crops instead of relying on one cash crop, as was common in many other colonies. Differentiated crops allowed the Puritans to eat a variety of foods and helped to contribute to their high life expectancy.

Puritan Religious LifeThe Puritans believed that God had formed a unique covenant, or agreement, with them. They believed that God expected them to live according to the Scriptures, to reform the Anglican Church, and to set a good example that would cause those who had remained in England to change their sinful ways. Most early migrants to the Massachusetts Bay Colony were full-fledged members of the Puritan faith.

Church attendance in Puritan communities was mandatory. However, not all church attendees were considered to be full members of the church. In order to become a full member of the church, Puritans had to prove they had a conversion experience and that they were part of the predestined elect, a group who was guaranteed admission to Heaven. For the Puritans, religious and political life were completely intertwined. Each Puritan town had town meetings to determine how the town would be run, and only male church members were allowed to vote on issues affecting the town.

Dissent in Puritan Religious LifeOne of the major problems faced by the Puritans was dealing with dissent within the faith. Within one year of the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a Puritan minister named Roger Williams began causing problems in the colony. Williams believed that the Puritan colonists would be damned in God's eyes as long as they had any association with the Anglican Church and preached that each individual had the right to practice their own system of belief. He also called the charter of the colony into question because the Puritans had not actually purchased their lands from the Native Americans. Finally, in the winter of 1636, colonial officials banished Williams and a group of his followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They eventually formed their own colony in Rhode Island.

By 1634, another Puritan dissenter named Anne Hutchinson appeared. Hutchinson was the daughter of a Puritan minister who migrated with her family to Boston. She was openly critical of the religious views of the ministers of her town and shared her opinions at large meetings held in her home. Hutchinson attracted many followers with her message of God's word. Eventually, the ministers of Hutchinson's church brought her to trial on the charge of heresy. Although historians believe that Hutchinson defended herself persuasively at the trial, her ministers banished her and her family to Rhode Island. At the time of her banishment, Hutchinson was heavily pregnant and the arduous journey caused her to lose her baby.

Other Problems in the ColonyAfter Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson and their followers left the colony for Rhode Island, other Puritan dissenters followed. Puritans who wanted to distance themselves from Winthrop and the other Puritan leaders settled into new territories in Connecticut and New Hampshire. As the Puritans expanded physically and the original settlers grew older, they found that their children and grandchildren were reluctant to undergo the required conversion process to be full members.

Fewer and fewer of the young people in Puritan New England were actually fully engaged in the church. The Halfway Covenant allowed the grandchildren of any church member to be baptized in the church regardless of the religious status of their parents. Although the Halfway Covenant helped

increase membership in the church, the decrease in church membership created considerable anxiety among church leaders.

In 1691, the king issued a new royal charter, which required Puritans in Massachusetts to tolerate religious dissenters and to allow all male property owners to vote regardless of the church membership. This new royal charter created chaos in the Massachusetts colony and historians believe the fears of devout Puritans about the increasingly secular life in the colony led to the events of the Salem Witch Trials. The number of Puritan faithful continued to diminish, and today the Puritans are present in America only through stories and history lessons.

Lesson SummaryThe Puritan religious faith originated in England during the early 1600s. The Puritans believed that the Anglican Church, the state's religious institution of England, needed to be purified of the influence of the Catholic religious faith, so they struck off on their own to the New World, where they established the Massachusetts colony. They were led by one-time lawyer John Winthrop, who wanted to establish a city on a hill as a shining example of how to live life properly. The Puritans believed that they had a covenant, or agreement, with God, who expected them to live according to the Scriptures, to reform the Anglican Church, and to set a good example that would cause those who had remained in England to change their sinful ways.

However, there was dissent within the colonies. Figures like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinsonquestioned the decisions and doctrines made by the Puritan leaders and ultimately were banished to Rhode Island for their trouble. More young people continued to distance themselves from the faith and that, coupled with a royal charter signed by the king requiring toleration of religious dissenters in the colonies, led to chaos and likely the Salem Witch Trials. This was the beginning of the end of the Puritans, who are now merely a part of America's storied history.

1. Who were the Puritans?

The Puritans were a group of immigrants who moved to America in order to practice their religious beliefs far from the influence of Catholicism.

The Puritans were a group of immigrants who moved to America in an effort to gain money.

The Puritans were an economic group who imported slaves to the colonies.

The Puritans were a religious group in who settled in Virginia.

2. In order to become a full member of the church, Puritans:

had to have children

had to prove they had a conversion experience

had to pay dues

had to be married

3. Puritans dealt with dissenters through:

the trial and banishment of dissenters like Anne Hutchinson

allowing dissenters to practice their beliefs freely

sentencing dissenters to hanging

respecting others religious beliefs

4. The Puritan migration was characterized by?

A rapid movement of settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

All are correct.

The establishment of towns run by church members.

The planting of a variety of crops.

5. The Puritans were led by?

George Whitfield

Charles Stuart

John Winthrop

Anne Hutchinson

NTI DAY #9—8th Grade Social Studies

Learn about the impact of the Revolutionary War throughout the world, especially on various segments of American society. We'll look at political, social, and economic impacts.

Political Effects of the RevolutionThe 1783 Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War, and the world would never be the same. The contagion of liberty spread, inspiring people to revolt against their leadership in France, Haiti, Ireland, Poland, the Netherlands, and throughout the Spanish empire. New colonies and nations emerged, and many of them formed democratic governments. But the greatest effects were felt within the 13 former colonies of the new United States of America. Politically, the Marquis de Layafette summed it up this way: 'Humanity has won its battle. Liberty now has a country.'

For two decades, Americans had been focused on their rights, Enlightenment ideals and the proper role of government. Now that the war was over, they had to create this perfect government in which

talent and hard work were supposed to be more important than hereditary privilege. They succeeded.

One of the most dramatic effects of the Revolution was to include more men in the formal political process. Yeoman farmers and urban artisans made up a majority of elected officials in northern states and significant minorities elsewhere. In many ways, those two groups of people have come to represent the ideal citizen even today: honest, hard-working, independent, talented laborers. John Crockett was a poor frontier farmer whose participation with the Overmountain Men helped him become a magistrate in the newly created Tennessee Territory. His son, the famed Davy Crockett, was elected to Congress.

Map of the former colonies comprising the new United States

Effects of the Revolution on Political MinoritiesWhile it may seem that white men got everything they wanted, the impact of the American Revolution was a different story for women, African Americans and Native Americans. An enlightened government would succeed only if the men in charge were well educated. This elevated the role of mothers in a family, who were the primary teachers for most American children. The concept was called republican motherhood, and it became an ideal for middle and upper class white families. To properly instruct her sons in classical subjects, as well as the bible and republican virtues, a woman needed proper schooling herself, and so there were expanded educational opportunities for girls.

The publishing market responded by releasing novels written by, for and about women. The war had helped to equalize the genders, as women had run farms and homes and businesses in their husbands' absence. They had served as spies and nurses, and at least two women disguised themselves and joined the fight. Yet women gained no legal rights.

How do you suppose Abigail Adams felt? Her husband John had consulted her on many issues. When she heard that Congress was thinking about declaring independence, she asked him to pay attention to women's rights. John Adams scoffed at her idea, suggesting that women would quickly subject men to the so-called 'despotism of the petticoat.'

Similarly, many African Americans had fully believed the new government would defend their rights as well. Unfortunately, it would be 80 years before the Civil War and the Constitution prohibited slavery outright, but the seeds of change had been planted. Rhode Island initiated a policy of gradual emancipation beginning in 1784, and many northern states followed suit. Even in the South, declining profits from tobacco resulted in large-scale emancipation. Planters like George Washington began to grow less labor-intensive crops, such as wheat.

If the institution provided no economic benefit, many people began to suspect that slavery would simply fizzle out. As much as 10% of the enslaved population had been emancipated by the armies during the war, and free blacks kindled the abolitionist movement that had started during the war. Many whites - especially Quakers - were sympathetic to their cause.

Other institutions emerged to serve the social needs of thousands of free African Americans. The most notable and lasting of these was, perhaps, the black church movement. After purchasing his own freedom, Richard Allen became a Methodist minister. But he was only allowed to have services for black parishioners. They had to be very early in the morning, and they weren't even allowed to meet in the same sanctuary as the whites. He left the church and formed the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1816, he and other ministers consolidated several black congregations into the African Methodist Episcopal Church denomination (or, simply, the AME) which is still active today.

To imagine the Native Americans' situation after the war, picture this: You and a friend are driving out in the middle of nowhere, and he gets stuck in a muddy ditch. The two of you work together and get the car out, but when the job is done, he just takes off and leaves you there stranded on the side of the road. That's how the Native Americans felt.

Four of the six nations in the Iroquois Confederacy supported the British and had their land, towns, and farms systematically destroyed by the Continental Army. Their confederacy, which had been active for as many as 300 years, came to an abrupt end, and many of them were forced to move to Canada. But the Native Americans weren't even invited to the peace talks, and the British totally ignored their interests. Though the land west of the Appalachian Mountains had been closed to American settlement since the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Treaty of Paris granted all of that land to the new United States. As whites poured into the territory, even the nations who had supported the Patriots found their rights trampled. A coalition of Indian nations, under the leadership of Mohawk leader and British officer Joseph Brant, formed the Western Confederacy to resist U.S. expansion.

Andrew Jackson became the seventh U.S. president

Economic Effects of the RevolutionPerhaps the most tangible impact of the Revolution on the lives of everyday Americans was economic. Estimates vary widely, but as many as half of all white men of fighting age served in the Continental Army or a state militia during the war; 12-15% of these soldiers died or were seriously wounded, affecting the economies of their households. Thousands of civilians also suffered the loss of homes, possessions, life and limb. Countless women were widowed and children were orphaned.

One orphan, named Andrew, had lost his immigrant father shortly before his birth, and he lost both brothers and his mother in the war. Andrew joined the Patriots as a courier beginning at age 13.

After being captured by the British, he nearly starved to death, contracted smallpox and was slashed across the face by a British officer's sword when he refused to shine his boots. It wasn't easy to be alone in the world as a teenager, but these experiences helped Andrew Jackson to become America's seventh president.

Just about every possible factor worked against the colonial economy after the war. To begin with, the war had emptied out the people and businesses from the port cities, where the colonial economy had been the strongest. Then, 80,000 loyalists took off - they'd been some of America's wealthiest citizens.

Before the war, American businessmen and farmers had guaranteed buyers in England and the colonies. Those markets were now closed. Inflation went through the roof, since Congress had printed Continental Currency and borrowed money to pay for the war. Afterwards, the new government struggled to finance its debts and to pay war pensions, so they passed new taxes at a time when people and business were already struggling, which just stalled economic growth. Import duties increased prices even further. It took 20 years for America to climb out of the recession caused by the convergence of these factors.

Lesson SummaryLet's review. The American Revolution inspired similar revolts around the world and fundamentally changed America. Things weren't perfect in the new nation, but the war had gone a long way toward equalizing society, providing new opportunities especially for white men of all economic classes. A new notion of republican motherhood idealized the situation for white women, and the abolitionist movement was gaining ground. Native Americans united under Joseph Brant to resist U.S. incursions onto their land. However, the American economy suffered an enduring recession as a result of casualties, population changes, shifting markets, inflation, national debt and import duties.

Lesson ObjectivesAfter watching this lesson, you should be able to:

Understand the political effects of the Revolutionary War in the United States and around the world

Describe the effects the war had on women, African Americans and Native Americans Identify Joseph Brant and Andrew Jackson Explain the economic effect of the war

1. After the American Revolution, how did slavery in the North differ from slavery in the South?

States in both the North and the South followed a policy of gradual emancipation

Slavery continued as before in both regions -- fully legal but not widespread

Pennsylvania led the way in abolishing slavery in the North, while the South continued to have institutionalized slavery

There was immediate emancipation in all northern states, while racism and slavery persisted in the South

2. How did the concept of 'Republican Motherhood' impact middle and upper class white women?

Women were given educational opportunities to ensure they properly schooled their sons

It was an award system that finally acknowledged the sacrifices women made for their families and the republic

Women were given a financial stipend for each male child they gave birth to, elevating the family's social status

It gave mothers the right to vote, which changed the entire societal structure

3. How did the American Revolution impact Native Americans?

Their rights and interests were disregarded, even for those who supported the Patriots

It marked the highlight of Native American civilizations

It led to an era that advanced their civil rights as U.S. citizens

Native Americans who fought on the side of the British were publicly executed as traitors

4. The American Revolution brought about which major change to the nation's formal political process?

Common hard-working men were encouraged to participate in politics as elected officials

Free blacks were given the opportunity to voice their input toward new legislation

Women were given the right to vote in local elections

The colonies drafted laws to address political term limits

5. Which of the following situations was a result of the American Revolution?

It provided new lands for patriotic Native Americans

It led to social repression of the poor working class

It led to a struggling economy that impacted all Americans

It gave American women the right to vote

1763 marked the beginning of the long road to revolution for the American colonies. By 1775, military actions had finally erupted. How were the colonists and their leaders going to respond?

The Road to RevolutionBy the summer of 1775, a loosely organized coalition of local militias had gone head to head with the most powerful imperial army in the world, and it looked like they were winning. How had protests over taxation taken things to this point?

Trouble between the colonies and Great Britain had been brewing for more than a decade, since the end of the French and Indian War. After prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains, Parliament raised taxes on the colonies to pay off the war debt. Colonists balked at the Stamp Act as an example of taxation without representation. The Townshend duties were right on its heels, and the colonists responded with a boycott and harassment of customs officials.

When soldiers fired into an aggressive mob in the Boston Massacre, both sides backed off for a few years, but then came the Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party. Britain punished Massachusetts with the Coercive Acts, and threatened other colonies with similar actions if they followed Boston's example. This led the other colonies to carefully consider their own response. But then, in an unrelated action, Parliament passed the Quebec Act, allowing Canadians to settle in the land west of the Proclamation Line.

It was too much. Americans united in calling the British laws the 'Intolerable Acts' and called the First Continental Congress to discuss the problems. Individual colonies organized secret governments and began arming their militias.

Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!

Patrick Henry speaking to the Virginia assembly

When Virginia's assembly met to discuss the issue, many representatives were hesitant. The colony was already under scrutiny and royal control. That's when Patrick Henry, famously, intervened:

'Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace - but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!'

His speech was a success, and Virginia's militia began preparing for battle, along with the other colonies.

Finally, war broke out at Lexington and Concord. The Patriots routed the British and commenced a siege of the army's headquarters in Boston. Despite a victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill, the British could not break out and were forced to evacuate the city after George Washington brought in heavy cannons seized in a raid on Ft. Ticonderoga.

The Second Continental CongressThe delegates at the First Continental Congress had agreed to reconvene if the situation had not improved. The battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill proved that things were only getting worse. So, in May of 1775, they assembled in Pennsylvania for the Second Continental Congress. But this time, they weren't just complaining about a king who trampled their rights; they were looking down the guns of the world's best-trained military force. The delegates agreed to unite the colonial militias into the Continental Army and unanimously selected George Washington to command it. He was the perfect choice. Not only was Washington an experienced officer trained by the British army during the French and Indian War, but as a wealthy plantation owner and member of the Virginia legislature, he had the social stature to be an effective leader.

A sample of continental currency

Though Washington volunteered to lead the Continental Army without pay, the army would still need to be supplied with food and ammunition. So, Congress agreed to print Continental Currency - a violation of the 1774 Currency Act - and borrowed money from wealthy colonists and foreign banks. They authorized the Committee of Secret Correspondence to initiate diplomatic relations with foreign governments, like France (who aided the rebels secretly for a while), and to conduct covert intelligence operations in the colonies and abroad. The most famous spy in this grandfather of the CIA may be Nathan Hale, whose legendary last words were: 'I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.' Hale was hung by the British in 1776.

Despite these obvious war preparations, the Second Continental Congress went to great lengths to pledge their loyalty to Great Britain as long as they were granted full rights. They sent the Olive Branch Petition on July 8, 1775. This letter insisted that the colonies wanted to negotiate trade and tax regulations with Great Britain, not gain independence.

Rather than make concessions, King George III declared the colonies to be in rebellion; their leaders wanted for treason. He brought in Hessian mercenaries to squash the escalating revolt. This was a slap in the face to the colonists. Why would the King send freelance German soldiers to control British citizens? This action helped strengthen the position of the radicals who were calling for independence. Finally, in May of 1776, Congress passed a resolution that really was treasonous; they overthrew royal governments where they existed in the colonies and set up new Patriot governments.

Common Sense

Common Sense by Paine made the case for independence from British rule

The American colonists were not in unanimous agreement about these decisions, but a publication earlier that year had gone a long way in swaying public opinion in favor of rebellion. In January 1776, Thomas Paine released a pamphlet titled Common Sense. Using the emotional, Biblical arguments and progressive style of logic employed by preachers of the Great Awakening, Paine made the case that America needed to rebel against British rule. Considering how many people lived in the colonies at the time, Common Sense was more widely distributed than any book in American history and turned the people in favor of the Patriot cause for independence.

SummaryFor more than a decade, the American colonies had struggled to redefine their relationship with Great Britain to no avail. A series of laws and violent conflicts perpetuated a downward spiral. Following the First Continental Congress in 1774, many colonies prepared for inevitable war, inspired by the persuasive speech of Patrick Henry. By the spring of 1775, deadly battles had been fought in Massachusetts, and the Second Continental Congress met again; this time to discuss plans for the future. They organized the Continental Army under the leadership of George Washington, secured funding and initiated diplomatic relations with foreign governments. At the same time, they sent the Olive Branch Petition assuring the king they would only fight in defense of their rights, not for independence. The King's response - hiring German mercenaries - helped change their minds. This, together with Thomas Paine's pamphlet, Common Sense, started to turn public opinion towards independence.

Lesson ObjectivesAfter watching this lesson, you should be able to:

Understand what led to the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress, as well as the results of each

Identify Patrick Henry and Thomas Paine, and explain their significance Define the Olive Branch Petition and describe Britain's reaction to it

1. Why was Washington a logical choice for the commander of the American forces?

Because he had the necessary social stature as a member of the New York legislature.

Because he was an experienced officer trained by the French Legion.

Because he had a very modest upbringing, making him closer to the soldiers.

Because of his service during the French and Indian war.

2. How did the colonists plan to pay for a war?

By collecting (but keeping) the tax money that should have gone to Britain

By selling frontier territory to land speculators

By issuing Continental Currency and borrowing money

By collecting donations from the delegates

3. Why was the Olive Branch Petition significant?

Because it was an offer by the Patriots to end the war with American independence, but to keep it within the Commonwealth.

Because it was an offer made by the British that the Patriots could attain a much higher level of autonomy if they end the rebellion.

Because King George III sent it to the members of the Continental Congress, offering them full pardons in exchange for their submission.

Because it was an offer by the Patriots to end the rebellion and it stated that their goal was not to gain independence.

4. How did Thomas Paine's Common Sense impact the revolution?

It was the template for the new American Constitution.

It showed the British the resolve of the Americans and was the cause of their intervention.

It shifted public opinion against having a strong central government.

It shifted public opinion towards the independence cause.

5. Which is NOT an action of the 2nd Continental Congress?

Overthrew royal governments where they existed in the colonies

Established a formal spy network

Affirmed their loyalty to the King

Hired freelance Hessian (German) soldiers

NTI DAY #10—8th Grade

In 1763, British Prime Minister George Grenville passed new legislation aimed at solving some of the empire's problems stemming from the French and Indian War. The colonists cried, 'Taxation without representation is tyranny!' They organized boycotts, the Sons of Liberty and the Stamp Act Congress until some of the new taxes were lifted.

Increasing British ControlBack in 1688, the English prime minister had stated that if no unnecessary restrictions were put on the American colonies, they would continue to grow in wealth and in numbers. So, Britain put few restrictions on America and offered very little military help. This policy has come to be known as salutary neglect. For 80 years, the colonists became accustomed to this arrangement, but it came to an abrupt end in 1763 with a new prime minister, George Grenville. In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, the colonies and the empire struggled to figure out their new relationship. It's unlikely that either side expected the result of this tension to be war and finally, independence of the colonies.

The French and Indian War was expensive for the British government

The French and Indian War was the American theater of Europe's Seven Years' War. Britain got what it wanted, becoming the world's dominant colonial empire. But the war effort had been very expensive, and when it was all over, Great Britain needed to pay its debtors, organize a government in the newly acquired lands and guard the colonists from Indian attacks.

Grenville's Policy ChangesGrenville had created a series of policies to help achieve these goals. First among them was the Proclamation of 1763. This set a border line for the western edge of the colonies to keep the settlers and Native Americans apart - in order to avoid another expensive conflict. But it only made things worse for everyone.

The colonists were frustrated that they couldn't move west into the land they had fought for and won. But even worse, leaving the Ohio Territory unpopulated opened the door for Pontiac's Conspiracy. With encouragement from French inhabitants, Native Americans united under an Ottawa leader, named Pontiac, in an attempt to win the territory and give it back to France, whose presence they preferred over the British. They attacked the weakly guarded forts, terrorized settlers who had defied the proclamation line and raided towns along the western frontier. Despite these successes, France refused to get involved. Pontiac's Conspiracy fell apart, but it still frightened the British government, who responded by sending 10,000 troops to guard the proclamation line. It was a military expense they couldn't afford.

Sugar, Currency, Quartering and Stamp ActsThe Sugar Act, in 1764, increased existing taxes on sugar products and some other imported goods, such as wine, coffee, textiles and indigo. But even more important to the colonists was the punishment for dodging the tax. Violators would be tried at a new court in Canada, depriving colonists of their right to a trial by a jury of their peers. Grenville also passed the Currency Act in 1764, forbidding the colonies from issuing any paper currency. This destabilized the economy of several colonies. Early the next year (1765), Grenville approved the Quartering Act, requiring colonists to provide food and shelter to the soldiers they hated without being reimbursed for their expenses.

Worst of all was the Stamp Act, which Grenville forced through Parliament in March of 1765. This required a stamp on all printed materials, including legal documents, newspapers and leisure materials, such as playing cards or almanacs. It was the first time that Americans had been required to pay a tax directly to England instead of going through their colonial legislatures first.

Mounting OppositionTo make sure all of these laws were enforced, Grenville insisted that customs officers take advantage of British writs of assistance. These were blank search warrants, allowing officers to inspect colonial ships and warehouses. England thought this would close the loopholes that had allowed the colonists to evade the Navigation Acts 100 years earlier. But what they hadn't thought about was that the new laws affected some of the most influential members of colonial society: publishers, merchants and lawyers. A Boston lawyer, named James Otis, represented several merchants in court against the writs of assistance. He lost the case but made a name for himself and aroused the public against yet another policy.

Patrick Henry called for unified opposition to the Stamp Act

When the Stamp Act passed in 1765, word had barely reached the colonies before a fiery young member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, named Patrick Henry, wrote a statement calling for unified opposition to the Stamp Act. He claimed it violated the English Bill of Rights. Only the Virginia assembly could tax Virginians since they were not represented in Parliament. His boldness frightened some of his colleagues, but Henry was unyielding. 'If this be treason,' he defiantly announced, 'make the most of it.' The House of Burgesses passed the Virginia Resolutions in May, newspapers printed them widely and people in other colonies took notice.

New York merchants started calling for a boycott, asking colonists to voluntarily stop buying the taxed items once the law went into effect. James Otis published a pamphlet convincing colonists that 'Taxation without representation is tyranny.' In July, another Massachusetts colonist, named Samuel Adams, organized a secret society called the Sons of Liberty. At first, they just stirred the pot with protests and publications and spread the word about the upcoming boycott. Soon, though, individual chapters of the Sons of Liberty emerged in towns throughout the colonies. Many of them began harassing people who had contracted to become stamp agents, forcing them to resign. Later, the Sons of Liberty terrorized anyone who cooperated with the British laws.

Repealing the Stamp ActBy October, James Otis had called for a Stamp Act Congress to be held in New York City. Representatives of nine colonies attended, and together they wrote a petition to the king requesting the repeal of the Stamp Act before it went into effect. They asserted that it was a violation of their rights as British citizens for a new tax to be placed on them without having direct representation in Parliament. Though King George III ignored their letter, it was an important step toward unified opposition to the king, and many of the emerging leaders in different colonies met each other for the first time.

The Stamp Act Congress wrote a letter to the king requesting repeal of the act

On November 1, 1765, the Stamp Act went into effect, and business ground to a halt as a result of the organized boycott. Riots broke out in a few cities. Imports decreased so much that British merchants even began asking Parliament to repeal the Act. Meanwhile, the king generated almost no revenue from the Act, while paying out a lot of money for the agents and officers who were there to collect the taxes. King George III fired Prime Minister Grenville. After a heated debate, including an appearance by Benjamin Franklin, Parliament decided to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766 but asserted their authority to tax and legislate the colonies directly by passing the Declaratory Act.

Americans thanked the king by expressing their loyalty and lifting the boycott on British imports. And they celebrated their own victory; they recognized that it was the first time this generation had successfully defied the king and won. It wouldn't be the last.

Lesson SummaryFollowing the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ended the French and Indian War, a new British Prime Minister, named George Grenville, set about solving some of England's problems. The Proclamation Line of 1763 kept most colonists east of the Appalachian Mountains, but it emboldened the Native Americans in the Ohio Territory. An Ottawa leader organized Pontiac's Conspiracy, hoping to restore the land to the French. In response, Britain sent thousands of troops to guard the line, angering the colonists. Then, Grenville passed several pieces of economic legislation, which could be enforced through writs of assistance. The worst was the Stamp Act because it was a direct tax, and the colonists had not had any representation during its passage. Colonists like James Otis, Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams emerged as leaders during this time. The Virginia assembly officially condemned the new legislation, merchants called for a boycott and the Sons of Liberty were organized. Finally, the Stamp Act Congress brought leaders from across the colonies together in protest. With the urging of the British public, the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766.

Lesson ObjectivesAfter watching this lesson, you should be able to:

Understand the significance of the end of the French and Indian War Describe the Proclamation Line of 1763, the Sugar Act, the Currency Act, the Quartering

Act and the Stamp Act, and the issues the colonists had with these Identify George Grenville, James Otis, Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams

Explain how the colonists organized against the Stamp Act and why it was eventually repealed

1. How did the outcome of the French and Indian War affect the colonists?

Great Britain began taxing the colonists to pay off war debts.

Native Americans aligned with the British to fight the colonists.

It allowed the British to enact a policy of salutary neglect on the colonists.

The French retained their troops in colonial towns.

2. Which of the following correctly states the events in chronological order?

Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act.

Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Currency Act.

Currency Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Sugar Act.

Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act.

3. Which of the following accurately states the significance of the Stamp Act Congress?

The Stamp Act Congress led to a tax on all printed materials.

Benjamin Franklin became famous for his speeches at the Stamp Act Congress.

Colonists decided to declare independence from Great Britain at the Stamp Act Congress.

The Stamp Act Congress was the first time colonists gathered together to collectively act against the British.

4. Why was being taxed by the British a problem for the colonists?

Because they were experiencing a recession and did not have the money to pay the taxes.

Because they had to pay more taxes than the British citizens living in Great Britain.

Because the colonists did not believe in paying taxes to anyone.

Because it was illegal to be taxed if you were not represented in Parliament.

5. Why was Pontiac's Rebellion a significant event?

Because it changed the frontier border.

Because it caused the British to send troops to the colonies.

Because it marked the return of the French in North America.

Because it led to a number of colonist deaths.

After a series of setbacks in 1776, George Washington's leadership of the Continental Army helped America turn the tide of the war in three pivotal locations, prompting France to recognize the United States as a nation and an ally.

The Times that Try Men's SoulsThe Battles of Lexington and Concord fired 'The Shot Heard Round the World'. For the first time, Enlightenment ideas of republicanism and the consent of the governed were to be tested in a war between an empire and its rebel colonists. Could George Washington, with his army of volunteers, manage to defeat the most powerful military in Europe? Or would King George III retain control of the most profitable land in his empire and restore order until the colonists could be persuaded to abandon this war of independence?

1776 started well for the Americans, but it was the year the Revolution almost died. In March, the Continental Army forced the British out of Boston. But shortly after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in August, the imperial army returned, landing this time in New York. The well-trained, well-equipped British fighting machine overwhelmed Washington's ragtag band of militia in the biggest battle of the war. They captured 3,000 American prisoners of war and set them adrift in a rudderless ship in New York harbor, commencing the use of deadly prison ships, where more Patriots died than in combat. On September 11, 1776, the British commander offered peace and an end to the war. All the Americans had to do was retract the Declaration of Independence. Everything else would be forgiven. The Americans, led by John Adams, refused these terms. So, from their new

base in New York City, Britain moved into New Jersey, capturing more territory, a fort and supplies that Washington badly needed.

The victory at the Battle of Trenton revived the fight against the British

Things continued downhill from there. The Continental Army had dwindled from an impressive 20,000 troops in March to just 5,000 by winter. Unlike the British regulars, Americans weren't professional soldiers, and their interests were divided. It wasn't uncommon for men to desert the camp and return home to attend to business, a harvest or some other personal matter. Plus, the original enlistment term for the Continental Army was a maximum of one year, causing significant turnover and training and logistic problems for George Washington. At least one man plotted to supplant Washington as commander of the Continental Army. Thomas Paine wrote 'These are the times that try men's souls.'

The Battle of TrentonWashington needed to act decisively, knowing that his next move could mean life or death for the Revolution. In a surprise move, he led a stealthy attack on Christmas 1776. He crossed the Delaware River in the middle of a stormy night, taking the British army - comprised mostly of Hessian troops - completely off guard. In what's known as the Battle of Trenton, the Continental Army captured nearly 1,000 prisoners, supplies and equipment and successfully defended the city from the advancing British army. Capturing Trenton, NJ, was not merely a military victory, it was a badly needed morale boost. Over the course of the winter, Washington pushed the British back to their base in New York City.

The Battle of SaratogaIn early 1777, the British had two large army bases in North America (one in Quebec, and one in New York). From New York, the British army under the command of General Howe attacked up and down the East Coast, taking control of Philadelphia on September 11, 1777.

Benjamin Franklin enlisted assistance from the French that aided American troops

Meanwhile, back in June, British General John Burgoyne left Quebec with the goal of cutting off New England from the rest of the colonies. Though his Indian forces had retreated and loyalist forces never appeared, Burgoyne proceeded cautiously toward Albany, NY, because he had to find a better location to spend the winter. But before he could reach it, he was stopped short by Washington's army at Saratoga. American General Benedict Arnold had accurately predicted General Burgoyne's first move and minimized British success by targeting American sharpshooters at the British officer corps. Burgoyne waited for reinforcements that never came. General Howe was making his way to Philadelphia, and the remaining troops in New York were too few and too far away. Burgoyne's army was running short on ammunition and food. After an unauthorized, drunken charge led by Benedict Arnold, Burgoyne was outnumbered and surrounded. He surrendered to General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777.

The Battle of Saratoga proved to be the turning point of the Revolutionary War. Of course it was an important military success, minimizing the threat from Canada. More importantly, it was a political victory. Early in the war, Benjamin Franklin had petitioned France for help. They sent secret financial aid but refused to send soldiers. (Although, despite this ban, many Frenchmen did travel to America and enlist on their own. Perhaps the most valuable of these volunteers was the Marquis de Lafayette, who paid to outfit his own ship, arrived in America as a major general and proved himself to be a valuable military leader.) However, following the victory at Saratoga, France formed an alliance with the United States of America. France declared war on Great Britain and tipped the scales in favor of the Patriots. In addition to providing military support, France convinced other nations to declare war on Great Britain. The Americans were strengthened, and King George III had bigger worries than rebel colonists in North America.

Valley ForgeBut friendship with France didn't immediately improve the condition of George Washington's army as the winter of 1777 set in. The British had forced the Continental Army to withdraw to the safety of Valley Forge, PA, where Washington directed the creation of shelters for 12,000 men with only one axe available. Their clothes were in tatters, a third of them had no shoes and blankets were scarce. Four thousand of the men were declared unfit for duty as a result of malnutrition, exposure and disease. They relied on the assistance of civilian friends and relatives, who brought food, supplies and comfort to the troops. Nearly a quarter of his army did not survive the winter at Valley Forge.

Life was difficult for the troops at Valley Forge

Washington wisely decided to use the winter to his advantage and found help from the Marquis de Lafayette as well as a Prussian officer named Baron von Steuben. He figured that keeping the men busy would not only improve morale, it would make his men better on the battlefield and more efficient behind the lines. Though history has revealed that von Steuben was not truly a baron and that he had inflated his credentials, he was effective in systematically training the American soldiers based on the Prussian military system. In the spring of 1778, Washington's reduced force was better organized and more prepared for battle than they had been the previous fall. Plus, France had drawn off British ships and soldiers from North America so that they could fight France in the Caribbean. France also brought soldiers to help the colonists fight. Things were looking up.

Lesson SummaryLet's review. Under George Washington's leadership, the Continental Army had forced the British out of Boston in March 1776. When the British returned that fall, they were stronger and better organized than before. They easily captured New York and offered terms of peace. The Americans refused, and the British proceeded to conquer the surrounding territory. With a dwindling army, Washington executed a surprise attack on Christmas 1776, launching the successful Battle of Trenton and ultimately driving the British out of New Jersey.

The British, under General Burgoyne, pushed down from their base in Canada with the intent of isolating New England. After meeting the Continental Army, Burgoyne waited for reinforcements, but the main British force was on its way to capture Philadelphia. Washington won the Battle of Saratoga, inducing France and some of her allies to join the fight on the American side. Meanwhile, the colonial troops were exhausted and running out of supplies. They spent the winter at Valley Forge, PA, recuperating, planning and training with a Prussian military expert.

Lesson ObjectivesAfter watching this lesson, you should be able to:

Explain America's early difficulties in the Revolutionary War Describe the Battle of Trenton and the Battle of Saratoga and their respective significance

to the war Understand the difficulties Washington's army had in Valley Forge in the winter of 1977 Identify Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben

1. Why did the American Revolution almost fail in 1776?

There was disagreement about the Declaration of Independence which delayed its draft until October.

There were many who stopped believing in the revolution causing a split between the north and the south.

France stepped in to help Great Britain quell the revolution.

A well-organized British imperial army had returned and had won numerous military victories.

2. Which of the following is considered the most significant political victory of the war?

The Battle for Boston Harbor

The Battle of Saratoga

The Valley Forge

The Battle of Trenton

3. Why were the British caught off guard at the Battle of Trenton?

Because they believed that George Washington was no longer in command, due to infighting with Thomas Paine

Because they believed the Continental army was in decay, which was largely true as its numbers decreased from 20,000 to 5,000

Because the British commander crossed the Delaware River in order to avoid such an ambush.

Because they did not expect Washington to attack them in the field head-on in the middle of the day, as they knew that he had far less troops.

4. Which does NOT describe the winter at Valley Forge?

American troops trained under a Prussian officer.

The French army came to their rescue, driving away British forces.

The Americans lived without shelter most of the winter.

About ¼ of the Continental Army died.

5. How does the role of Marquis de Lafayette in the American Revolution compare to that of Baron von Steuben?

Marquis de Lafayette mostly trained troops and provided supplies, while Baron von Steuben led several notable raids against the British.

Both men were useful in the war effort and contributed, although most believe that von Steuben was not truly a baron.

Both fought against the Continental Army with great success, especially at Valley Forge.

Marquis de Lafayette fought for the Imperial Army, while Baron von Steuben fought for the Continental Army.