1. Waterborne and Water-Related Diseases - Role of Water Treatm

1. Waterborne and Water-Related Diseases - Role of Water Treatm...

2. What do we mean by waterborne?

Tufts OpenCourseWare © 2008 Tufts University

Overview of Waterborne and Water-Related Diseases

OCW: Biology of Water and Health (J. Griffiths) Page - 1

3. Epidemic and Endemic Disease – some definitions

4. Issues of Surveillance




5. Why do we care about waterborne diseases?

6. Worldwide Distribution of Child Deaths




7. Diarrhea and Pneumonia

8. Water and Hygiene




9. Water-related causes of child death

10. Age-related Incidence of Diarrhea




11. UN Millennium Report 2005






14. “Person, Place, & Time”…




15. Behaviors – Higher Risk Diarrhea

16. Fetching Water




17. Pipe Filters

18. Overview




19. Water Needs (Quantity) and Water Risk

20. Drought




21. Summary of requirement for water service level to promote he...

22. Minimal Water Needs




23. Sub-populations Needed Water

24. Need Water….




25. Historical Information…

26. US was once a developing country




27. It was Cleanliness against Cholera and Yellow Fever

28. Water Tunnels




29. Typhoid rates in Chicago deaths per 10,000 persons

30. ‘Multiple Barriers’ Concept




31. Overview of Waterborne and Water-Related Diseases: Slide 31...











36. Sanitation / Cholera




37. Things are better – 1870s on

38. We developed guidelines




39. What did chlorination accomplish 1910-1925?

40. Nutrition/Cognition




41. Water and Sanitation associated with improved child growth...

42. Effect of Water and Sanitation




43. Effects of Stunting, Diarrheal Disease, and Parasitic Infect...

44. Epidemics… what happens when water treatment lapses




45. Morbidity, Rwandan Refugees, ’94 (UNHCR)

46. Walkerton




47. Walkerton Deaths and Illness

48. Animal Manure to Human Disease




49. Contaminated Wells

50. Socio-Economic Analysis of Walkerton





52. Concentrated Animal Feedlot Operations (CAFO)




53. Typhoid in Tajikistan

54. Typhoid Fever




55. Case-control Dushanbe, Tajikistan






58. Cryptosporidium




59. Geographic Pattern to Diarrhea

60. ‘Multiple Barriers’ Concept




61. The epidemiological iceberg...

62. Las Vegas 1994




63. Range of syndromes I

64. Range of syndromes II




65. A review of immunology and a few words on clinical syndromes...

66. The Gut Surface




67. Lumen





69. Idiot’s Guide to Pathogens

70. MALT: the Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissues




71. M Cell Internal Topology

72. Some pathogens get inside....Shigella




73. Some pathogens get inside....Shigella

74. Shigella zooming around inside of cell by polymerizing actin...




75. Syndromes and a Few Specific Diseases

76. The Big Picture…




77. What is dehydration? How is it classified?

78. Cholera




79. Cholera: In the New World, and a New Serotype

80. Cholera




81. Cholera Cot

82. Extreme Dehydration from Cholera




83. Cholera in Chad (WHO Website)

84. Cholera in Chad update (WHO website)




85. Cholera in Iraq (WHO website)

86. Invasive Diarrhea = Dysentery = Diarrhea containing blood




87. Invasion of the Colon

88. Death of the Colon due to Dysentery




89. Increasing Antibiotic Resistance

90. Pathogens




91. Persistent Diarrhea

92. Hospital del Nino ‘Francisco Icaza’ with Persist...




93. E. Bieneusi and E. Intestinalis sporesi

94. Why new waterborne disease agents?




95. Demographics – Population Density and Aging





97. 2000

98. 2050




99. 2000 Superimposed on 2050

100. Modern View of Risk




101. Ill people are living longer

102. A few important waterborne diseases to know about:




103. Salmonella Infections















109. Rotavirus: Diarrheal Pathogen

110. Rotavirus: Washington DC




111. Rotavirus, cont’d.

112. Global Distribution of Deaths from Rotavirus




113. Polio

114. Poliovirus




115. Polio Outbreaks: How to Stop Them

116. Wild Poliovirus*, 12 Aug 2002 to 11 Aug 2003




117. Wild Poliovirus, 2003

118. Wild Poliovirus, 2006-2007










122. Geographic Distribution of Hepatitis A Virus Infection










126. Hepatitis A Incidence





128. Hepatitis E in Chad, Update 3




129. Hepatitis E – Clinical Features

130. Geographic Distribution of Hepatitis E




131. Hepatitis E Virus Sequences

132. Hepatitis E Virus Epidemiology in Industrialized Countries...




133. Xenozoonosis

134. Cryptosporidium




135. Entamoeba histolytica

136. Giardia




137. Schistosomias

138. Schistosomiasis-Endemic Area




139. Schistosomiasis

140. Anning River Valley




141. Dry Months

142. Population Density




143. Seasonality and Temporality

144. Seasonal Characteristics of Ambient Temperature




145. Back to Square One…

146. Handwashing




147. Conclusions




Documents

1. Waterborne and Water-Related Diseases - Role of Water Treatm