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Voluntarily specifying emotional information: Effects on emotional activation depend on « how » and « what » information is processed
Pierre Philippot
Together with : Céline Baeyens, Céline Douilliez, Aurore Neumann & Alex SchaeferUniversité de Louvain, Departt of Psychology10, Place Mercier – B 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
Reprints / Pre-prints: w w w.ecsa.ucl.ac.be/personnel/philippot/
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Specificity:a relevant dimension in emotional information processing
General thinking about emotion as a coping strategy to avoid emotional distress– Overgenerality bias in emotional memory
(Williams, 1996)– Overgenerality in anxious rumination (Stöber
& Borkovec, 2002)
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Evolution of feelings intensity as a function of specificity of processing
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General ProcessingSpecific Processing
Time (min.)
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The emotion processing paradoxe
Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000)
vivid recollection of past experience can be– adaptive (Bechara, Damasio et al., 1999)– maladaptive – e.g. Flash-back
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Premises
Two levels of emotion representation– schematic– propositional
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Multilevel theories of emotion
e.g. Brewin, 2001; Dalgleish, 2004; Leventhal, 1984; Philippot et al., 2004; Teasdale & Barnard, 1993
Schematic representation– non declarative
– abstraction of higher order recurrencies
Propositional representation– declarative
– contextual and factual information
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Premises
Two levels of emotion representation– schematic– propositional
Emotional arousal is determined by schematic activation
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Premises
Two levels of emotion representation– schematic
– propositional
Emotional arousal is determined by schematic activation
Voluntarily processing emotional information implies the activation in working memory of both types of representation (schematic and propositional)
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Voluntary processing of emotional information...
requiers effortful « executive » processes to merge schematic and propositional information in the episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2003)
generates a particular type of consciousness: « autonoetic consciousness »Wheeler, M.A., Stuss, D.A.T., & Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 331-354.
The same processes allow travel in time– Not only to retrieve past experience– But also to envision future experience– And to consciously experience the present moment
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Voluntary processing of emotional information
General AM
Specific AM
Spe
cifi
cati
onContextual information
Emotional information
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Hypothesis
Volontarily specifying emotional episodic information should inhibit emotional arousal.
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Study 1 :
Priming a specific or an overgeneral processing mode before emotion induction
Source: Philippot, P., Schaefer, A., & Herbette, G. (2003). Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Emotion, 3, 270-283.
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Study 1: Method
45 students Procedure
– Relaxation (60”)
– Priming (60”)
• Specific-AM Condition : priming of S-AM
• Overgeneral-AM Condition : priming of G-AM
• Control Condition : semantic task
– Emotion induction via mental imagery (20”)
– Intensity rating of emotion felt during imagerySource: Philippot, P., Schaefer, A., & Herbette, G. (2003). Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Emotion, 3, 270-283.
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Study 1: Method
45 students Procedure
– Relaxation (60”)
– Priming (60”)
• Specific-AM Condition : priming of S-AM
• Overgeneral-AM Condition : priming of G-AM
• Control Condition : semantic task
– Emotion induction via mental imagery (20”)
– Intensity rating of emotion felt during imagerySource: Philippot, P., Schaefer, A., & Herbette, G. (2003). Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Emotion, 3, 270-283.
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Study 1: Results
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Condition
ControlSpecific-AMGeneral-AM
Source: Philippot, P., Schaefer, A., & Herbette, G. (2003). Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Emotion, 3, 270-283.
EmotionalIntensity
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Study 2
Manipulating a specific or an overgeneral processing mode during emotion induction
Source: Schaefer, A., Collette, F., Philippot, P., Van der Linden, M., Laureys, S., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, S., Maquet, P., Luxen, A. & Salmon, E. (2003). Neural correlates of hot and cold emotions: A multilevel approach to the functional anatomy of emotion. Neuroimage, 18, 938-949.
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Study 2: Method
Design– Overgeneral vs. specific processing
• Overgeneral: mentally repeating metaphoric sentences
• Specific: mentally repeating specific appraisals
– Emotion (Anger, Sadness, Happiness, Affection, Neutral)
Measures– Feeling state quality (DES) & intensity
– Heart Rate & Skin Conductance
– H2150-PET camera
Source: Schaefer, A., Collette, F., Philippot, P., Van der Linden, M., Laureys, S., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, S., Maquet, P., Luxen, A. & Salmon, E. (2003). Neural correlates of hot and cold emotions: A multilevel approach to the functional anatomy of emotion. Neuroimage, 18, 938-949.
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Results: Feelings Intensity
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Anger Sadness Joy Tender. Neutral
Overgeneral
Specific
Condition:F(1, 20)=161.73, p<.0001
Emotion:F(4, 80)=80.97, p<.0001
Condition X Emotion:F(4, 80)=45.08, p<.0001
Source: Schaefer, A., Collette, F., Philippot, P., Van der Linden, M., Laureys, S., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, S., Maquet, P., Luxen, A. & Salmon, E. (2003). Neural correlates of hot and cold emotions: A multilevel approach to the functional anatomy of emotion. Neuroimage, 18, 938-949.
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Results: Heart Rate Changes
0
1
2
3
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5
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Anger Sadness Joy Tender. Neutral
Overgeneral
Specific
Condition:F(1, 18)=4.63, p<.05
Emotion:F(4, 72)=5.28, p<.001
Condition X Emotion:F(4, 72)=4.21, p<.004
Source: Schaefer, A., Collette, F., Philippot, P., Van der Linden, M., Laureys, S., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, S., Maquet, P., Luxen, A. & Salmon, E. (2003). Neural correlates of hot and cold emotions: A multilevel approach to the functional anatomy of emotion. Neuroimage, 18, 938-949.
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Etude 3
Specific versus General Processing of Anxious Predictions
Source: Philippot, P., Baeyens, C., & Douilliez, C. (2004, in revision). Specifiying emotional information : Modulation of Emotional Intensity via Executive Processes.
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Method
60 students Induction of anxious apprehension. Random assignment in three conditions
– specific processing of anxious information– general processing of anxious information– no processing.
DV: DES and STAI before and after the manipulation
Source: Philippot, P., Baeyens, C., & Douilliez, C. (2004, in revision). Specifiying emotional information : Modulation of Emotional Intensity via Executive Processes.
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Anxiety Pre-test Anxiety Post-test
ControlGeneralSpecific
AnxietyIntensity
Interaction: F(2,57)=28.68, p<.000, 2= .45
Anxiety Evolution as a Function of Experimental Condition
Source: Philippot, P., Baeyens, C., & Douilliez, C. (2004, in revision). Specifiying emotional information : Modulation of Emotional Intensity via Executive Processes.
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Specifying any information?
Specific activation of emotion representation (“response propositions”) leads to greater emotional arousal (Lang, 1993)
Distinction between– context specific information
– schema relevant information
Schaefer, A & Philippot, P. (2004, in press.). Cognitive determinants of subjective and physiological responses
during the evocation of a past emotional experience. Memory.
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Study 3 : Neumann & Philippot, In prep.
Specifying contextually versus emotionally relevant information during the evocation of emotional memories
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Method
54 students evocation (mental imagery procedure) of two
positive and two negative memories (Within-S. manipulation).
Random assignment in three conditions– Specification of the context relevant information
– Specification of the schema relevant information
– General processing
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Between-Ss. manipulation
Specification of the context relevant information:– Questions prompting specification of time, location,
persons present, etc.
Specification of the schema relevant information– Questions prompting specification of perceptual and
sensory experience, bodily sensation, etc.
General processing– Questions prompting general impression, relation with
generic event, etc.
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Method
54 students evocation (mental imagery procedure) of two
positive and two negative memories (Within-S. manipulation).
Random assignment in three conditions– Specification of the context relevant information– Specification of the schema relevant information – General processing
DV: Intensity of emotional feelings before and after the manipulation (VAS)
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Results
1010,5
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GeneralProcessing
ContextSpecification
SchemaSpecification
Positive MemoriesNegative Memories
EmotionalIntensity(VAS)
Processing condition : F(2, 51) = 13.49, p < .001, 2= .35
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Summary
People share a naive theory stating that specifying personal information increases emotional arousal
However, manipulating the processing of personal information shows that the opposite is true, under certain conditions
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Summary
Voluntarily specifying emotional information reduces emotion intensity for present as well as for past (AM) or future information
The type of emotional information specified is determinant
Our interpretation:– Not a change in emotional information content– A change in processing mode, and more specifically
in strategic attention allocation
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Clinical implications
This gap between naive theory and empirical evidence might constitute a maintenance factor for emotional disorders:– Avoiding to emotionally experience specific
memories/predictionsBeing deprived of the possibility
To regulate emotional arousalTo use problem solving capacitiesTo be in touch with one’s unique present experience
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Clinical applications
For exposure procedures:– importance of voluntarily raising awareness of
specific contextual information
For cognitive restructuring procedures:– targeting not content but processing mode of
worries and dysfunctional thoughts
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