1

1' uQ,sl woyi

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla hkq l=ulao@

cd;sl wd¾Ólhla hkq ixlS¾K fohls' tÈfkÞ .;hq;=

;SrK oY ,CI .Kkska we;' tkï( wm ksIamdokh l<

hq;af;a fukjdo @ wm msßkeñh hq;af;a l=uk fiajdjka

o@ fl;rï m%udKhla wm ksIamdokh l< hq;=o @ tys

m%;sM, ,eìh hq;af;a ldgo @ l=uk ñ,lg o @

2 3

tfyhska" uQ,sl wd¾Ól ;SrK .; hq;af;a rdcHh fkdj"

ta .ek jvd fyd¢ka okakd ckhd úiska h' ke;fyd;a Tn

úiskah hkak iïnkaOfhka fndfyda rgj,a tlÕ fõ'

tfy;a Tn muKla fkdfõ' wd¾Ólh ish¨ idudðlhkag

m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka ksIamdokh l< hq;af;a l=ulao

hkak fyda ñ,g .; hq;af;a l=ulao hkak ;SrKh lsÍfï

ksoyi we;' ish¨ wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï ixúOdkh lrkq

,nkafka zfj<|fmd<Z hkqfjka wm úiska y÷kajkq

,nkak ;=< h' fj<Þï fmd< hkq ñ,g .kakka yd

úl=Kkakka yuq jk ;ek jk mßÈu" fj<|fmd< hkq

b,a¨u yd iemhqu yuqjk ia:dkhhs' b,a¨u yd iemhqu

úiska ñ, ks¾Kh flf¾' fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=<

;SrKd;aul o¾Ylh jkafka ñ,hs' b;du jeo.;a lreK

kï th l=uk NdKav yd fiajdjka wjYHo@ hkak .ek

f;dr;=re imhhs'

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< isák ckhdg uqo,a bmhsu

wjYH h' ,dNhla ,nd .ekSug;a Tjqkag wjYHh' th

l< yelafla flfiao hkak Tjqyq fyd¢kau oks;s' Tjqyq

wkHhska iu. ;rÕ lr;s' wkHhskag jvd fyd¢ka

lghq;= lr .ekSug;a Tjqyq W;aidy or;s' fm!oa.,sl

;SrK yd ;rÕh u; mokï jQ wd¾Ólhla —fj<|fmd<

wd¾Ólh˜ hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí' wm okakd ;rug"

l%shd;aul fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla jvd;au ld¾hCIu

f,i iïm;a fjka lsßu iy;sl lrhs'

wdKavqj fï ish¨ ;SrK .ekSu jvd;au fyd|hehs we;eï

rdcHhka l,amkd l<y' ta wkqj tu rdcHhkaf.a wdKavq

ck;dj ksIamdokh l< hq;af;a l=ulao" ksIamdokh l<

hq;af;a l=uk m%udKhla o hkak Tjqkag lSy' tu wdKavq

ish¨ NdKav yd fiajdjkag ñ, kshu lf<dah' tfy;a fï

—wd{d wd¾Ólhka˜ lsisjla fï olajd t;rï id¾:l ù

ke;' we;a; jYfhka" tajdf.ka jeäu yßh" m%Odk

fldgu fidaúhÜ ix.uh" 1990 .Kka j, uq,a yßfha §

ì| jegqfKah' wo il, wd¾Ól l%shdldÍ;ajhu md,kh

lsÍug fnfyúkau W;aidy lrk rgj,a lsysmhla ;sfí'

W;=re fldßhdj yd lshqndj Bg WÞyrK fõ' tfy;a tu

rgj,;a t;rï wd¾Ól id¾:l;ajhla ke;'

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla mokï jkafka ksoyia

f;dard .ekSï yd ;rÕh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh u;h

4 5

,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< ;sfnkjdg

jeä ld¾hNdrhla iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla

;=< rdcHhg we;'

fï ;ek olajd" ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla fhdackd

lrk jeäu fokd tlÕ jkq we;' flfia jqjo" rdcHh

l< hq;af;a fumuKlehs Tjqyq úYajdi lr;s' rdcHh

uQ,sl kS;s rduqj iemhsh hq;=h' we;eï ÿIalr;d iukh

l< hq;=h' bkamiq fj<|fmd< j,g tajdfha úÊcdj

lsÍug bv Èh hq;=h' ,snr,a wd¾Ólhla ;=< wjOdkh

fhduq jkafka mqoa.,hdf.a ksoyig h' rdcHfha weÕs,s

.eiSu jeäjk ;rug" th mqoa., ksoyi iSud lrk

nj;a" fj<|fmd< l%ufha l%shdldÍ;ajfha ld¾hCIu;dj

wvq jk nj;a ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha foaYlfhda

;¾l lr;s'

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh fhdackd lrk wh ta woyig

n,j;a fia úreoaO jkq we;' Bg fnfyúka jeä ld¾h

Ndrhla rdcHhg we;ehs o rdcHh fm!oa.,sl ksoyi

tla;rd m%udKhlg iSud l< hq;= hehs o Tjqyq lsh;s'

fuh ksrjoH hehs fmkakqï lsÍu wjYHhhs Tn

is;kafkys o@ tfyhska rdcHh flnkaola úh hq;=o hkak

foi jvd;a ióm ne,aula fy<Sug m%:u fldgu rdcHh

tu m%h;akh oeßh hq;af;a ukaoehs hkak f;areï .ekSug

wms W;aidy lr n,uq'

fj<|fmd<j,a l%shd;aul jkafka

tajdg ßis mßÈ o @

ke;' rduqj kshu lsÍug rdcHhla wjYHh' rdcHh uQ,sl

há;, myiqlï" WÞyrKhla jYfhka mdrj,a yd

wdrCIdj iemhsh hq;= fõ' ck;djg uQ,sl wOHdmkhla

,eîu i|yd ysñlï lSug;a" Tjqkag l%shd lsÍfï

^WÞyrKhla jYfhka fldka;%d;a;= w;aika lsÍfï& yd

;u foam< .ek ;SrK .ekSfï ksoyi ;sfnk nj;a"

m%udKj;a ;rÕhla ;sfnk nj;a rch iy;sl l< hq;=h'

;jo wikSm ksid fyda" /lshdjla fidhd .; fkdyels

ùu ksid fyda" fnfyúka uy¿lu ksid fyda fj<|fmd<

ls%hdj,shg iyNd.S úh fkdyels ckhd .ek rdcHh

ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' rch fï ckhdg rCIKfha fyda

jkaÈ l%uj, iajrEmfhka hï uQ,sl wdrCIK l%uhla

msßkeñh hq;=h'

uQ,sl há;,myiqlï

uQ,sl wd¾Ól ;SrK

mqoa.,slwxYh

fj<|fmd<

6 7

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh mokï jkafka ish¨

fokdyg iu ksoyi ms<sn| woyi u;h'

tfy;a Tng lsisÿ foam<la ke;akï l=ula fõo@ iudc

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha wdÈ l¾;Djreka weiQ m%Yakh

thhs' fyd|hs" Tng f.or ueiQ à I¾Ü fj<|fmdf<a

úlsKSug wjYH lrk uyk ueIsula Tng ke;s jqj;a"

Tng lEu wjYHh' tfyhska Tn /lshdjla fidhd .ekSu

wjYH h' yÈisfhau yd fkdje<elaúh yels f,i" Tn

fiajd fhdaclfhl= u; rÞ mej;sh yel' úh yelalla

kï fiajdfhdaclhdg fuu ;;a;ajfhka whq;= m%fhdack

.ekSug;a" Tyqg isf;k isf;k fõ,djg Tfnka jev

.ekSug fyda ydiHckl ;rï my< jegqma Tng f.ùug

Tng fl;rï ksoyia ùula wjYH o@

we;a; jYfhka u" fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< ish¨ ;ks

l%shdldßlhskag ksoyiaj lghq;= l< yels úh hq;= fõ'

Tng wjYH foa lsÍug" lSug yd úYajdi lsÍug Tng

bv Èh hq;=h' foam< wh;aj isàfï yd Tfí foam< Tng

leu;s mßÈ mdúÉÑ lsÍfï ksoyi Tng ;sìh hq;=h'

wdkak" ksoyia m%c;ka;%jdoh kï thhsæ Tng hï frÈ

m%udKhla yd uyk hka;%hla we;akï" kj ;d,fha à

I¾Ü álla uid tajd fj<|fmdf<a úlsKSug" Tng wjYH

kï th lrkak' Tng fi!Nd.Hh WÞ fõjdæ

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh

8 9

iudk ksoyils' ,snr,ajd§ka fuka fkdj" iudc

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha foaYlfhda" foam< ms<sn| ksoyi

wkHhskaf.a ksoyi flfrys n,mdk ;eka j,§ foam<

ksoyi iSud l< hq;=hhs ;¾l lr;s' foam< iudc

ikao¾Nhla ;=< mdúÉÑ fõ kï tu foam< iïnkaOj

j.lsï we;' th fmdÿ hym;g fya;= úh hq;=h' th

M,Þhl f,i mdúÉÑ l< hq;=h' tys mdúÉÑh

wkHhskaf.a w,dNhg fya;= fkdúh hq;=h' WÞyrKhla

jYfhka" Tn Tfí uyk ueIska oyh fhdod frÈ

lïy,la mj;ajdf.k hf;d;a" hï Y%u m%ñ;Skag bv

ie,iSug Tng isÿ fõ' rdcHh iudcfha hym; i|yd

Tfí foam< j,ska fldgila ^WÞyrKhla jYfhka nÿ

jYfhka& .kS kï" th o Tn ms<s.; hq;= fõ'

udkj ysñlï i;= ld¾h Ndrh l=ula o@

by; i|yka ksoyia ysñlï cd;Hka;r kS;sh úiska

wdrCId fldg we;' 1966 § tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh

—isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r

iïuq;shla˜ ia:dms; lf<ah' l:d lsÍfï ksoyi" l%shd

lsÍfï ksoyi" foam< ms<sn| wd§ jQ fï whs;Ska wdrCId

lsÍug cd;Syq 152 la tlÕ jQy'

tfy;a" Tng lEug m%udKj;a fohla fkdue;s kï"

ke;fyd;a Tn lsis lf,l mdie,a fkd.sh fyhska o"

Tng kS;sh lshùug fkdyels kï" Tfí foaYmd,k

whs;Ska .ek Tn tfyug Wkkaÿ fj;ehs Tn is;kafkys

o@ meyeÈ,sju" wd¾Ól yd wOHdmksl wiudklï Tfí

bv ;sfnk njhs' tfia fj;;a Tfí wdydrh ñ,g

.ekSug Tng uqo,a wjYH kï Tng l< yelafla l=ulao@

tfia kï Tn ú¢k ksoyfia ;;ajh l=ulao@ Tng

nrm;, f,iu /lshdj wjYH kï" Tng ´kEu

fldka;%d;a;=jla" .súiqula ms<s.ekSug isÿ fõ' ßis fia

f;dard .ekSfï yd l%shd lsÍfï Tfí ksoyi fndfyda fia

iSud iys; nj yÈisfhau fmkS hhs' tfia fkdfõo@

foam< ksid j.lSï we;s fõ' foam< fmdÿ hym;g

fya;= úh hq;=h'

whq;= m%fhdackhg .kq ,eîfï" iqrd lkq ,eîfï fuu

wjÞku ksid" iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh mokï ù

we;af;a ksoyi ms<sn| fujka fjkia f;areï .ekSula

u; h' flfia kuq;a tys wruqK kï ish,a,ka i|yd

10 11

WÞyrKhla jYfhka" fï .súiqu w;aika l< rdcH 149

my; oelafjk lreKq iy;sl lsÍug tlÕ jQy'

- iudc yd wd¾Ól iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| whs;sh'

- jev lsÍfï whs;sh yd fyd| jegqmla bmhSfï whs;sh'

- iudc iqrCIs;;dj yd id.skafkka f;drùfï ksoyi

ms<sn| whs;sh'

- uQ,sl fmdÿ oE i|yd we;s whs;sh' ^WÞyrK jYfhka

wOHdmkh" fi!LHh wdÈh&

- jevmf,a§ udkj .re;ajh wdrCId lsÍu'

- lïlre whs;Ska yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s whs;Ska wdrCId

lsÍu'

m%Odk ld¾ñl rgj,a lsysmfhka tlla jk wefußld

tlai;a ckmoh wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska

ms<sn| .súiqu ;ju w;aika lr ke;' fuh hï whqrlska

;uka wkq.ukh lrk m%;smodjkag hg;a msßfihska

wjxl ùuls' ukaoh;a wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" isú,a yd

foaYmd,k whs;Ska wdrCId lsÍu wkkH f,iu kshu

lrk ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl wdlD;sh wkq.ukh

lrk fyhsks' wks;a me;af;ka n,k l," iudc

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka wruqKq lrkafka udkj ysñlï

myu wdrCId lsÍug yd iu;=,kh lsÍug;a tu.ska hï

wdldrhl iudc idOdrKhla iemhSuh;a h'

foAYmd,k whs;Ska Ndú;d lsÍug ndOd lrhs' ks;e;ska u

yqÿ foaYmd,khlg jvd jeä fndfyda oE ñksia Ôú;hg

wÞ<j .eíj we;' tfyhska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh

—wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r

iïuq;sh˜ hkqfjka udkj ysñlï ms<sn| fojeks

lÜg,hla ms<sfh, lf<ah'

whs;Ska ms<sn| fï fojeks ,ehsia;=j fl;rï wx.

iïmQ¾K o hkak .ek Tn mqÿuhg m;a jkq we;'

rdcHhka isú,a" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd

ixialD;sl hk udkj ysñlï moaO;s my wdrCId

l< hq;=h'

12 13

fm!oa.,sl ;;a;ajhka yd wdl,amhka u; r\ mj;S'

tfyhska iudc idOdrKh jekakla we;s lsÍug jEhï

lrk iudchla m%:u fldgu ta ms<sn| fmdÿ wjfndaOhla

we;s lr .; hq;= fõ' iudc idOdrKh hkafkka wm

woyia lrkafka l=ula o@ th wm w;am;a lr.; hq;af;a

fln÷ wdldrhlska o@

iudc idOdrKh hkq iudk bv m%ia;d yd

Ôú;fha iudk wjia:d ms<sn| lreKls'

tla fmdÿ m%fõYhla kï iudk bv m%ia;d yd Ôú;fha

iudk wjia:d yeáhg iudc idOdrKhg ks¾jpkhla

§uh' fyd| wOHdmkhla yd fyd| /lshdjla ,eîug

ckdêm;sf.a ÿjg we;s wjia:dj Tng;a ;sìh hq;= w;r

,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka ks;ru wjOdrKh

lrkafka isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska iy;sl lsÍug

muKs'

Tn fï m%Yakhg myiq ms<s;=rla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ kï

n,dfmdfrd;a;= lv ùulg iqÞkï jkak' kslï

ñks;a;=jla .; fldg Tfíu ks¾jpkh is;d .ekSug

jEhï lrkak' ñks;a;=jla m%udKj;a ke;s nj Tng

blauKskau fmkS hd yelsh' Tn fhdackd lrk ms<s;=r yd

tlÕ fkdjk fndfyda fofkl= isá;ehs Tng wfmaCId

l< yelsh' Tn iudc idOdrKh ms<sn| ta m%Yakh 100

fofkl=f.ka weiqfjd;a úúO ks¾jpk 100 la ,efnkag;a

th uksk wdldrh ms<sn| fhdackd Bg;a jeä ixLHdjla

,efnkag;a bv ;sfí' iudc idOdrKh ms<sn| woyia

14 15

wOHCIjrfhl= ;=< we;af;a Tyqf.a ßhÿrd ;=< we;sjdg

jvd fjk;a woyila hhs is;d .ekSug t;rï ÿrÈ. hd

hq;= fkdfõ' úúO ´ke tmdlï iu;=,kh lsÍu i|yd

hym;a yd i¾j.%dyS (inclusive) foaYmd,k l%shdj,shla

wjYHh' hym;a yd mj;ajdf.k hd yels iu:hla fidhd

.ekSug yels jkq i|yd iEu flfkl=u ;u u;h m%ldY

l< hq;=h' fuys § wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Skag

^iudc idOdrKhgæ& kej;;a isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska

yuq fõ' my; oelafjk f,aLKfhka oelsh yels mßÈ

whs;Ska moaO;Ska folgu tlsfkl wjYH fõ' udkj

ysñlï moaO;s my wfkHdkH jYfhka tlsfkl u; rÞ

mj;S'

i|yd wjYH fõ'

i|

yd

wjY

H fõ

'

i|yd wjYH fõ'

i|

yd w

jY

H fõ'

isú,a yd

foaYmd,k

whs;Ska

wd¾Ól" iudc

yd ixialD;sl

whs;Ska

iudc idOdrKh

ms<sn|

tlÕ;djh

i¾j.%dyS(inclusive)

foaYmd,kl%shdj,sh

fyd| Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd Tng we;s wjia:dju

wehg;a ;sìh hq;=h' ta wkqju" WÞyrK jYfhka wikSm"

yÈis wk;=re" f.hla ke;slu" ú/lshdj wd§ Ôú;fha

wjÞkï j,ska iEu flfkl=gu tl iudk wdrCIdjla

ie,ish hq;=h'

iudc idOdrKh we;s lr .; yelafla

flfiao @

iudc idOdrKh iy;sl lsÍfuys ,d m%Odk ld¾h Ndrh

bgq l< hq;af;a rdcHh úisks' flfia fj;;a th ÿIalr

jHdhduhls' Tn whqla;sh iu lrkafkys kï yd ;=,kh

lrkafkys kï" we;eï wh mrdch jkq we;' fjk;a wh

ch .kq we;' fï khska" iudc idOdrKh ms<sn|j nexl=

16 17

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla mokï jkafka

iu.sh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh u; h'

tu ksid iudc idOdrKh ms<sn|j ms<s.;yels uÜgul

jk iudc jHdma; (society-wide) tlÕ;ajhla fidhd

.ekSu flfrys Wkkaÿjla iEu flfkl= ;=<u we;'

ls%hd;aul jkakdjQ l%uhla ;=< ks;e;ska u tys jeishka

wjfndaO lr.kq ,nk lreKla jkqfha" Tjqka ish,q fokd

wfkHdakH iyfhda.h i|yd iQodkï kï Tjqka ish¨

fokdgu jvd;a hym;a ;;a;ajhla Wodúh yels njhs'

flfia fj;;a wjidkfha § wm ish¨ fokd isákafka

tlu fndaÜgqjl h'

—mrdð;hska˜ kuH-;=,khlg (compromise) tlÕ úh

hq;af;a ukao@ fufiah( iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh

ms<sn| ;¾lh fhdackd lrkakkag zzñksidZZ iïnkaOfhka

we;af;a ,snr,ajd§ka ;=< we;sjdg jvd fjkia woyils'

Tn ie,ls,su;a úh hq;af;a Tfíu hmy; .ek muKla

fkdj" Tfí ñ;=rkaf.a" wi,a jeishkaf.a yd md,u hg

ksÞ .kakd uy¨ ÿmam;df.a;a hym; .ek o nj Tjqyq

wjOdrKh lr;s' wjidkfha § Tn Tfí m%:u oY ,CIh

Wmhdf.k ;snqK;a" hï wdldrhl iudc iduhla .ek

Tn ;j ÿrg;a Wkkaÿ jkq we;' fldfydug;a Tng" Tfí

ksjfia jeg whsfka oÕ,k fldam jQ ysÕkakka rxpqjla

iys;j" È<skaokaf.a ke.sàul wk;=r we;s lrjd .ekSug

wjYH ke;'

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh

18 19

ksoyia mdßfNda.sl f;dard .ekSu ms<sn| wruqKq mQ¾K

fiajd kshqla;sh" mßir úoHd;aul Tfrd;a;= fok iq¿ nj

yd §¾> ld,Sk wd¾Ól bv m%ia:d ms<sno wruqKq iu.

.efgkag bv ;sfí'

l%uh mokï ù we;af;a m%cd;dka;%sl idrO¾u"

iyfhda.s;dj yd iudc yjq,aldß;ajh o" ish¨

mqrjeishka ;uka .ek Wkkaÿ jkq muKla fkdj" fmdÿ

hym; yd iudc iduh .ek;a ie,ls,su;a jk nj o hk

lreKq u; h'

zzjvd;a yels ;dla m%udKhlg u fj<|fmd< iy

wjYH úh yels ;dla m%udKhg u rdcHhZZ

(As much market as possible, as much state as

necessary) 1966-72 ld, mßÉfþofha" wd¾Ólh ms<sn|

weu;sj isá ld,a Is,¾" fj<|fmd< yd rdcHhka w;r

m%Yia; iu;=,kh .ek

iudc yd ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka w;r we;s

we;eï uQ,sl fjkialï my; oelafjk j.=fjka

iïmsKavkh flf¾'

tfia kï iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh hkq

l=ula o@

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=<" rdcHh yd iudch

fj<|fmd< l%ufha ld¾hCIu;djfhka m%fhdack f.k"

mqoa.,hdf.a ksoyig fiajh lrkq msKsi th ilia lr

.ks;s'

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh hkq m,ÞhS;djh yd

iudc wruqKq w;r ksjerÈ iu;=,kh fidhd

.ekSu ms<sn| lreKls'

iudc yd foaYmd,k l%shdj,Ska ;=< fj<|fmd<j,a z.eí

ùZ we;' rdcH yd iudc l%shdlrefjda fj<|fmd<

l%shdldrlï iïnkaëlrKh lr;s' fj<|fmd<

hka;%Khka yev .eiS we;af;a ish¨ mqrjeishka i|yd

iudk Ôjk wjia:djka iq/flk mßÈ yd hï whqrl

iudc idOdrK;ajhlg u. mEfok whqßks' iudc

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl wjidk wruqK kï foaYmd,k"

isú,a" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl yd iudc ñksia whs;Ska wdrCId

lsÍu h'

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh myiq jÜfgdarejla fkdfõ'

th l%shdj,shls' th kuH-;=,khla (compromise) we;s

lr .ekSu yd ksjerÈ iu;=,kh fidhd .ekSu ms<sn|

jQjls' iudc idOdrKh yd iudc iqrCIs;;dj iu.

m<ÞhS;djh yd j¾Okh o" kuH;dj yd kùlrKh o

iu;=,kh úh hq;=h' by< k.sk Ôjk ;;a;ajhka yd

20 21

m%:u mßÉfþofhka Tn W.;af;a l=ula o@ tfyug

fohla ke; fyd|hs" hg;a msßfihska" Tn my; i|yka

lreKq u;l ;nd .; hq;=h( wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï

ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd we;s b;du ld¾hCIu hdka;%Kh

kï fj<|fmd<j,a h' tfy;a tajdfha m%;sM, i¾j

iudc fj<|fmd<wd¾Ólh

foaYmd,kfha

uQ,sl;ajh(

iïnkaëlrKh lrk

,o fj<| wd¾Ólh

úYaj ksoyi ( ish¨

fokd i|yd iudk

ksoyi

m<Þhs;dj yd iudc

wruqKq w;r iu;=,kh

m%n, Y=N idOk

rdcHh

udkj ysñlï moaO;s

myu wdrCId lsÍu

,snr,a fj<|fmd<wd¾Ólh

fj<|fmd<j,

uQ,sl;ajh(

iïnkaëlrKh

fkdlrk ,o fj<|

wd¾Ólh

ksfIaOd;aul ksoyi (

mqoa.,hd i|yd Wmßu

ksoyi

m<ÞhS;dj flfrys

wjOdrKh

uQ,sl iudc

iqrCIs;;dj

isú,a yd foaYmd,k

ysñlï u; mokï jk

úfYaI wjOdrKh

2' rdcHfha ld¾hNdrh

COSMEC

22 23

jeo.;a WmlrK foi o jvd;a ióm f,i n,kakg wms

W;aiql fjuq'

rdcHhka mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh iy;sl

lrkafka flfiao @

iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu jev lsÍfï whs;sh we;' ta ta"

/lshd ksid uqo,a o tfyhska lEug hula o ,efnk ksid

muKla fkdj" /lshdjla ksid ukqIHhskag wruqKla

ms<sn| ye.Sula o iudch ;=< ld¾h Ndrhla o ,efnk

fyhsks' tfia kï fldiafula mqrjeishka i|yd fï udkj

ysñlu iy;sl l< yelafla flfiao @

jev lsÍfï ysñlu iEu flfkl=gu we;(

mqrjeishkag /lshdjla fidhd .ekSug wdOdr

ùug rdcHhkag yelsh'

iïmQ¾K fkdfõ' fj<|fmd<j,a l%shd;aulj ;nd .ekSu

i|yd hï m%h;akhla wjYHh' ish¨ mqrjeishkayg

ysñlï lsjyels udkj ysñlï moaO;s myu iy;sl lrkq

msKsi rch úiska fj<|fmd<j,a yev.eiaùu yd

W!kmqrKh lrkq ,eîu ´kE flf¾' Tn fuh

ms<s.kafkys o@

Tn th ms<s.ksf;d;a Tng iqN me;=ï! ukaoh;a túg Tn

fuu.ska fldiafula ^COSMEC, The Country of Social

Market Economy / iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha rg& kï

rdcHfhys ckdêm;s hhs fudfyd;lg Wml,amkh fldg

n,uq' i;=gq o@ fyd|hs" ´kEjg jvd l,n, fkdjkak(

Tn l< hq;= l¾;jHhka bÈßfhys we;'

wfkll= úiska hula lrk úg § ta .ek .=K fodia lSu

Tng ir, jqj;a th lrjkafka Tn kï h:d¾:hka

;rula fjkia j. kï fkdwkqudk h' wm fuf;la

idlÉPd l< iudc fjf<|fmd, wd¾Ólh foi wm ±ka

uola m%dfhda.sl msúiqulska olskakg W;aidy lruq'

pß; /Õ=u ( fuu mßÉfþofha §" Tn iudc

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhg lem jQ rdcHhla jQ

fldiafula ys ckdêm;s ù hhs is;kak' Tn l<

hq;= jkafka l=ula o@

bÈß msgq lsysmfha § rdcHh foi o rdcHhka ;u

ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍu i|yd iq,Nj Ndú;d lrk we;eï

iqÿiqlï

24 25

lSkaiaf.a m%;sm;a;s( j¾Okhka mj;sk ld,hkays §

b;sß lsÍu iy w¾nQo iuhkays § úhoï lsÍu

ta iïnkaOfhka l< yels hula Tng ;sfí' óg wjqreÿ

ishhlg muK fmr fcdaka fïkdâ lSkaia fj<| pl%

m%;sm;a;Ska fhdackd lf<ah' ta woyi ir,h( iuDêu;a

ld,hkays § Tn uqo,a b;sß l< hq;=h' w¾nQoh meñKs

iEu flfkl= i|ydu /lshd ks¾udKh lsÍug fyda jeä

fofkl= fiajhg .ekSug fiajd fhdaclhskag n, lsÍug

Tng fkdyelsh' tu.ska fj<|fmd< uQ,O¾uhka

W,a,x>kh jkq we;' tfy;a fjk;a fndfyda rdcHhka

fuka" Y%u m%j¾Ok lghq;=j, fh§ug Tng yelsh'

WÞyrKhla jYfhka" /lshd ke;s ckhd /lshdjka ys

mqyqKq lsÍug rcfha wdh;k msysgqúh yel' ke;fyd;a

jD;a;sh WmfoaYkh yd mqyqKqj msßkeófuka wkd.;fha

/lshd i|yd iqÿiqlï ,eîug Tjqkag wdOdr l< yel'

Bg wu;rj" ksrka;r /lshd iemhqula ;sîu o Tn

iy;sl l< hq;=h' tys f;areu kï( wd¾Ólh fyd¢ka

mej;Su iy;sl lrkak hkakhs !

wd¾Ólh ia:djr lsÍu rdcHhkag l<

yelafla flfia o@

l,a h;au" b;du iuDêu;a wd¾Ólhka mjd pl%hka

Tiafia .uka lrhs' tajd by<g o my<g o kej;;a

by<g o .uka lrhs' tajd msßySïj,g o bka miq

j¾Okhkag o wd§ jYfhka uqyqK fohs' j¾Okhkag

lsisfjl=;a wi;=gq fkdjk w;r" w¾nQo ksid Tfí

mqrjeishka iuyfrl=g nrm;, m%;súmdl we;s ùug;a

Tjqkaf.a Ôjk bv m%ia;d flfrys wys;lr n,mEï we;s

ùug;a bv we;'

26 27

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a yd c.;a lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;Skag

wkqj" iEu lïlrefjl=gu hym;a jegqmla bmhSug;a

hym;a ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jev lsÍug;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s

úiska ksfhdackh lrkq ,eîug;a whs;shla we;'

jD;a;sh iñ;s whs;sjdislï" iudc yjq,aldß;ajh

yd iu-ks¾Kh (Co-determination) hkq iudc

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl jeo.;a n, lKq fõ'

fndfyda rdcHhka Y%u fj<|fmd< u; fr.=,dis mkj;s'

tkï fiajhg .kakd yd wia lrk wdldrh ^fkrmkq

,eîfuka wdrCId lsÍu& .ek iy fiajd fldkafoais

ms<sn|j' tf,iu jev lsßfï Wmßu meh .Kk"

wdrCIl m%ñ;Ska" m%iQ; ksjdvq" ia;%S mqreI

iudkd;au;djh wdÈh iy;sl lrk kS;s tajdg we;'

flfia jqjo Y%uh iïnkaO ish¨ m%Yak .ek ;ksj ;SrK

.ekSu Tn wjYHfhkau isÿ l< hq;= fkdfõ' WÞyrKhla

úg" NdKav yd fiajdjka ñ,g .ekSu i|yd Tn ta b;sß

lrk ,o uqo,a mdúÉÑ l< hq;=h' uyck b,a¨u we;s

lsÍfuka Tn wd¾Ólh mqnqÿjkafkys h' lSkaiaf.a woyia

fh§fuka Tn wd¾Ól pl%hka iquqÿ lrkq we;' j¾Okhka

t;rï úYd, fkdjkq we;' tfy;a w¾nQohka o t;rï

krl fkdjkq we;'

wo fndfyda rdcHhka hï wdldrhl wd¾Ól

ia:djr;ajhla we;s lr .ekSu .ek Wkkaÿ fj;s'

WÞyrKhla jYfhka c¾uka rch 1967 § zzia:djr;aj

.súiquZZ kï iïuq;shlg tlÕ úh' thg wkqj" rdcHh

ia:djr ñ, .Kka o by< fiajd kshqla;shla o f.jqï

fYaIhla o iy;sl l< hq;=h' m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj,a

fndfyduhlau zzia:djr ñ, .KkaZZ ^bka woyia

flfrkafka my< WoaOukhls& idudkHfhka" uy nexl=

úiska wëCIKh lrkq ,efí' fldiafula (COSMEC)

rdcHh óg jH;sf¾Lhla fkdfõ hehs Tn Wml,amkh

l<fyd;a ckdêm;s ùfuka miqj;a Tng uqo,a wÉpq

.ikakd wi,gj;a hd fkdyels ù isàu .ek" fuh

lshjk .uka Tng hï n,dfmdfrd;a;= lv jqKq yeÕSula

we;súh yel'

lïlre whs;Ska iy;sl lsÍug rdcHkag

yelafla flfiao @

fiajlfhda Tjqkaf.a fiajd fhdaclhd u; r\ mj;S' fï

r\ meje;au iQrd lEug;a udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khkag;a

fya;= fkdjk nj Tn iy;sl l< hq;= fõ'

wvq

jegqma

lïlre

whs;Ska

28 29

muKla fkdj jHdmdßl (corporate) uÜgfï § o

m%cd;dka;%sl iqcd;lrKhla w;HjYH h'

fj<|fmd<j,a yiqrejkafka flfia o@

fldiafula (COSMEC) rdcHh ;=< isÿùu je<elaúh hq;=

tla fohla ;sfí' th kï" ie,lsh hq;= ;rÕlrejka

fkdisàu fya;=fjka ;uqkag ßis whqßka ñ, .Kka by<

kexùug yels wdldrhg ;ks iud.ï iqúYd, f,i

n,j;a ùu h' ckdêm;s;=uks" Tfí ld¾;jHh kï

;rÕldß;aj uQ,O¾uh ls%hd;aul ùug u. ie,eiaùu;a

l;smhdêldrhka (oligopolies - ;rÕlrejka iq¿ msßila

muKla isàu& yd taldêldrhka we;s ùu je<elaùu;a h'

jYfhka c¾uksfha" rch lrkafka" fiajd fhdaclhska yd

lïlrejka iduQysl .súiqïj,g t<ôh hq;= jk ffk;sl

moku ixúOdkh lsÍu muKs' l¾udka; uÜgfï §" tla

l¾udka;hl ish¨ lïlrejka ksfhdackh lrk jD;a;sh

iñ;s zztaldnoaO iu.s iñ;sZZ (Unity Unions) yd

l¾udka; ix.ï" tla wxYhl ish¨ iud.ï wkq.ukh

l< hq;= jk" jev lsÍfï meh .Kka o ksjdvq o iduQysl

jegqma o ;SrKh lr;s'

iud.ï uÜgfï §" iu-ks¾Kh (co-determination)

l%uhla u.ska lïlre whs;Ska wdrCId flf¾' fiajlhska

mia fofkl=g jeäfhka isák iud.ï j," iud.fï

jeo.;a ;SrK .ekSfï § n,mEula l< yels fiajl iNd

ia:dms; lsÍug lïlrejkag whs;sh we;' ;jo wëCIl

uKav, iukaú; jkafka fldgia whs;slrejka yd lïlre

ksfhdac;hska iu ixLHdjl f.ks' tf,iu wdKavqfjys

fj<|fmd<

taldêldrh

;r.ldß;ajh

30 31

rdcHhka iuyrúg fj<|fmd<j,g hï

ueÈy;aùï lrhs WÞyrKhla jYfhka mßirh

fyda mdßfNda.slhka wdrCId lrkq msKsi'

fj<|fmd<j,g ueÈy;aùu i|yd n,mdk fojk m%Odk

fya;=j kï mdßfNda.slhska wdrCId lsÍuh' Tjqka wdrCId

l< hq;= jkafka l=ulska o@ ir, wkaoñka lshf;d;a

Tjqkaf.a fkdoekqfuks' kHhhsl jYfhka" ish¿

NdKavhkaf.a .=Khka .ek mdßfNda.slhskag mßmQ¾K

oekqula ;sfí' we;a; jYfhka" NdKavj, fyda fiajd j,

.=Kh ;lafiare lsÍug wjia:djla mdßfNda.slhskag

fndfydaúg ke;' NdKavh .ek ksIamdolhska okakd ish¿

foa oek .ekSug mdßfNda.slhskag yelshdjla ke;'

rdcHh hym;a ;rÕldß;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍu;a"

wdrCId lsÍu;a l< hq;=h'

tla úl,amhla jkq we;af;a zztaldêldrhka yd

talnoaOùï ms<sn| fldñiulaZZ msysgqùuhs' th

fj<|fmdf,a p¾hdj wëCIKh lrkakdjQ;a ´kEu tla

fj<|fmd<la ;=< iajdëk ;rÕlrejka m%udKj;a

ixLHdjla isák nj iy;sl lrkakdjQ;a wdh;khls'

flfia jqjo" l%shd;aulj mj;akd fj<|fmd<j,a ;=<

mjd" fj<|fmd< l%shdlrejkaf.a p¾hdj fr.=,dis.;

lsÍu wjYH úh yelsh' rdcHhka th lrkafka m%Odk

fldgu fya;= folla ksidh( bka m<uq jekak kï mßirh

wdrCId lsÍuhs' WÞyrKhla jYfhka" lïy,a ysñhka

Tjqkaf.a wmøjH Tfí c, .nvdj jk jejg" ú,g fyda

.x.djkg fhduq fkdlrjk nj iy;sl lsÍuhs'

ke;fyd;a Tjqkaf.a ksIamdÈ;hka we;eï mdßißl m%ñ;Ska

bgq l< hq;= hehs Tng ;SrKh l< yelsh' tla;rd

m%udKhlg muKla wjk; jk ÿï msg lrk r: jdyk

ksmojk f,i Tjqkag kshu lsÍug fyda wdmiq Èh hq;=

fnda;,aj, Tjqkaf.a îu úlsKSug ie,iaùug Tng

yelsh' mßirhg ys;j;a we;eï l¾udka;j,g

iykdOdr iemhSug;a Tng yelsh' ke;fyd;a fmg%,a

iïnkaOfhka fndfyda rgj, flfrk mßÈ" úfYaI nÿ

mekùfuka we;eï ksIamdÈ;hka Ndú;h wffO¾h l<

yelsh'

32 33

zzjvd;a yels ;dla m%udKhlg u fj<|fmd< iy wjYH

úh yels ;dla m%udKhg u rdcHhzZ (As much market as

possible, as much state as necessary)

uyck NdKav hkq fudkjdo @

fndfyda foaj,a jvd;au fyd¢ka ^jvd;au ld¾HCIuj&

ksIamdokh lrkafka fj<|m, fCI;%fha §h' flfia jqjo"

lsisfia;au fj<|m, ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ksIamdokh

fkdflfrk" fyda m%udKj;a m%udKhlg ksmoùula isÿ

fkdlrk we;eï ;SrKd;aul NdKav yd fiajdjka o

;sfí' fï foaj,a j, ksIamdokfhka ,dN lsisjla wfmaCId

fkdflfrhs' ukao h;a fï NdKav mdúÉÑ lrkakkaf.ka

wh lsÍula fyda ta i|yd fkdf.jd mdúÉÑ lrkakka

bj;a lsÍu l< fkdyels ke;fyd;a lsÍu b;d ÿIalr

wd¾Ól úoH{hska fï ixisoaêh y÷kajkafka —wiuñ;sl

oekqu˜ jYfhks' ksIamdolfhda fuhska whq;= m%fhdack

.ks;s' fuh je,elaùu i|yd we;eï .=Kd;aul fyda

wdrCIl m%ñ;Ska wkq.ukh lrk f,i iemhqïlrejkag

kshu lsÍug ;SrKh lsÍug Tng yelsh' ke;fyd;a

ksIamdolhskag Tjqkaf.a wdydrj,g f,an,a .eiSug"

WÞyrKhla jYfhka we;=<;a øjHhka" f.dúm,l jjkq

,enqfõo ridhkd.drhl ksIamdokh lrkq ,enqfõ o"

hkak ;u mdßfNda.slhskag lSug ksIamdolhskag n, l<

yelsh' ke;fyd;a mdßfNda.sl NdKav mßCId fldg

m%;sM, m%ldYhg m;a lrk wdh;khla msysgqùug Tng

yelsh'

rdcHhka mdßfNda.slhska —wiuñ;sl oekqfuka˜

wdrCId lr;s'

fj<|m,g ueÈy;alrKhla isÿ lsÍu i|yd wkka;j;a

WmlrK yd úl,amhka we;( tajd" m%pdrl jHdmdr Èh;a

lsÍu" f;dr;=re iemhSu" we;eï NdKavhka fyda wvx.=

úh yels øjHhka ;ykï lsÍu" we;eï ksIamdok

wjYH;d wkq.ukh lsÍug n, lsÍu" nÿ mekùu wd§

jYfhks' Tn isys;nd.; hq;= lreKla jkqfha Tn l=ula

l<;a" Tn fj<|mf,a wjika m%;sM,h fjkia lrjk

njhs' fj<|m,j,a ld¾HCIu jkq oelSug Tng ;j

ÿrg;a wjYH fyhska" Tfí ueÈy;a ùï yels;dla ÿrg

fj<|m,g ñ;%YS,S (fj<|m,g wkql+, $ Market

Friendly& jk njg ;yjqre lr.kak' iEu úgu fuh

u;l ;nd .kak(

34 35

fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj,g ,dN ,eìh yels fjk;a

;SrKd;aul NdKav yd fiajdjka we;' tfy;a ksoyia

fj<|m,la ;=< fï NdKav ish¿ mqrjeishkag

fkdiemfhkq we;ehs fyda Tjqka ish¿ fokdg tajd ,nd

.ekSug j;alu fkd;sìh yelshehs Tng is;sh yelsh'

tfyhska kej;;a" Tn úiska u tajd iemhSug ;SrKh l<

yelsh' ;eme,a moaO;shla" úÿ,s n,h" uyck m%jdykh

ke;fyd;a úÿ,s ixfoaYkh jeks oE óg we;=,;a fõ'

uE; wjqreÿj,§ rdcH fndfyda .Kkla fï wxYfhka

fm!oa.,sl njg m;a lr we;' flfia jqjo tajd fndfyda

úg ;ju;a fnfyúka kshdukh flf¾' úfYaI j.lSï bgq

lsÍug fï fj<|m, j,g we;=¿ jk fm!oa.,sl iud.ï

j,g isÿ fõ'

lsisÿ rgla úiska uq¿ukska fm!oa.,sl lrKh fkdlrkq

we;ehs is;sh yels we;eï w;sYhska jeo.;a wxYhka o

we;' tajd w;ßka ikSmdrCIdj yd wOHdmkh jvd;au

jeo.;a fõ' ke;fyd;a fldiafula (COSMEC) rdcHfhys

.Ks;h yd N+f.da, úoHdj" jeks úIhhkag jÜgï fok

wOHdmk iqmsß fj<|fmd<j,a we;s lsÍug fyda ms<sld

m%;sldr i|yd fjkafoAis yd f,d;/hs j,g bv§ug Tn

ie,iqï lrkafka o@ tfia l<fyd;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.ka

Tng lror isÿjkq we;' ukaoh;a wOHdmkh yd

fi!LHdrCIdj ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj uQ,sl udkj ysñlï

jk neúks'

Tn ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= ;j;a uyck NdKav moaO;shla

we;' tkï iajdNdúlj oekg;a mj;sk tajdh' fï NdKav

fyhsks' fï ksid lsisÿ fm!oa.,sl wdfhdaclfhla Bg

uqo,a fkdfhdojkq we;' flfia jqjo" fï foaj,ska

iuyrla cd;sfha wd¾Ólhg we;a; jYfhkau wjYHh'

mdrj,a o" l%shd;aul l< yels foam, whs;Ska fyda cd;sl

iqrCIs;;dj fuhg hï ksoiqka h' fï ish¿ NdKav ish¿

mqrjeishkag ,nd .; yels nj iy;sl lsÍfï myiqu

l%uh kï nÿ uqo,a tl;= lr Tnu ta NdKav iemhSuhs'

rdcHhka we;eï ;SrKd;aul NdKav yd fiajdjka

iemhSu ixúOdkh lr;s' ksoiqka f,i cd;sl

iqrlaIs;;dj" há;, myiqlï" wOHdmkh" fi!LH

wdrCIdj'

36 37

wdrCIdj yd úY%du jegqma i|yd kshduk rduqjla imh;s'

ke;fyd;a <ud m%;s,dN jeks iDcq wdOdr uqo,a fjkqfjka

f.ùu i|yd nÿ uqo,a mdúÉÑ lr;s'

rdcHh iudc wdrCIK cd,hla imhk w;r

wdmodjkag tfrysj mqrjeishka rCIKh lrhs'

Tn ms,s;=re Èh hq;= jk ;SrKd;aul m%Yak fïjdh( uf.a

mqrjeishka uqyqK mdkafka ljr wdldrfha wjodkïj,g

o@ mqoa.,hskayg uqyqK §ug isÿj we;s nr fnodyodf.k

bis,Sug wmg yjq,a úh yelafla flfia o@ iudc yd

fm!oa.,sl j.lSu w;r ksjerÈ iu;=,kh l=ulao@ iqN

idOl m%;s,dN ,eîug whs;sh we;af;a ldgo @ ta

fl;rï m%udKhlg o@

úfYaIfhkau —fl;rï m%udKhlg o@˜ hkak ms,sn|j

idudkHfhka újdod;aulj ;¾l flf¾' ú/lshd m%;s,dN

ms<sn|j WodyrKh .ksuq( b;d uQ,sl uÜgfï iudc

iqrCIs;;d jHqyhla flfrys úYajdih ;nk ,snr,ajd§yq

;¾l lrkqfha /lshd úrys; ish¿ fokdyg" w¨;a

/lshdjla fidhd .ekSug;a yd th ms<s.kq ,eîug;a

wjYH lrk Tjqkaf.a fm<Uùu mj;ajdf.k hkq msKsi

Tjqkg hï wju uÜgfï ú/lshd m%;s,dNhla f.úh hq;=

njhs' wfkla w;g iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhka m%;s,dN

,nk /lshd úrys;hskag Èú mj;ajd .ekSug muKla

fkdj" l,ska mej;s Tjqkaf.a Ôjk uÜgu ;nd .ekSug o

bv fo;s'

iemhkq fjkqjg" ´kEjg jvd mdúÉÑ lsÍfuka yd iqrd

lkq ,eîfuka wdrCId l, hq;= fõ' msßisÿ mßirhla fyda

msßisÿ jd;h ta ms<sn| ksoiqka h' zzfj<|m, kshdukhZZ

ms<sn| fldgfiys idlÉPd lrk mßÈ" fï NdKav

mdúÉÑh md,kh lsÍug Tng yelsh'

iudc iqN idOkh hkq l=ulao@

mqrjeishkaf.a uQ,sl whs;Ska wk;=rg ,la lrk fyda

W,a,x>kh lrk yd Tjqkaf.a Ôjk bv m%ia:d flfrys

wys;lr n,mEï lrk wka;rdhkaf.ka iudc wdrCIdjla

rdcHhka úiska imhkq ,efí' we;eï m%Odk wdmodjka

jkafka fiajfhys § yÈis wk;=re" wikSmhka" uy¿ nfõ

§ È,s÷ nj" ú/lshdj fyda orejka we;s oeä lsÍug

iïnkaO wd¾Ól wjodkïh' fï wjia:d i|yd rdcHh

zziudc wdrCIK cd,hlaZZ imhhs' fndfyda rdcHhka

iudc rCIK moaO;s i|yd" WodyrK jYfhka fi!LH

,dNh

nÿ

iudc

iqnidOkh

rch

38 39

rdcHfha m%Odk wdodhï ud._h kï nÿ h' bka jvd;au

jeo.;a jkafka mqrjeishkaf.a wdodhï yd iud.ïj,

,dN u; jk iDcq nÿh' idudkHfhka fï nÿ m%.dóh

(progressive). tys f;areu kï Tn Wmhk m%udKh jeä

jk ;rug rdcHhg Tn f.úh hq;= jk Tfí wdodhfï

fldgi jvd úYd, jk njh' tys woyi kï Okj;d

^tkï ckdêm;s;=uks Tnæ& jeäfhka f.jk w;r ÿmam;d

^Tfí ysgmq ßhÿre& idudkHfhka iudc m%;s,dN

jeäfhka ,nhs' fï khska" rdcHh Okh kej; fnok

w;r ÿmam;=ka yd Okj;=ka w;r mr;rh mshjhs'

wd¾Ólh iïnkaëlrKh i|yd rdcHhka úiska Ndú;d

lrkq ,nk we;eï WmlrK my; oelafjk j.=fjka

iïmsKavkh flfrhs' tajd iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl

f.dvke.s,s ks¾udK l=Üá (Building Blocks) f,i

ie,fla'

iudc yjq,aldß;ajh yd iu ks¾Kh

iudc idOdrKh

fj<| pl% m%;sm;a;s Y%u m%j¾Okh

fj<|m,kshdukh

iudc rCIKhuyck NdKav

iemhSu

úhou f.jkafka ljqo @

uyck NdKav iemhSu" iudc oe,la .eg .eiSu" uyck

b,a¨ula ks¾udkh lsÍu" iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla

mj;ajd f.k hdu" b;d ñ, wêl fohla nj fmfkhs'

tfia fkdfõo@ flfia kuq;a iqN wdrxÑh fuhhs( ta

ish,a, Tfí ckdêm;s uqo,a miqïìfhka f.ùug isÿ

fkfõ' iudc rCIKhkag idudkHfhka uqo,a iemfhkafka

fiajd fhdaclhka yd fiajlhka hk fomd¾Ijh úiska

f.jk wksjd¾h odhl uqo,a j,sks' jv jdvd;a rdcHhka

oaú-l%u fhdod .ks;s( rdcHh uQ,sl rCIKh ixúOdkh

lrk w;r fm!oa.,sl rCIKhka u.ska th W!k mQrKh

l< yel' ke;fyd;a l< hq;=h'

rdcHhka iudc wdrCIK odhl uqo,a tl;= lr;s'

Tn Okj;a jk ;rug idfmaCIj Tn f.úh

hq;=h'

40 41

3' oelau

iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhka yd úYd, iqN idOk rdcHhka

iys; cd;Ska fndfyduhlau w;s úYd, uyck Kh nßka

yd iu;=,s; wh jehla bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd jQ

wr.,fhka fmf<;s' m%Odk fya;= ;=kla ksid iqN idOk

rdcHh mSvkhg ,lafjhs'

fldf;la m%udKhg rdcHh wjYH o@

Tng ;ju;a ckdêm;s ù isàug ´kE o@ ke;fyd;a bÈß

l¾;HjHhka f.ka Tn f;rmS isákafka o@ ish¿ oE Tn

úiska ixúOdkh fldg iemhsh hq;= hehs fkdis;kak'

iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla fndfyda ÿrgu f.k hkq

,nkafka fj<|m, l%shdlrejka ^fiajd fhdaclhka"

fiajlhska" mdßfNda.slhska& yd isú,a iudc l%shdlrejka

^jD;a;sh iñ;s" jHdmdßl ix.ï" mdßfNda.sl wdrCIl

lKavdhï wd§ka& úisks'

we;a; jYfhkau" iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu rdcldß ;sfí(

iudc iqN idOk rdcHhlg l%shd;aul úh yelafla tys

mqrjeishka ;ukaf.a ðú; .ek j.lSu ndr.ks;a kï yd

Ôúldj lr .ekSu i|yd jQ ;ukaf.au m%h;akhka

id¾:l ù ke;s úg muKla m%cdjf.a wdOdrh b,a,hs kï

muKs' Tn rduqj ms<sfh, fldg th tlg ;nd .; hq;=h'

tfy;a uQ,sl Í;shla jYfhka" ld,a Is,¾ f.a fï jpk

kej; u;l ;nd .kak( zzjvd;a yels ;dla m%udKhlg

u fj<|fmd< iy wjYH úh yels ;dla m%udKhg u

rdcHhZZ (As much market as possible, as much state as

necessary)

bÈßfhys we;s wNsfhda. fudkjdo @

42 43

fohls' ukao h;a th jev lsÍu i|yd jk uQ,sl ñksia

whs;sh;a W,a,x>kh lrk neúks'

fojkqj" m%;s,dNSka ixLHdj jeä fjñka mj;sk w;r"

iudc iqrCIs;;d l%uhg odhl uqo,a f.jkakkaf.a

idfmaCI ixLHdj wvq fjñka mj;S' fiajlfhda ^wdohï

nÿ f.ùfuka& m%Odk nÿ nr Wiq,;s' tfy;a wêl ú/

lshdj;a iudch jhig hdu;a ksid iudch ;=< /lshd

lrk ckhdf.a mx.=j wvq fjñka mj;s' jeä fjñka

mj;akd nrla f.k hdug jev lrk ckhdg isÿjk

fyhska" wdodhï m%;sjHdma;s l%ufhys iqcd;Ndjh yd

hqla;s iy.; nj m%Yak l< hq;= ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'

;=kajkqj" iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhkag uqyqK §ug isÿj

we;s m%Odk ;¾ckh yeáhg wd¾Ól f.da,SlrKh

yÿkd.kq ,nhs' m%d.aOkh jv jvd;a ixp, yd fjkia

jk iq¿ njg m;a ù we;s w;r jeä fjñka mj;akd

n,j;a nyq cd;sl iud.ï ixLHdjla rdcHfha .%yKfhka

myiqfjka bj;a ùfï yelshdjla Wiq,hs' m%:u fldgu

fuh nÿ uÕyeÍulg fya;= fõ' nyq cd;sl iud.ï

;ukaf.a whjeh jHdc wdldrhlg fmkakqï lr" nÿ wh

lsÍug lsisjla b;sß fkdjk ;=re Tjqkaf.a ,dN Tjqkaf.a

ixlS¾K ixúOdk cd,djka ;=< udre lrhs' fojkqj fï

nyq cd;sl iud.ï Y%uh;a mßird;aul yd mdßfNda.sl

wdrCIK m%ñ;Ska wvq lsÍu i|yd rdcHh iïnkaOfhka

;u fyÜgq lsÍfï yelshdj mdúÉÑ lr;s'

m%;s,dNSka jeä msßila" odhlhska wvq msßila( iqN

idOk rdcHhka isákafka f;rmSula hgf;ah'

m%:u fldgu iudc iqN idOk f.ùï ,nkakkaf.a

ixLHdj jefvhs' ld¾ólrKh jQ fndfyda cd;Syq jhig

hk iudchlg uqyqK § isá;s' fuys wre; kï

ck;djf.a jeä fjñka mj;akd fldgila jeä fjñka

mj;akd ld,hla i|yd úY%du jegqma ,nk njh' ;jo"

ld¾ólrKh jQ fndfyda cd;Syq ukao.dñ j¾Okfhka mSvd

úÈk w;r by, fiajd kshqla;shla iy;sl lsÍug

wfmdfydi;a fj;s' tfyhska ck;djf.ka jvd;a jeä

fldgilg ú/lshd m%;s,dN fyda iudc wdOdr mjd fyda

,eîfï whs;shg ysñlï lshhs' we;a; jYfhkau" wêl

jHqyd;aul ú/lshdj ks;e;skau uQ,H .eg¿jlg jeä

44 45

wjYH fõh hk iïm%odhsl kqjkg tfrysj hg;a

msßihska fyd| ;¾l ;=kla ;sfí'

fnfyúka ;rÕldÍ ùug iudc fj<|m,

wd¾Ólhkag o yelsh'

m%:u fldgu" f.da,ShlrKh úiska uqodyßk mSvkhg

tfrysj tla tla rdcHhka úiska olajkq ,nk m%;spdrhka

foi ióm f,i neÆ l, fmkS hk lreKla jkqfha tlS

m%;spdrhkays taldldÍ rgdjla ke;s nj h' ta fjkqjg

cd;sl wdh;k úiska f.da,Sh lrKfha n,mEï uOHia:

njg m;a lrkq ,nhs' we;eï rdcHhka" m%Odk fldgu

ialekaäfkaùhdkq rdcH" we;a; jYfhkau rdcHfha

ueÈy;aùu jvd;a .eUqre lr we;s w;r" iudc fj<|m,

wd¾Ólfha" iudc m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdlD;sh ms<sn| woyi

iqN idOk rdcHh f.da,ShlrK n,mEï o iudc

m%jk;d o wd¾Ól-ksYap,kh (Stagnation) w;r

ysr ù isáhs'

fï khska iudc m%jk;d o wd¾Ól-ksYap,kh

(Stagnation) yd wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh o iudc fj<|m,

wd¾Ólhka f.a moku fooreï lEug ,la lrhs' ;sìh

yelafla tlu fnfy;lehs fndfyda úfõplfhda lsh;s'

tkï wvqfjka rdcHh;a" jeäfhka fj<|m,;a" ,snr,a

fj<| wd¾Ólhg wdmiq hdu;a h' th tfiao@

f.da,ShlrKfha f;areu iudc fj<|m,

wd¾Ólfha wjidkh o@

f.da,ShlrKh i|yd iudc uQ,O¾uh w;a ysgqùul=;a

,snr,a fj<|m, wdlD;sh fhdod .ekSul=;a wksjd¾Hfhka

46 47

udkj ysñlï my u; h' ^m<uq mßÉfþoh n,kak& jeä

jQ wkdrCIs;;dj yd fjkiajk iq¿ njla iys; ld,hka

ys §" f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEï iukh lrkakd jQ;a

mrdð;hskaf.a jeàï j, lïmkh wvq lrkakd jQ;a m%n,

rdcHhl wjYH;dj fmr ljrodg;a jvd jeä ù we;'

udkj ixj¾Okh m%.uhla (progression) úh hq;=h' isú,a

yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska muKla ,nd .ksñka wd¾Ól" iudc

yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska wdrCId lsÍu" w;a yeÍu wdmiaig

;nk mshjrla jkq we;'

;=kajkqj" f.da,ShlrKfha úfõplhska yd fhdaclhska tl

f,iu wmyg ta;a;= .ekaùug W;aidy lrkq ,nk

foaYmd,k wd¾Ól fCI;%fha lsisjla je<elaúh fkdyels

foa fkdfõ' f.da,ShlrKh;a ñksid úiska we;s lrk

,oaols' th foaYmd,{hska úiska we;s lrkq ,nk fyda

we;s fkdlsÍug ´kElñkau ;SrKh fldg we;a;d jQ

kshuhka wkqj l%shd lrhs'

f.da,ShlrKh wkq.ukh lrkafka rdcHhka úiska

we;s lrk ,o kshuhka h' fuu kshuhka fjkia

l< yelsh'

ia:dms;j mj;akd f.da,Sh wd¾Ól l%uh fndfyda ÿrgu

mokï ù we;af;a ,snr,a woyia u;h' iudc fj<|m,

wd¾Ólfha m%;sm;a;s f.da,Sh uÜgulska fhdod .ekSfuka

tu fjki lsÍfï ienE yelshdjla we;' fuys wruqK

kï f.da,Sh iajrEmhla Wiq,k yjq,aldß;ajhla iy

;j ÿrg;a úldYkh lr we;' flfia jqj;a" ish¿ ,snr,a

wkdjels fkd;ld" tajd f.da,Sh fj<|m,j,a ;=<

fnfyúka ;rÕldÍj yeisf¾' tajd weußld tlai;a

ckmoh jeks ,snr,a fj<|m, wd¾Ólhka fuka - wêl

fiajd kshqla;shla we;slr .ekSu i|yd wvq jegqma iys;

/lshd flfrys úYajdih fkd;nk w;r" ta fjkqjg ish

m%Odk ;r.ldÍ jdish jk udkj iïm;a" u; wêl f,i

wdfhdackh lr;s'

udkj ysñlï myu iy;sl l< yelafla iudc

fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla ;=< muKs'

fojk ;¾lh m%udKsl jk w;r" th mokï ù we;af;a

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;Ska fol úiska we;s lrk ,o

48 49

isú,a" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;Ska

wdrCId lrk f.da,Sh kshuhka moaO;shla o iys;

f.da,Sh iudchla ;=< .eí jqKq ld¾hCIu f.da,Sh

fj<|m,j,ah' wo nyq,j Ndú;d jk —fkdje,elaúh

yels nj ms<sn| ;¾lh˜ yd w;suy;a hehs lshkq ,nk

f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEï .ek lrk i|yk fndfyda úgu

iqN idOk úhoï lmd yeÍu i|yd iy ckms%h fkdjk

m%;sixialrK idOdrK nj fmkaùug bÈßm;a lrk

ú,dis;d;aul idOdrKslrKhla yd th i;=áka ms<s.kq

,eîug fhdod .efkk yqÿ Wml%uhla muKs'

f.da,Sh iudc fj<|m, wd¾Ólhla hkq isyskhla

muKla o@ ke;fyd;a h:d¾;jdÈ o¾Ykhla o@

iudc

fj<|fmd< wd¾Óhla

hkq l=ulao@

1

ye¢kaùu

fndfyda úg wd¾Ól úoHd úIh ie,flkafka f;areï

.ekSug wmyiq ud;Dldjla f,i h' wd¾Ól -

foaYmd,k rduqj ms<sn|j idlÉPdj foaYmd,k{hska

úfYaI{hska iy úoaj;=ka fj; u mjrd § ;sfí' fï

;;a;ajh ;=< u wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iEu mqrjeishl=f.a

u Ôú;j,g n,j;a n,mEula t,a, lrkakla njg o

m;aj ;sfí' f.da,ShlrKh iy kj ksoyia wd¾Ól

m%;sm;a;s fndfyda rgj, ÿmam;=ka iy fmdfydi;=ka

w;r mr;rh j¾Okh ùug fya;= ù we;s nj fndfyda

;ekaj, § olakg ;sfí' ksoyia fj<|fmd<

wd¾Òlfhys fuu ,snr,ajd§ ixl,amhg we;s úl,amh

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhhs' fuu fmdf;ys wruqK

tu iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh ms<sn| idudkH

ixl,amh f;areï .ekSug u. mdod §u;a tu

ixl,amh fj; myiqfjka <Õdùug Wmldr lsÍu;a h'

fuu m%ldYkh u.ska tu ud;Dldj ms<sn|j Y%S

,xldfõ we;s ixjdoh mq¿,a lrkakg wmg odhl

jkakg yels fõ hhs wm l,amkd lruq'

weiaá%â fnl¾fkajdisl wOHCIsld

t*a'B'tia' Y%S ,xld

3

m<uqjk uqøKh

l¾;D ( finia;shka iam¾,sx

ljr ieliqu iy ldgqka Ñ;% ( msh,a Woh iurùr

isxy, wkqjdoh ( ã' tia' tia' udhdÿkafka

tia' tÉ' ta' fudyuâ

f*%âßla-BnÜ-moku

wxl 04" wevïia mgqu.

fld<U 04'

fld<U - cQ,s 2006

ISBN 955-607-047-8

2

t*a' B' tia' m%ldYk wxl 69

fmrjok

f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd, wd¾Ólh yev.iajkq ,nkafka

,snr,ajd§ woyiaj,sks' wd¾Ól úoHd{hska"

l<uKdlrejka iy foaYmd,k{hskag wjYHj

we;af;a fuh iajNdúl ms<sfj, hehs wmg ta;a;=

.ekaùu h' thg úl,amhla ke;ao@

cd;sl uÜgfï § fndfyda rdcHhka ksoyia fj<|fmd<

wd¾Ólhg úl,amhka wkq.ukh lr;s' bka tlla rch

fj<|fmd< iy iudch w;r we;s in|;d ms<sn|j

jvd;a fjkia woyia we;s iudc fj<|fmd<

wd¾Ólhhs' Tfí w;e;s fuu fmd;a msxp u.ska ,snr,a

wdlD;shg mgyeks fuu wd¾Ól ixl,amh y÷kajd

fokq ,nhs'

fuu fmd;a msxp ,shd we;af;a idudkH ck;dj

fjkqfjks' tfyhska jvd ir, f,i uQ,sl woyia fj;

fhduq ù ;sfí' tfia u ;SrKd;aul fjkialï biau;=

lr olajkq msKsi is;du;d u ia:dms; wdo¾Yhka

fhdod.kq ,en ;sfí' fndfyda fihska c¾uka w;a±lSï

Wmqgd olajkq ,enqj o fuu fmd;a msxp lshúh hq;af;a

fmdÿ ixl,amhla y÷kajd§ula f,i h'

fmd;a msxfpys m<uq Nd.h ;=< iudc fj<|fmd<

wd¾Ólfha m%Odk ixl,amh;a ta i|yd jQ m%udKsl

idOdrKSlrKh lsÍu;a we;=<;a h' fojeks

mßÉfþofhka fuu l%uh ;=< rdcHfha N+ñldj iy

54

mgqk

1' uQ,sl woyi

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla hkq l=ulao@ 1

fj<|fmd<j,a ls%hd;aul jkafka tajdg ßis mßÈ o@ 4

Tng fl;rï ksoyia ùula wjYH o@ 6

udkj ysñlï i;= ld¾h Ndrh l=ulao@ 9

iudc idOdrKh hkq l=ulao@ 12

iudc idOdrKh we;slr.; yelafla flfiao@ 14

tfia kï iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh hkq l=ulao @ 18

2' rdcHfha ld¾h Ndrh

rdcHhka mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh iy;sl lrkafka flfiao@ 23

wd¾Ólh ia:djr lsÍu rdcHhkag l< yelafla flfiao @ 24

lïlre whs;Ska iy;sl lsÍug rdcHhkag yelafla flfiao@26

fj<|fmd<j,a yiqrejkafka flfiao@ 29

uyck NdKav hkq fudkjdo @ 33

iudc iqN idOkh hkq l=ulao @ 36

úhou f.jkafka ljqo @ 38

fldf;la m%udKhg rdcHh wjYHo @ 40

3' oelau

bÈßfhys we;s wNsfhda. fudkjdo@ 41

f.da,ShlrKfha f;areu

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha wjidkho@ 44

7

fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh jvd;a ziudchShZ lrkakg

fhdod.; yels wk.s WmlrK ,ehsia;=j fudkjd±hs

iómj ksßCIKh lrkakg wjldY i,id fohs'

;=kajeks Nd.h ;=< wo iudc iqNidOl rdcHhka uqyqK

§ isák iuyr wNsfhda.hka o y÷kd .kakd w;r

f.da,Sh uÜgfï § ,snr,a l%uh je<elaúh fkdyels

fohlehs hk iïm%odhsl u;hg tfrys ;¾l

.Kkdjla bÈßm;a lrñka wjika lrkq ,nhs'

finia;shka iam¾,sxisâks úYaj úoHd,h

6