1€¦ · Web view1. In the English corpus, yn-question should be represented in a main clause as sentence with subject-auxiliary inversion, but no wh-word. Yn-question in an embedded

1. Clause types, negation, and formality

Feature: c-general-type

Values

declarative-clause

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. In the English corpus, declarative-clause should be represented in a main clause or a tensed embedded clause as a sentence with SV(O) word order, with no subject-auxiliary inversion, and no wh-words.

yn-question Restrictions: Notes: 1. In the English corpus, yn-question should be represented in a main clause as sentence with subject-auxiliary inversion, but no wh-word. Yn-question in an embedded clause is represented with "if" or "whether".

open-question

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. In an English main clause, open-question, is a sentence with a wh-word or wh-phrase. If the gap is in subject position, there will not be subject-auxiliary inversion. If the gap is not in the matrix clause subject position, there will be subject-auxiliary inversion. In an embedded clause, open-question will correspond to a clause with a wh-word or phrase, with no subject-auxiliary inversion. Quoted clauses are the same as main clauses. Who saw the movie? (Gap in main clause subject position) What did he see? (Gap is not in main clause subject position) I asked who saw the movie. (open-question in an embedded clause) I asked what he saw. (open-question in an embedded clause) I asked, "Who did he see?"

Feature Restrictions

Feature Notes1. CS Section 1.1.12. This feature describes the general clause type, and has only three distinctions: declarative, yes-no-question, and open question. Other features cover minor clause types and various types of clause embedding.

Feature: c-function

Values

fn-adjunct-clause

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. The clause functions as an adjunct to the main clause. See the feature c-adjunct-clause-type.

fn-main-clause Restrictions: Notes:

fn-relative-clause

Restrictions:

Notes:

fn-complement Restrictions: Notes: 1. This refers to embedded clauses that are not subjects, objects, or obliques. "I think that it is raining"

fn-actor Restrictions: Notes: 1. "That Rome destroyed Carthage pleased the emperor"2. "Rome's destruction of Carthage pleased the emperor"3. Skipping these for now: "I witnessed Rome's destruction of Carthage", "I thought about Rome's destruction of Carthage"

fn-quoted Restrictions: Notes: 1. He said, "It's raining"


Feature Notes1. CS 1.1.12. This feature describes the function of the clause in a sentence.

Feature: c-adjunct-clause-type

Values adjunct-

clause-type-n/a

Restrictions: 1. ~(c-function fn-adjunct-clause)

Notes:

after-main-time-db

Restrictions: 1. (c-function fn-adjunct-clause)

Notes: 1. The time of the adjunct clause event is after the time of the main clause event and the two events do not necessarily share a temporal boundary. Use "before" in English. "He ate before he left"

-- leaving is after eating and there could be time between the two events.

after-main-time-sb


Notes: 1. The time of the event in the adjunct clause is after the time of the event in the main clause and the two events share a temporal boundary. Use "until" in English. "He studied until he left" No time between studying and leaving.

before-main-time-db


Notes: 1. Use "after" in English. "He ate after he left."

before-main-time-sb


Notes: 1. Use "immediately after" in English. (This isn't a great rendering of the intended meaning.) "He ate immediately after studying" We could also consider "He ran (began running) when he saw her" using a perfective verb in the main clause.

same-as-main-time


Notes: 1. Use "while" in English. "He ate while he studied."

cause-of-main

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Use "because" in English


Feature Notes1. The value of this feature is only defined if c-function is fn-adjunct-clause. Otherwise, the value of this feature is n/a.2. We have a relatively short list of adjunct clause types including a few temporal relations and one rhetorical relation (cause).

Feature: c-secondary-type

Values secondary-

impersonal Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Use "one" in English because it is less ambiguous than impersonal "you" or "they". "One does not eat peas with a knife."

secondary-neutral

Restrictions:

Notes:

secondary-existential

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. There are problems.

secondary-copula

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. She is a doctor.


Feature Notes1. CS 1.1.12. We have separated secondary types from minor types. Secondary types can occur in embedded clauses, have a variety of tenses, can be negated, etc. Minor types are more restricted.

Feature: c-minor-type

Values minor-n/a Restrictions:

Notes:

minor-imperative Restrictions: Notes: 1. "Wash the dishes"

minor-surprise-disbelief

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Why do such a thing? Him, a doctor? You ate the whole thing?

minor-exclamation Restrictions: Notes: 1. What a nice book!

minor-wish Restrictions: Notes: 1. would that he lives; let him be alive; if only he were here

minor-lamenting Restrictions: Notes: 1. If only he hadnt done that.

minor-promise Restrictions: Notes:

minor-offer Restrictions: Notes:

minor-request-action Restrictions: Notes:

minor-threaten Restrictions: Notes:

minor-warn Restrictions: Notes:

minor-desiderative Restrictions: Notes:

minor-performative Restrictions: Notes: 1. added temporarily


Feature Notes1. These occur in main clauses. The tense can't be changed. Some can't be negated, etc.2. CS 1.15 Minor sentence types

Feature: c-copula-type

Values copula-n/a Restrictions:

Notes:

copula-role Restrictions: Notes:

copula-identity Restrictions: Notes:

copula-location Restrictions: Notes:

copula-description Restrictions: Notes:

Feature Restrictions Feature Notes

Feature: c-polarity

Values

polarity-positive Restrictions: Notes:

polarity-negative Restrictions: Notes:


Feature Notes1. Stick to the two obvious values of polarity for now.

Section Notes

2. Discourse setting/Speaker-hearer features

Feature: c-power-relationship

Values

power-superior Restrictions: Notes:

power-inferior Restrictions: Notes:

power-peer Restrictions: Notes:


Feature Notes1. This refers to the role of the hearer, not to the role of a third person.2. CS 2.1.2.1.9, page 39, with respect to pronouns. Tribal, sectional, or family relationships of the referents: Tribal, sectional, or family relationships of the speaker or hearer to the referents 3. There are a lot more social features that influence formality, but let's stick to these for now.4. Formality is pretty serious for languages that mark it (e.g., Japanese, Balinese), but it is pretty insignificant for languages that don't mark it. So we should try to catch this early on in navigation. 5. CS 2.1.2.1.12, page 39 With respect to pronouns: familiar neutral honorific WLF: Might find that third person is used for second person formal; titles or other nouns are used instead of pronouns in formal situations, etc.

Feature: c-solidarity

Values

solidarity-neutral Restrictions: Notes:

solidarity-positive Restrictions: Notes:

solidarity-negative Restrictions: Notes:


Feature Notes1. This refers to the role of the hearer, not to the role of a third person.

Section Notes

3. Basic NP features

Feature: np-general-type

Values common-noun-type Restrictions:

Notes: 1. default

pronoun-type Restrictions: Notes:

proper-noun-type Restrictions: Notes:


Feature: np-person

Values

person-first Restrictions: Notes:

person-second Restrictions: Notes:

person-third Restrictions: Notes:


Feature Notes1. CS 2.1.2.1.2, page 37

Feature: np-number

Values

num-sg Restrictions: Notes:

num-pl Restrictions: Notes:

num-dual Restrictions: Notes:


1. Additional values of number: trial, quadral, paucal. We will ignore these for now.2. Encourage alternate translations to see if number is optional on pronouns, also the categories might overlap (e.g., plural or dual can be used for two people).

(Notes for analysis of data: CS, 2.1.2.4.1 page 38, seem to imply that some combinations of numbers are more expected than others.)

Feature: np-biological-gender

Values

bio-gender-male Restrictions: 1. (np-animacy anim-human or anim-animal)Notes:

bio-gender-female Restrictions: 1. (np animacy anim-human or anim-animal)Notes:

bio-gender-n/a Restrictions: 1. (np-animacy anim-inanimate)Notes:


Feature: np-animacy

Values

anim-human Restrictions: Notes:

anim-animal Restrictions: Notes:

anim-inanimate Restrictions: Notes:


Feature: np-info-function

Values info-old Restrictions:

Notes:

info-new Restrictions: Notes:

info-neutral Restrictions:

Notes:


Feature: np-alienability

Values

alienability-neutral Restrictions: Notes:

inalienable-family Restrictions: 1. only with (np-function fn-possessor)Notes:

inalienable-body Restrictions: 1. only with (np-function fn-possessor)Notes:


Feature: np-identifiability

Values

identifiability-neutral Restrictions: Notes:

identifiable Restrictions: Notes:

unidentifiable Restrictions: Notes:


Feature: np-specificity

Values specificity-neutral Restrictions:

Notes:

specific Restrictions: Notes:

not-specific Restrictions: Notes:


Feature: np-function

Values

fn-actor Restrictions: Notes:

fn-undergoer Restrictions: Notes:

fn-possessor Restrictions: Notes:

fn-recipient Restrictions: Notes:

fn-beneficiary Restrictions: Notes:

fn-instrumental Restrictions: Notes:

fn-locative Restrictions: Notes:

fn-predicate-nominal Restrictions: Notes:

fn-other-adjunct Restrictions: Notes:

fn-malefactive Restrictions: Notes:

fn-source Restrictions: Notes:

fn-negative-instrumental Restrictions: Notes:

fn-comitative Restrictions: Notes:

fn-negative-comitative Restrictions: Notes:

fn-circumstance Restrictions: Notes:

fn-quality Restrictions: Notes:

fn-negative-quality Restrictions: Notes:

fn-reference-quality Restrictions: Notes:

fn-quantity Restrictions: Notes:

fn-material Restrictions: Notes:

fn-negative-material Restrictions: Notes:

fn-manner Restrictions: Notes:

fn-negative-manner Restrictions: Notes:

fn-cause Restrictions: Notes:

fn-purpose Restrictions:

Notes:

fn-function Restrictions: Notes:

fn-reference Restrictions: Notes:

fn-essive Restrictions: Notes:

fn-translative Restrictions: Notes:

fn-price Restrictions: Notes:

fn-value Restrictions: Notes:

fn-distance Restrictions: Notes:

fn-extent Restrictions: Notes:

fn-concessive Restrictions: Notes:

fn-inclusion Restrictions: Notes:

fn-exclusion Restrictions: Notes:

fn-addition Restrictions: Notes:


1. Included semantic roles that are known to be syntactically active.

2. Couldn't use subject and object because we don't know if the voice comes out the same in the elicited language. Actor and Undergoer are terms from Foley and Van Valin, roughly corresponding to Dowty's proto-agent and proto-patient, or to PropBank arg0 and arg1.

Feature: np-distance

Values

distance-neutral Restrictions: Notes: 1. indicates there is no demonstrative

distance-near Restrictions: Notes:

distance-far Restrictions: Notes:

distance-very-far Restrictions: Notes:


Feature Notes1. This is for eliciting demonstrative pronouns and determiners. According to CS, the following should all be checked to see whether a near or far pronoun is used. Inflection of demonstrative pronouns (CS 2.1.2.5, page 44) Relative distance from speaker: near very near middle far very far Relative distance from hearer: near very near middle far very far relative distance from speaker and hearer: near very near middle far very far equidistant from speaker and hearer contact with speaker contact with hearer behind speaker behind hearer between speaker and hearer on the other side of speaker from hearer on the other side of hearer from speaker equidistant from speaker and some object equidistant from hearer and some object on the other side of some object from speaker on the other side of some object from hearer inside some object outside some object near some object vertical or other spatial orientation with respect to speaker, hearer, or other reference point. higher, level, lower visible/invisible to speaker to hearer to speaker and hearer to some other person known/unknown to speaker to hearer to speaker and hearer to some other person referred to in previous discourse neutral relative time lapse: recent, non-recent non-relative time: present, past, future, etc. Some demonstratives might have different meanings. E.g., a distant demonstrative might mean "out of sight". There may be some iconicity (e.g., reduplication) for distance.) There may be separate pronominal and adjectival forms. CS 2.1.2.5.8, page 46)

Section Notes

4. Pronouns

Feature: np-pronoun-exclusivity

Values

inclusivity-n/a Restrictions: Notes:

pronoun-include-second-person

Restrictions: 1. (np-person person-first) and (np-number num-pl)Notes: 1. We, including you

pronoun-exclude-second-person

Restrictions: 1. (np-person person-first) and (np-number num-pl)Notes: 1. We, excluding you


Feature Notes1. CS 2.1.2.1.3, page 372. WLF: inclusive and exclusive inclusive only exclusive only inclusive, exclusive, general inclusive and general exclusive and general general only 3. WLF: CS 2.1.2.1.19, page 41 say that some languages have a method of stating the precise composition of the referents of a non-singular pronoun, either by compounding pronouns or using affixes.

Section Notes1. This overlaps with some other sections, e.g., anaphora2. CS 2.1.1, page 363. Collective and Distributive (for non-singulars) Not doing this for now4. All possible referents vs subset (for non-singular) (CS 2.1.2.1.4.8, page 39) e.g., To the LTI: Do you (pl) teach machine translation? (not everyone teaches MT) Not doing this for now. 5. Emphatic Pronouns (CS 2.1.2.1.15, page 40) degree of emphasis selective emphatics we, but especially I you (pl), but especially you (sg.) they, but especially s/he Not doing this for now.

6. Pronoun plus noun: (CS 2.1.2.1.17, page 40) Pullum and Huddleston call these determiners in English. we firemen which pronouns is this possible for? Pronoun plus number: we two (men) Not doing this for now. 7. Gender or noun classes. Only biological gender for now. When we get a list of noun classes, we can do a random variation. 8. Spot check semantic role list (or go through it thoroughly to see what case is assigned by each preposition). Do this later. 9. Tense and other verbal categories: (CS 2.1.2.1.11, page 39) Does the pronoun agree with the verb in tense? Not doing this now. 10. Anaphoric vs. non-anaphoric third person pronouns (CS 2.1.2.1.7, page 39) Clashes with natural gender? Not doing this now. 11. WLF: CS 2.1.2.1.16, page 40, complex pronouns with a combination of different types of reference, e.g., subject and object. Don't understand this. 12. Clefts and pseudoclefts: (CS 2.1.2.1.1.3.6, page 37) Do they mean in the clefted position or in dummy position? 13. From CS: Encourage alternative translations to determinite whether pronouns are obligatory, optional, zero, or non-existent. Elicit in non-emphatic, non-contrastive contexts first. 14. For pronouns, CS seem to imply (2.1.2.1.12.3, page 40) that you have to check everything over again (person, number, tribal status, obviation, etc.) for formal situations.

5. Locative, Temporal, and Adverbial Roles

Feature: temp-at-time

Values at-time-of-day Restrictions:

Notes: 1. at 7:00

at-period-of-day Restrictions: Notes: 1. in the afternoon, at night, (need to try all of them?)

at-n/a Restrictions: Notes:

at-day-of-week Restrictions: Notes: 1. on Monday

at-month-of-year Restrictions: Notes: 1. in January

at-year Restrictions:

Notes: 1. in 1976

at-festival Restrictions: Notes: 1. at Christmas, during Christmas

at-seasons Restrictions: Notes: 1. in (the) Spring


Feature Notes1. From CS2. Make a full sentence for each of these.

Feature: temp-frequentive

Values freq-time-of-day Restrictions:

Notes: 1. every day at 7:00

freq-n/a Restrictions: Notes:

freq-period-of-day Restrictions: Notes: 1. in the afternoons, in the evenings, *at nights

freq-day-of-week Restrictions: Notes: 1. on Mondays

freq-period-of-week Restrictions: Notes: 1. on Weekends

freq-month-of-year Restrictions: Notes: 1. *in Januaries, every January

freq-year Restrictions: Notes: 1. not sure what was intended here: every year????

freq-festivals Restrictions: Notes: 1. *in Christmases, every Christmas?, at Christmas

freq-seasons Restrictions:

Notes: 1. *in Springs, in the Spring, every Spring?


Feature Notes1. How about every week, every day, every month, etc.

Feature: temp-other-relations

Values temp-rln-n/a Restrictions:

Notes:

temp-rln-punctual-future

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. I'll be back in two hours.

temp-rln-punctual-past

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. I was here two hours ago.

temp-rln-duration Restrictions: Notes: 1. I lived there for two years. I arrived for a week.

temp-rln-anterior-duration-past

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Nothing happened until Monday.

temp-rln-anterior-duration-fut

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Nothing is going to happen until Monday.

temp-rln-posterior-duration-past

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Nothing has happened since Monday.

temp-rln-posterior-duration-fut

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. I'll be there after Monday. I'll be here from Monday on.

temp-rln-anterior-general

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. I've been here previous to Monday.

temp-rln-posterior-general

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. I'll be here subsequent to Monday.

temp-rln-point-in-period-pst

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. He has been here within the last two hours. I've had five calls in the last hour. I've had five calls in an hour.

temp-rln-point-in-period-future

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Be back within (the next) two hours.


Feature: adverbial-other-roles

Values Feature Restrictions

Feature Notes1. Adverbials: (CS 1.2.1.3, page 16)2. Manner: e.g., quickly, easily Time: yesterday Propositional: certainly, probably Frequentive: never, seldom, frequently, always

Feature: loc-roles

Values

loc-general-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. at

loc-general-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. to

loc-general-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from

loc-general-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. past

loc-proximate-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. near (to)

loc-proximate-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. near

loc-proximate-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from near

loc-proximate-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. near

loc-interior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. in, inside

loc-interior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. in, into

loc-interior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. out of, out from

loc-interior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. through

loc-exterior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. outside

loc-exterior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. up to

loc-exterior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. away from

loc-exterior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. past

loc-anterior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. in front of

loc-anterior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. in front of

loc-anterior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from in front of

loc-anterior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. in front of

loc-posterior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. behind

loc-posterior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. behind

loc-posterior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from behind

loc-posterior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. behind

loc-superior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. above, over

loc-superior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. above

loc-superior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from above

loc-superior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. over

loc-superior-contact-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. on

loc-superior-contact-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. on, onto

loc-superior-contact-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. off

loc-superior-contact-past Restrictions:

Notes: 1. over

loc-surface-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. on

loc-surface-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. on, onto

loc-surface-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. off

loc-surface-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. over, across

loc-inferior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. below, under

loc-inferior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. below, under

loc-inferior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from under

loc-inferior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. under

loc-inferior-contact-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. under

loc-inferior-contact-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. under

loc-inferior-contact-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from under

loc-inferior-contact-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. under

loc-lateral-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. beside

loc-lateral-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. beside

loc-lateral-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from beside

loc-lateral-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. past

loc-lateral-contact-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. on

loc-lateral-contact-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. on, onto

loc-lateral-contact-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. off

loc-lateral-contact-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. over, along

loc-citerior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. on this side of

loc-citerior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. to this side of

loc-citerior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from this side of

loc-citerior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. on this side of

loc-citerior-contact-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. on this side of

loc-citerior-contact-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. to this side of

loc-citerior-contact-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from this side of

loc-citerior-contact-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. on this side of

loc-ulterior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. beyond

loc-ulterior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. beyond

loc-ulterior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from beyond

loc-ulterior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. beyond

loc-ulterior-contact-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. on the other side of

loc-ulterior-contact-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. across

loc-ulterior-contact-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from across

loc-ulterior-contact-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. on the other side of

loc-medial-2-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. between

loc-medial-2-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. between

loc-medial-2-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from between

loc-medial-2-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. between

loc-medial-3-at Restrictions:

Notes: 1. among

loc-medial-3-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. among

loc-medial-3-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from from among

loc-medial-3-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. through

loc-circumferential-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. around (LL)

loc-circumferential-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from around

loc-circumferential-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. round

loc-citerior-anterior-at Restrictions: Notes: 1. opposite

loc-citerior-anterior-to Restrictions: Notes: 1. opposite

loc-citerior-anterior-from Restrictions: Notes: 1. from opposite

loc-citerior-anterior-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. on the other side?

loc-interior-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. through, along

loc-exterior-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. past, along

loc-superior-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. along (above)

loc-superior-contact-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. along (on top of)

loc-surface-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. along

loc-inferior-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. along (under)

loc-inferior-contact-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. along (under)

loc-interior-perp-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. through, across

loc-superior-perp-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. over

loc-superior-contact-perp-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. over

loc-surface-perp-long-past Restrictions: Notes: 1. across


Feature Notes1. CS's Table of motion and location, page 31-322. Column 1: at rest Column 2: motion to Column 3: motion from Column 4: motion past 3. Rows: general proximate interior exterior anterior posterior superior superior-contact surface inferior inferior-contact lateral-lateral-contact citerior citerior-contact ulterior ulterior-contact medial-2 medial-3 circumferential citerior-anterior? interior-long exterior-long superior-long surfacte-long inferior-long inferior-contact-long interior-perp-to-long superior-perp-to-long superior-contact-perp-to-long surface-perp-to-long

Section Notes1. (Notes for analysis of data: Where can these occur in the sentence? Check whether some types can occur in different places than other types: e.g., in English, propositional adverbs can occur before or after VP, but not inside VP) (CS, 1.2.1.3.3 page 17, ask

whether adverbials are obligatory in any constructions. They may be thinking of English middles "The bread cuts easily", or maybe if tense is underspecified on verbs, adverbs may be required.)

6. Verbal Tense and Aspect

Feature: c-v-lexical-aspect

Values state Restrictions:

Notes: 1. A non-dynamic situation which is true over a duration of time.2. John knows Mary. The water _is cold_. 3. In some languages, stative concepts may be expressed adjectivally where other languages would express them verbally. So, it's probably a good idea to include some adjectival predicates along with verbal ones (from English, that is).

activity Restrictions: Notes: 1. A dynamic situation holding over a duration of time (atelic)2. John is running Mary. 3. English illustrates how lexical aspect and grammatical aspect interact. States tend to be in non-progressive forms in the present tense while activities tend to be in progressive forms.

accomplishment Restrictions: Notes: 1. A telic (i.e. temporally bounded) activity that is completed over a period of time. 2. John ran a mile. (Bounded, but there is running going on for a period of time.)

achievement Restrictions: Notes: 1. A telic (i.e. temporally bounded) that is punctual--that is, it occurs at one instant in time. 2. John finally reached the summit. ??John was reaching the summit.

semelfactive Restrictions: Notes: 1. Not one of Vendler's lexical aspect type, but it has

to go somewhere and would seem to qualify as an aktionsart type. 2. A tern for achievement-like actions which tend to be repeatable. Some languages will have special semelfactive forms indicating the repeatable action only happened once. So, this category is probably useful to have in this part of the corpus. 3. John coughed. (ambiguous between one cough and many coughs) John knocked at the door. (similarly ambiguous)


Feature Notes1. This category refers to the "internal" aspect of a verb's inherent meaning. It's also called aktionsart. The major categories are things like state, activity, etc. 2. The values achievement and accomplishment are both telic. It isn't always predictable if a verb will be default telic or atelic in a given language (or allow both possibilities). The most straightforward test for telicity is the "for/in TIMESPAN" test. Atelic predicates can be modified by phrases like "for an hour", telic predicates can be modified by phrases like "in an hour". I ran for an hour. *I ran in in hour. (Conclusion: "run" without a length expression is atelic.) *I ran a mile for an hour. I ran a mile in an hour. (Conclusion: "run" with a length expression is telic and you are a slow runner.) "bake" can be either telic or atelic, with different meanings: I baked the cake for an hour. I baked the cake in an hour.

Feature: c-v-grammatical-aspect

Values gram-aspect-neutral Restrictions:

Notes:

gram-aspect-perfective

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. An event viewed from the "outside"--as a single, completed event.2. I read the book. (strongly biased towards a perfective reading)3. I was writing the letter. (strongly biased towards an imperfective reading)4. I ate the food. (possible imperfective) I ate the food up. (perfective)

gram-aspect-habitual Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Repeated event over a length of time. 2. I walk to school every day. I used to read a book every night.

gram-aspect-progressive

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. Profiles the internal structure of an event. 2. I am running to the store. I am eating the apple.


Feature Notes1. This features refers to things like perfective and imperfective.2. Many of the values here are types of imperfectives.3. The primary source for this feature is Comrie (1976).4. These values could be expanded, subdivided, etc. However, based on Comrie (1976) these would seem to be the best way to begin at this stage of the corpus.

Feature: c-v-phase-aspect

Values

phase-aspect-neutral Restrictions: Notes:

phase-aspect-inceptive Restrictions: Notes: 1. Profiles the beginning of an action.2. `The plant began to grow.

phase-aspect-completive Restrictions: Notes: 1. Profiles the end of an action.2. The plant stopped growing.


Feature Notes1. Refers to things like inceptives or completives that profile particular phases of an event.

Feature: c-v-absolute-tense

Values past Restrictions:

Notes: 1. marks the situation as occuring before the time of the utterance

present Restrictions: Notes: 1. marks the situation as occuring at the same time as the utterance

future Restrictions: Notes: 1. marks the situation as occuring after the utterance

recent-past

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. marks the situation as occuring relatively recently in the past

perfect Restrictions: Notes: 1. This is a tricky category, not a normal "tense" but it has to go somewhere. The perfect is defined as a "past event with present relevance", or something along those lines. The English perfect uses "have" as in "I have left." The sense of "present relevance" derives from the fact that, among other things, "I have left." has a much stronger implication that you are still gone than the simple past, "I left".


Feature Notes1. Absolute tense refers to when a situation occurs with respect to the time of utterance. It contrasts with relative tense which marks when two situations occur with respect to each other. 2. The tense distinctions among the world's languages can be quite articulated. For now, we should aim for some big ones and not worry about, for example, all possible divisions of "pastness". 3. Probably to start, we should be bad ontologists. This means that we'll have values like "past" and "recent past", the latter of which is clearly a subset of past. 4. A general source on tense is Comrie (1985) "Tense".

Section Notes1. Author of this version of this section: Jeff Good2. Though it includes tense and mood too, aspectual parts of the questionnaire are found in CS 2.1.3.2-2.1.3.5. 3. Useful references for this section are Comrie (1976) "Aspect" and Comrie (1985) "Tense". 4. This section should be cross-reference to a section on plurality which will contain features for pluractionality. (I.e., plurality of events.) 5. I leave out relative tense here since that seems to belong better with clause-combining

categories, since there can't be relative tense without two verbs, as far as I know. 6. I use the naming convention "v-XXX" for things like "a verb's tense". Of course, in some cases, tense might be marked phrasally (as in English progressives). So, either "v" should be understood loosely or, perhaps, the label should be changed.

7. Evidentiality and Modality

Feature: c-source

Values source-neutral Restrictions:

Notes:

source-visual Restrictions: Notes: 1. The source of the information in the proposition is visual evidence.2. [I know] John went into the store [because I saw it.]

source-auditory Restrictions: Notes: 1. The source of the information is auditory evidence. 2. Someone entered the house. [I heard it.]

source-sensory-non-visual-or-auditory

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. The source of the information is non-visual or non-auditory sensory evidence. 2. Someone is baking cookies. [I smell then.]3. Logically, this category could be further broken down, but this doesn't seem to happen grammatically.

source-hearsay Restrictions: Notes: 1. The source of the information is via non-attributed hearsay. 2. "They" say you should refrigerate peanut butter. (non-referential "you")

source-quotative Restrictions: Notes: 1. The source of the information is via an attributed "human" source. 2. John says you should refrigerate peanut butter. (non-referential "you")

source-inferred Restrictions: Notes: 1. The source of the information is inference based on first-hand evidence. This contrasts with assumption, where the evidence is not first-hand. 2. John must have left (he isn't in the house).

source-assumption Restrictions: Notes: 1. The source of the information is assumed based on general knowledge. This contrasts with inference, where the evidence is first-hand. 2. John must have left (it's already 6:00 and he always leaves by 5:30).


Feature Notes1. The source of the information expressed by a clause, corresponds to the grammatical category of evidentiality.

Feature: c-assertiveness

Values assertiveness-

asserted Restrictions: 1. (c-general-type declarative)

Notes: 1. The proposition in the clause is asserted to be true. This should be true of the typical declarative root clause. So, I've made it the default--the idea of "asserted" is non-sensical for imperatives and questions as far as I can imagine. This category corresponds roughly with the more traditional categories of "indicative" or "realis".2. I know that [the earth is flat]. ("the earth is flat" is asserted to be true; "I know that..." is also asserted to be true.)

assertiveness-not-asserted

Restrictions: 1. (c-general-type declarative)

Notes: 1. The proposition in the clause is not asserted but doubted. Only makes sense for declaratives, I think. This corresponds to aspects of the Romance "subjunctive".2. I doubt that [ the earth is round ]. Speaker asserts that he cannot assert that the earth is round.3. See Palmer (2001:3).

assertiveness- Restrictions: 1. (c-general-type declarative)

wanted Notes: 1. The proposition in the clause is not asserted and stated as a "wish". Only makes sense for declaratives, I think. This corresponds to aspects of the Romance "subjunctive".2. I require that [ the earth is round ]. The speaker states a wish/desire without indicating if it is true.3. See Palmer (2001:3).

assertiveness-presupposed

Restrictions: 1. (c-general-type declarative)

Notes: 1. The proposition in the clause is presupposed. Only makes sense for declaratives, I think. This corresponds to aspect of the Romance "subjunctive".2. I'm happy that [ the earth is round ]. The speaker comments about something that is presupposed. (i.e., already asserted in the discourse are "assumed" as background knowledge) 3. See Palmer (2001:3).


Feature Notes1. An aspect of modality--whether or not the content of a proposition is taken to be asserted or non-asserted. This roughly corresponds to the divide between indicative and subjunctive, or realis and irrealis.

Feature: c-event-modality

Values event-modality-

none Restrictions:

Notes: 1. No special obligation/permission value. This is the default2. Is "none" OK for a value? Or do we not do that, and just express by not putting it in feature structures? We have emph-no-emph--so this should be OK, too

event-modality-permission-internal

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. A "permission" emanating internally to the speaker.2. I am willing [to leave now].3. "willing" marks the subordinate clause as being internally permitted.

event-modality-permission-external

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. A "permission" emanating externally from the speaker.2. I may [go home now].3. "may" marks the subordinate clause as being externally permitted.

event-modality-obligation-internal

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. An obligation emanating internal to the speaker.2. Hard to express succinctly in English: I _will_ be there tomorrow. (stressed "will" not reduced "'ll")3. The spoken distinction between "'ll" and "will" gets the distinction across, but it's not well marked in writing where "will" can refer to "'ll" or "will".

event-modality-obligation-external

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. An obligation emanating external from the speaker.2. I must be home at 9:00.3. I haven't put in distinctions like "weak" versus "strong" obligation (e.g., "must" versus "should"). Should we make such a distinction in the values?


Feature Notes1. This feature is for clauses marked as being obligations or permissions, for example "deontic" modality. I use the term "event modality" following Palmer (2001). It's an opaque label, but all the others I could think were actually misleading; so this seemed better.2. I'm not quite sure where this category belongs--it's often grouped with epistemics (which are hiding in c-source values, like "inferred") but that's largely due to the fact that modal verbs in European languages often express epistemic and deontic modalities ("you must have come home" [inferred/assumed] versus "you must come home" [obligation].) Are these meanings cross-linguistically conflated/related? Would that even matter for MILE?

Section Notes1. Author: Jeff Good2. This section is intended to cover categories relating to the status of the information of the utterance. Evidentiality refers to grammatical marking of the source of knowledge. The primary reference for it here has been: Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2005. Evidentiality. Oxford: OUP. Modality (here) refers to the speaker's attitude towards some proposition or event. The primary reference for it has been: Palmer, F.R. Mood and Modality. Cambridge: CUP. Distinctions between all these categories are often not clearly made in the literature, and the grammatical marking for them can often blend together. 3. Mirativity could maybe also belong here--but I assume for now, it is subsumed in the minor-surprise-disbelieve type of clause. In some languages, it might not be so minor. The primary reference for mirativity is: Delancey, Scott. 1997. Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information'. Linguistic Typology 1:33--52. Mirativity interacts with evidentiality/modality in some (many?) languaes.

8. Causatives

Feature: c-causee-control

Values control-n/a

Restrictions:

Notes:

in-control Restrictions: Notes: 1. For when the causee is more or less in control of the action they are caused to do. A make-causative in English should generally mark a causee for being in control. 2. The teacher made the student do their homework. (The student is in control of how they do their homework.)

not-in-control

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. For when the causee is directly acted upon and not in control of the caused situation. I think only expressed in English in the lexical semantics of certain verbs. 2. Feed the baby. (roughly means, "make the baby eat", but baby is not in control)


Feature Notes1. A feature for whether or not the causee is in control of the caused action.

Feature: c-causee-volitionality

Values

volition-willing

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. For a more or less willing causee. "Let" is perhaps the best way to convey this in English. 2. The teacher let the students play.

volition-unwilling

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. For an unwilling causee. "force" conveys this sense well.2. The teacher forced the students to do their homework.


Feature Notes1. A feature for whether or not the causee willingly engages in the caused action.

Feature: c-causation-directness

Values directness-n/a

Restrictions:

Notes:

directness-direct

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. For direct causation. Most clearly expressed in the lexical semantics of certain verbs in English. 2. I bathed the child. (i.e., made them wash) The waitress seated the patrons. (i.e., made them sit) The sun dried the towels. (i.e., made them dry)

directness-indirect

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. For indirect causation. Most clearly expressed in English in certain periphrastic causatives.

2. I had John do her homework. ("I" indirectly causes the action, John directly causes the action.) I let the door shut. ("I" indirectly causes the action in some unspecified way.)


Feature Notes1. A feature for whether or not the causation is directly or indirectly caused by the causer. 2. Some approximate examples. I shut the door. (Direct causation.) I let the door close. (Indirect causation.)

Feature: c-my-causer-intentionality

Values

intentionality-n/a Restrictions: Notes:

intentionality-intentional Restrictions: Notes: 1. For when the causer acts intentionally.2. John deliberately killed the fly.

intentionality-accidental Restrictions: Notes: 1. John accidentally killed the fly.


Feature Notes1. For whether or not the causer deliberately initiates the caused event.2. Marked in English with certain lexical items, like: John pushed the glass over. (volitional) John knocked the glass over. (non-volitional)

Section Notes1. This section contains features to look for when eliciting causative structures.2. Dixon, R.M.W. (2000) "A typology of causatives: Form, syntax, and meaning," in Dixon and Aikhenvald (2000), _Changing valency: Case studies in transitivity_, published by Cambridge. 3. The author of this section is Jeff Good.4. Dixon lists more distinctions than I'm using here since some of them appear to be rare. These include "causee affectedness", "causer naturalness" (which is very close to causer intentionality), and "causer involvement".

9. Comparatives

Feature: comparand

Values

comparand-n/a Restrictions: Notes:

comparand-argument Restrictions: Notes: 1. John is bigger than _Mary._2. John sent more flowers to Mary than _to Jane_.

comparand-clause Restrictions: Notes: 1. John dances better than _Mary sings_.

comparand-quantity Restrictions: Notes: 1. John owns more than _fifty_.


Feature Notes1. John is bigger than Mary. (comparand = Mary)

Feature: comparator

Values

comparator-n/a Restrictions: Notes:

comparator-adjectival

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. John is more _obnoxious_ than Mary.

comparator-adverbial

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. John runs more _quickly_ than Mary.

comparator-nominal

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. John sent more _cards_ than Mary did. John is a more _talented musician_ than Mary.


1. The dimension along which two things are being compared. "quickly" in "John

runs more quickly than Mary."

Feature: comparison_typeValues

comparison-n/a Restrictions: Notes:

comparison-more Restrictions: Notes:

comparison-less Restrictions: Notes:

comparison-most Restrictions: Notes:

comparison-least Restrictions: Notes:

comparison-as Restrictions: Notes:


Feature Notes1. John is more obnoxious than Mary. (comparison_type = more) John is less obnoxious than Mary. (comparison_type = less) John is the most obnoxious person here. (comparison_type = most) John is the least obnoxious person here. (comparison_type = least) John is as obnoxious as Mary. (comparison_type = as)

Feature: comparison-modifier

Values

comparison-modifier-n/a

Restrictions:

Notes:

comparison-modifier-quantity

Restrictions: 1. (comparand argument)

Notes: 1. This book is twice as heavy as that one. New York is three times larger than Chicago. There are as many books here as over there.


Feature Notes1. The table is too long for this room. The table is so long that it won't fit in the room. This table is a lot longer than that one. This table is much longer than that one. This table isn't quite as long as that one. The room is big enough for the table. 2. A lot of modification is possible, but I recommend limiting it to just the one value, quantity, for now. -JG

Feature: comparative-ellipsis

Values

comparative-ellipsis-none

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. John sent more Christmas cards to his family than Mary gave Christmas presents to her family.

comparative-ellipsis-partial

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. John sent more Christmas cards to his family than Mary did to hers.

comparative-ellipsis-full

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. John sent more Christmas cards to his family than Mary.

Feature Restrictions1. (comparand clause)

Feature Notes1. A non-normative feature insofar as it is more formal than functional. However, it is important to check to see how ellipsis is done in comparative constructions since I expects it to be quite common (but maybe I'm wrong). -JG2. Elicitation of this will require semanticall associated some argument comparands with an unspecified clause. Perhaps all argument comparands should be associated as such and then we can get rid of this feature? -JG

Feature: minor-comparison-types

Values comparison-type-n/a Restrictions:

Notes:

comparison-type-correlative Restrictions:

Notes: 1. The more the merrier. The more you exercise, the healthier you'll be. 2. CSRef: 1.8.6

comparison-type-simile Restrictions: Notes: 1. We spoke to them like children. We spoke to them as if they were children.

comparison-type-excessive-comparative

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. The window was too narrow to see clearly out of.


Feature Notes1. For semantically comparative/comparative-like constructions which one might expect most languages to have but which will not necessarily follow the other patterns for comparatives in the language.

Section Notes1. The Comrie and Smith questionnaire is not particularly useful in this are since it is very formally oriented. Some of the content here is based on Haspelmath's (1993) discussion of comparatives in Lezgian, which is fairly thorough. Other aspects of the content are based on McCawley's (1998) chapter on comparative constructions in English.2. CSRef: 1.8 and 1.93. This section brings together comparatives and equatives4. I have written a prose document on this topic which has been converted here into features, values, etc. -JG

10. Open-class modifiers

Feature: modifier-open-class

Values ordinal-number Restrictions:

Notes: 1. first, second

distributive- Restrictions:

number Notes: 1. one, two, one-thousand

discriptive-modifier

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. interesting, green

no-modifier Restrictions: Notes: 1. we might need this if we are comparing modified and non-modified NPs


Feature: modifier-number

Values

no-number Restrictions: Notes:

number-one Restrictions: 1. (mod-open-class discriptive modifier) (mod-open-class no-modifier)Notes: 1. one, first

number-two Restrictions: 1. (mod-open-class discriptive modifier) (mod-open-class no-modifier)Notes: 1. two, second

number-high-number

Restrictions: 1. (mod-open-class discriptive modifier) (mod-open-class no-modifier)Notes: 1. one million, 12,000th


Section Notes1. Author: Alison Alvarez

11. Conjunctions

Feature: conj-conjunction-type

Values

no-conjunction Restrictions: Notes:

conjunction-and Restrictions: Notes:

conjunction-or Restrictions: Notes:

conjunction-but Restrictions: Notes:


Feature Notes1. too English-centric

Section Notes

12. Clause-combining

Feature: c-relative-tense

Values relative-

n/a Restrictions:

Notes:

before Restrictions: 1. (s-our-situation different)Notes: 1. A more technical term would be "posterior"2. _Before John came home_, he saw Mary.3. I think that, generally, "before" semantics means the two "events" will be viewed as different situations (see below). But maybe this restriction is wrong.

after Restrictions: Notes: 1. A more technical term would be "anterior"

2. _After John came home, he saw Mary. _Having come home_, John saw Mary. 3. Unlike the "before" case, "after" clauses can be viewed as part of the same situation as the main clause.

while Restrictions: Notes: 1. A more technical term would be "simultaneous"2. _While he was walking home_, John saw Mary. _Walking home_, John saw Mary. 3. Like "after" clauses, "while" clauses can be construed as being part of the same situation as that of the main clause.


Feature Notes1. This feature refers to how the tense of a dependent clause should be interpreted with respect to the tense of a main cluse. 2. For now, let's limit this to three values: before, after, while.3. Though the focus of this section is not on complementation, this feature set could probably be reused for sequence of tenses with respect to complementation as well. 4. I've decided (perhaps) wrongly not to worry about categories like relative-non-future and relative-non-past because I'm not sure they happen nearly as often as absolute-non-past and absolute-non-future do. But this is based on intuition, not real knowledge.

Feature: c-our-boundary

Values boundary-

n/a Restrictions:

Notes:

shared Restrictions: 1. (c-relative-tense after) or (c-relative-tense before)Notes: 1. Until John came home, he was happy. As soon as John came home, he was happy. 2. Since while relative tense clauses overlap with the situation of the main clause, it doesn't make sense to look at shared boundaries.

not-shared Restrictions: Notes: 1. _Before John came home_, he was happy. _After John came home_, he was happy. 2. More accurately, this is "not-necessarily-shared"--since it is possible, for example, for both of the examples above to describe

sub-events which share boundaries. I have no idea if any languages actually have dedicated strategies for expressing "definitely-not-shared".


Feature Notes1. A feature for whether or not the beginning of the situation of one clause and the end of the situation of the other clause coincide. Useful for distinguishing between words like "before" and "until".

Feature: c-our-situations

Values

situations-n/a

Restrictions:

Notes:

same Restrictions: 1. (c-relative-tense while) or (c-relative-tense after)Notes: 1. For cases where the situations described by the combined clauses are construed as one "macrosituation". 2. _Having come home_, John saw Mary. (after) _Opening the door_, John saw Mary. (while) 3. English also has structures like: _Before coming home_, John saw Mary. But I am not sure if this corresponds to "same" situation. In any event, since this feature is intended to assist with the elicitation of chaining structures and such structures, to my knowledge, don't involve _before_ situations, it seems best to exclude them.

different Restrictions: Notes: 1. Most common English structures will have this value. 2. After John came home, he saw Mary. While John was walking home, he saw Mary. Before John came home, he saw Mary.


Feature Notes1. A feature for whether or not the situations described by the combined clauses are construed as one "macro-situation" or two different situations. Useful to try to elicit distinctions between subordination and chaining.

Feature: c-our-shared-subject

Values shared-

subject-n/a Restrictions:

Notes:

same-subject

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. For constructions where the subjects of the combined clauses must be the same. 2. Having come home, John saw Mary. *Bill having come home, John saw Mary. While coming home, John saw Mary. *While Bill coming home, John saw Mary. Before coming home, John saw Mary. *Before Bill coming home, John saw Mary. 3. Probably one should elicit shared subject across different argument roles--for example, to see if a patient-like subject can be co-referent with an agent-like one.

different-subject

Restrictions:

Notes: 1. English has no dedicated constructions for this feature value.2. After Bill came home, John saw Mary. While Bill was walking home, John saw Mary. Before Bill came home, John saw Mary.


Feature Notes1. Combined clauses often have different form/behavior depending on whether or not they share a subject. Shared "object" behavior, to my knowledge, doesn't do anything particularly special--so, here, I only worry about shared subjects. 2. Some English structures have optional shared subjects between the subordinate and main clause, and some have obligatory same subject (with the subject of the subordinate clause not overtly expressed). English doesn't have any "switch-reference" constructions (at least none that I'm aware of)--where there is explicitly marking that the subjects change between clauses. However, this phenomenon is reasonably well-attested, at least in North America and Australia (and, for all I know, other places, too).

Section Notes1. This section focuse on parameters needed for "adverbial" clause-combining.2. This section contains features for relative tense. See the tense-aspect section for absolute tense. 3. For the feature names, I have sometimes made use of an "s-our-XXX" convention. This stands for "our _s_entence"--that is the sentence containing the combined clauses. 4. The author of this section is Jeff Good

5. I'm assuming a subordinate clause can "refer" to the main clause it is embedded in in the multiplications. The notational device for this is "c-main-clause-XXX). 6. Some sentences with the features indicated. (From the standalone documents I wrote on this topic.) while, same, same-subject Walking home, John saw Mary. while, same, different-subject His father dying, John finally wept. while, different, same-subject While he walked home, John saw Mary. while, different, different-subject While he was in New York, John kept running into Mary. while, shared, same, same-subject Walking home, John was happy. while, shared, same, different-subject His father dying, John felt sad. while, shared, different, same-subject While he was in New York, John stayed with Mary. while, shared, different, different-subject While Mary was in New York, John was alone in Pittsburgh. before, same, same-subject Before leaving work, John changed his clothes. before, same, different-subject Before his father's dying, John was very sad. before, different, same-subject Before John came home, he went to the store. before, different, different-subject Before John came home, Mary had left. before, shared, same, same-subject Until moving to the city, John was happy. before, shared, same, different-subject Until his father's becoming ill, John had been happy. before, shared, different, same-subject Until he came home, John was happy. before, shared, different, different-subject Until John came home, Mary was happy. after, same, same-subject John went to the store and came back home. after, same, different-subject His father having died, John received his inheritance. after, different, same-subject After he got off work, John decided to go to the store. after, different, different-subject After John came home, Mary decided to go to the store. after, shared, same, same-subject As soon as John came home, he took off his coat. after, shared, same, different-subject As soon as John came home, Mary left angrily. after, shared, different, same-subject Right after he came home, John remembered he forgot to go to the store. after, shared, different, different-subject Right after John came home, Mary remembered she forgot to go to the store

Documents

1€¦ · Web view1. In the English corpus, yn-question should be represented in a main clause as sentence with subject-auxiliary inversion, but no wh-word. Yn-question in an embedded