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Virtual University ENG 101 Lesson 5

Dr. Surriya Shaffi Mir

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Lesson 5: and Connectives LINK WORDS: References

In the last lesson you were introduced to two terms: References and Connectives. Sentences and paragraphs are not words just put together. They express ideas which are connected to each other.

In today's lesson, you will practice to recognize these words and phrases i.e. references and connectives that link ideas in sentences.

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These words make the text smoother to read. Your reading speed and comprehension will increase considerably if you are able to recognize the links between and within sentences. References are sometimes relative Pronouns, sometimes demonstrative pronouns, or adverbs. Sometimes they are substitutes for words that have come earlier or will come later.

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We will first look at references within a text. Read the following seven sentences given on your screen.

Notice the reference words are italicized and the connectives are underlined. The first five have been done for you. Connect the last two on your own.

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Text 1:

1. Mr. Salman bought a new car. His children haven’t seen it yet.

2. Our neighbours old car didn’t work, but their new one is fine.

3. Everyone seems to think the chairman is guilty. If so, he will probably resign. If not , we should apologize to him.

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4. Mrs. Mahmood thought the new curtains were a waste of money, and Saima her daughter-in-law thought the same.

5. Although the new Hostel warden doesn’t seem to trust the guard, everyone else did.

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6. Shama liked the brown sofa but her husband, Salman preferred the red.

7. The chair was so well made that Ms. Gull decided to buy two.

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CONNECTIVES:Now you will look at another kind of link which is made by conjunctions that joint ideas into some kind of relationship within text. These words or phrases are also known as transitional markers that connect ideas together. They indicate:

1.result, 2.contrast, 3.comparison, 4.illustration / example, 5.cause and effect, 6. a series / time sequence, 7. addition.

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1. Words that signal a RESULT:

thus therefore as a consequence

hence accordingly consequently

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2. Words that signal a CONTRAST

but in contrast converselyhowever instead neverthelessyet still even thoughalthough despite on the other handon the contrary in spite of

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3. Words that show COMPARISON

like likewiseas well just asjust like similarlyin a similar fashion equallyIn the like manner as in the same way

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Examples:1- Driving a motor car is a skill we learn through practice. Similarly, cooking is a skill we learn through hands-on experience.

2- When family members communicate, they are more likely to solve their problems. In a similar fashion, countries can best solve their problems through communication.

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4. Words that show ILLUSTRATION / EXAMPLE

for example to illustrate oncefor instance such as including

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5. Words that show CAUSE AND EFFECT

thus because because of consequently since resulttherefore accordingly as a resultif…then so

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6. Words that show A SERIES / TIME

one, first next astwo, second before nowthree, third after untilsince soon previouslylastly afterward finallythen often immediatelywhile during frequentlyat last

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Example 1: First I skim the newspaper to see what films are on, then I circle the ones I want to record on the VCR.

Example 2: Previously, the two countries got along. Now, they have resumed diplomatic relations.

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7. Words that show ADDITION

and and also and…too as well asbesides being furthermore,one, in additionfirst of all also second secondlythird,thirdly another next finally, moreover

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You will know look at two sample paragraphs. In the first paragraph the references are circled and the connectives boxed. The arrows connect the references to the ideas they relate to.

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Sample 1

Some few, of course, still believe that Shakespeare could not have written the plays attributed to him, but they have difficulty in explaining the fact that many contemporaries of Shakespeare, who knew and worked with him, considered him, first, as the actual author, and second, a very fine author indeed. Ben Jonson, for example, never doubted the authenticity of the plays. William Green also referred to Shakespeare as a very fine playwright. These are only two of the many contemporary references that leave little doubt that Shakespeare wrote the plays of William Shakespeare.

- Yorkey: p. 133

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Sample 1 - A

References1- him Shakespeare (1)2- they few3- who contemporaries4- him Shakespeare (2)5- him Shakespeare (2)6- these Ben Jonson, William Green

Connectives1- of course, 2- but, 3- first, 4- second, 5-for example, 6- also

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Sample 2

A computer like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and more efficiently than humans. It can receive more information and process it faster than any human. The speed at which a computer works can replace weeks or even months of pencil - and - paper work. Therefore, computers are used when the time saved offsets their cost which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in business, industry and research.

N. Mullen & P. Brown: English for Computer Science p. 21

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Sample 2 - A

1- it computer

2- It like any other machine, is used because

3- it information

4- their computers

5- which the time saved offsets their cost

6- they computers

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Exercise 1

Certain words are circled in the following paragraph. Draw a box around the word that the circled words refer to. Then join the circle and the box with arrows. Also, underline any transitional or connective word in the paragraph.

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Para 1: Computers are electronic machines that process information. They are capable of communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and of making three kind of decisions. However, they are incapable of thinking. They accept data and instructions as input, and after processing it they output the results.

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Para 2: When talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered. The former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the later refers to the programs which control and coordinate the activities of the hard ware while processing the data.

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Para 3: The first was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has evolved a great deal. There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the mainframe, the minicomputer and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in common: they operate quickly and accurately in solving problems.

N. Mullen & P. Brown: English for Computer Science p. 21

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Exercise 1- A1- that machines2- they computers3- they computers4- it input5- they computers6- former hardware7- which programs8- these the mainframes, the mini-

computer, and the microcomputer

9- they -do-

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Exercise 2

Fill in the gaps in this summary of storage devices using the correct connectives from the word bank.

but however because so for this reasontherefore

Floppies are very cheap, _____________ they are slow and have a limited capacity. Hard disks are fast and can store large amounts of data _____________ they are fixed inside the computer, ___________ you cannot use them to transfer data.

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You can transfer data with removable hard disks, _______________they are expensive. CD-ROM disks can hold quite large amounts of data. ___________ they are usually read only ___________ you cannot change the information on them.

Magneto-optical disks are like CD-ROMs __________ you can write data on to them.

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They are removable and have large capacities, ___________ they are expensive and do not conform to a standard. ___________ they are not very common. Magnetic tape is cheap and has a large capacity. __________ it does not allow random access and drives are slow. ___________ it is only suitable for backups.Glendenning & McEwan Basic English For Computer Science Page 36

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What Are ComputersComputers are electronic machines that process information. They are capable of communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and of making three kinds of decisions. However,they are incapable of thinking. They accept data and instructions as input, and after processing it they output the results.

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What Are Computers……….. ContdWhen talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered. The former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the programs which control and coordinate the activities of the hardware while processing the data.

The first computer was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has evolved a great deal. There are three different kinds of Computers in use today: the mainframe, the minicomputer and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in common: they operate quickly and accurately in solving problems.

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Exercise 2Now look back at the text ‘What is a Computer? And find out what the words in bold typeface refer to.

1. that operates switches (1.2) electronic circuits2. which accepts information (1.10)3. or part of it (1.13)4. which tells the computers (1.14)5. which prints the new information (1.33)6. which shows the results (1.34)7. which can make decisions (1.35)8. it can find the solution (1.42)9. it has no originality (1.45)10. tells it what to do (1.49)

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Recap: Recognizing reference, connectives / transitional words

Improves reading speed and comprehension.

Allah Hafiz