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Pradeep ShrivastavapBarkatullah universityBhopal India

River obtains its sustenance from the environment .The quality of river water is linked with the quality of environment it has. Therefore it is necessary to ensure that the demand on the river environment does not exceed its present and future carrying capacity.

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Water is fundamental to life on earth. For human populations and ecosystems to thrive, that water must be clean, it must stay clean and, most importantly, it must be accessible to all. The degradation of water quality in rivers, streams, lakes, and groundwater systems has a direct impact on ecosystems and human health. This state of affairs represents an unspeakable human tragedy, and is also major obstacle to development. Irina BokovaIrina Bokova                   Director‐General of UNESCO

Narmada Basin

Total Geographic Area 98796Sq/km

States covered fourStates covered four

Area in Madhya Pradesh 85859 Sq/km (86.16%)

Total Length of the River 1312 km

River Course in M.P 1079 km

No. Of Districts in M.P 23 Districts

No. of Tributaries 41

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Map showing various study sites of River Narmada

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DINDORIAMARKANTAK

BARGI NARAYANGANJ

Plate A : Photograph showing the selected study sites of Narmada River.

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POPULATION POPULATION 

BASIN POPULATION ( MP) 12 7 MILLIONBASIN POPULATION ( MP) 12.7 MILLION

RURAL 84%

URBAN 16%

RURAL GROWTH RATE 5.49 – 44.09 %

URBAN GROWTH RATE 16.88 – 60.36 %

RATE OF URBANISATION 31.39 %

1400

1600

Total geographical Area of the district( Ha  x 1000 ) Basin Area (ha x 1000)

DISTRIBUTION OF BASIN AREA IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS

400

600

800

1000

1200

0

200

400

Shahdo

l

Mandala

Balaghat

Seon

i

Jabalpur

Narsingpu

r

Sagar

Dam

oh

Chhind

wara

Hoshangabad

Betul

Raisen

Seho

re

Khandawa

Khargone

Jhabua

Indo

re

Dhar

Dew

as

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100

1

10

0.1

1

Fraction of district  lying in the Basin (%)

Fraction of  Basin  lying in the district  (%)

Higher rate of development and growthoccurring in the districts with comparativelysmaller area of river basin:

Population growth rate:   21‐60.3%Population density: 186‐663 /sq kmRate of urbanisation: 31 39%Rate of urbanisation: 31.39%Industrial development

Activities concentrating in certain districts only

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25000

30000

5000

10000

15000

20000

0

BOD load Kg / day Rural BOD  load Kg / day Urban Total  BOD load Kg / day

BOD GENERATION FROM POPULATIONBOD GENERATION FROM POPULATION

URBAN LOAD 127195  kg/day  URBAN LOAD 127195  kg/day  33%

RURAL LOAD 152634 kg/day  39.8%

TOTAL IN THE BASIN    382628  kg/day

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POPULATION LOAD

URBAN POPULATION DECADAL GROWTH RATE IS HIGHER UPTO 60% AND LOWER IN RURAL AREAS

POINT ORIGIN WASTE WATER IN URBANNON POINT ORIGIN IN RURAL AREAS

TOTAL BOD DUE TO CATTLE POPULATION RELEASED IN THE RIVER BASIN HAS BEEN ESTIMATED TO BE 220154 kg/d REMAINS UN TREATED

HOSPITAL WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE BASIN4030400 l/d

THE AVERAGE BOD VALUE OF THE RIVER HAS INCREASED FROM AVERAGE OF 2.3 mgl I N 1994 TO 5.4 mgl IN 2004-05

WASTE WATER GENERATION IN BASIN

TOTAL 238.79 MCM

INDUSTRIAL 13.93 MCM

SHARE OF INDUSTRIES IS 5.83%

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BOD GENERATION FROM INDUSTRIESBOD GENERATION FROM INDUSTRIES

FROM INDUSTRIES  18972 7 FROM INDUSTRIES  18972.7 kg/day 

TOTAL IN THE BASIN   382628  kg/day

% OF INDUSTRIES  4.95 % 

Annual total and irrigational waste water generation in Narmada basin

30

35

40

45

50

Waste water by Irrigation

Total waste water generated

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Mandla

Balagh

atSeo

ni

Shahd

ol

shan

gaba

d

arsing

hpur

Jaba

lpur

Raisen

Betul

Chindw

ara

Damoh

Sagar

Khargo

ne

Khand

waDha

r

Dewas

Sehore

Jhab

uaInd

ore

MC

M

Hosh

Nar Ch K K

Districts

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60000

70000

Annual Fertilizer consumption in the districts of the basin

(1991-2000)

(2004-05)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Man

dla

Din

dori

Bala

ghat

Seon

i

Shah

dol

anga

bad

Har

da

sing

hpur

abal

pur

Rai

sen

Betu

l

indw

ara

Dam

oh

Saga

r

harg

one

hand

wa

Dha

r

Dew

as

Seho

re

Jhab

ua

Indo

re

Tons

B S

Hos

ha

Nar

s J

Ch Kh Kh

Districts of the basin

ANNUAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION IN THE BASIN

1990­91 3,35,541 TONS

2004­05 5,56,337 TONS

% INCREASE  :  40%  (15 YRS)

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1990­91   : 27,258 TONS

POLLUTANT LOAD BY THE USE OF FERTILISERS

2004­05    : 55,633 TONS

%INCREASE   : 51% (15 YRS)

Fertilisers pollutant load in river water

6000

70001990-912004-05

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

a i t i l d a r r n l h r e r e a e

Tons

/Yea

r

Man

dla

Din

dor

Bala

gha t

Seon

i

Shah

dol

Hos

hang

abad

Har

da

Nar

sing

hpur

Jaba

lpur

Rai

sen

Betu

l

Chi

ndw

ara

Dam

o h

Saga

r

Khar

gone

Khan

dwa

Dha

r

Dew

as

Seho

r e

Jhab

ua

Indo

re

Districts

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Marked change in application rate of the pesticides from 1990-91 to 2006-07

10.71115 1990 91

PESTICIDES APPLICATION RATEIN THE RIVER BASIN DISTRICTS

0.10.89 0.16 0.04 0.04 0.16

1.110.26 0.29

4.3

8 7.67

4.38

10.71

0.440.12

1.670.911.63 0.88

0.34

1.14

00.511.522.533.544.555.566.577.588.599.51010.51111.5

agha

t

gaba

d

Rai

sen

Betu

l

Dam

oh

Saga

r

ndw

a

Dha

r

ewas

ehor

e

ndor

e

1990-91

2006-07

Bal

Hos

hang R D S

Khan D Se I

Districts

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF RIVER ATASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF RIVER ATURBAN AGGLOMERATIONURBAN AGGLOMERATION

JABALPUR HOSHANGABAD

BOD loadKg/day

43000 - 217866 94241 - 511362

Distance 115 km> 71 km>Distance considered

115 km> 71 km>

Water discharge

9.37km3 yr-1 23.82 km3 yr-1

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Assimilative Capacity of Rivrt at Jabalpur & Hoshangabad

ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF THE RIVER

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

BO

D L

oad

(Kg/

day)

0

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

Octobe

r

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Janu

ary

Februa

ryMarc

hApri

lMay

MonthBOD Load Kg/day of Jabalpur BOD Load Kg/day Hoshangabad

ABSENCE OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM FOR COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF SEWAGESEWAGE/WASTE WATER FLOWS THROUGH NATURAL DRAINAGE CONVERTED INTO CITY WASTE WATER DRAINAGE JOINS RIVER.SEPTIC TANK PROVISION FOR LIMITED POPULATIONABSENCE OF MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY IN MOST OF THE DISTRICTS.CITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS DO NOT INDICATE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT/TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

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SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT IN CLASS I CITIES AND CLASS II TOWNS (2001 POPULATION BASIS)

City category & population 

Number of cities 

Sewage generation, MLD 

Installed sewage treatment capacity, MLD 

Total capacity gap

All the above Class I cities together

441 26164 6047(23.1%)

20117 (76.9%)

g

Class II towns having 0.5 to 1 lac population

4892965 200 (4.8%) 2822

(95.2%)

Source: CPCB

Assimilative capacity of the riverAssimilative capacity of the river

H BAD HAS HIGH ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY DUE TO HILL RANGES ON TWO SIDES THICK FOREST IN THE BASIN CAUSES PERENNIAL WATER FLOW

JABALPUR/EAST REGION ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY IS LOWERCLOSE TO RIVER ORIGIN: SMALLER BASIN AREANO THICK FOREST IN BASINWATER DISCHARGE IS LOWER

WESTERN REGON BASIN WATER DISCHARGE IS POORWESTERN REGON BASIN WATER DISCHARGE IS POOR ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY IS LOWER

HAS FLAT AREA, AGRICULTUER LAND USE, NO FOREST IN THE BASIN, DAMS CONSTRUCTED ON TRIBUTARIES AND MAIN RIVER

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ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY TO BE ESTIMATED BASEDASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY TO BE ESTIMATED BASEDON WATER DISCHARGE RATE IN THE RIVER ANDTHE DEVELOPMENT ACCORDINGLY DONE WITHRESPECT TO:

• POPULATION• INDUSTRIES• AGRICULTURE (THE INNOCENT CULPRIT)

ISSUES OF BASIN ENVIRONMENTISSUES OF BASIN ENVIRONMENT

AREA OF THE RIVER BASIN FALLS IN SEVERAL ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS/UNITS

DISTRICT AREA MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE RIVER BASIN

LAND USE OF THE UNITS GREATLY INFLUENCES THE RIVER ECOLGY/ENVIRONMENTAL QAULITY

WATER QUALITYBIODIVERSITYBIOPRODUCTIVITYBIOPRODUCTIVITYHUMAN HEALTH/SOCIAL IMPACTS

ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS ARE ENTITY FOR PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE CONCENTATED AT ONE PLACE, IMPACT THE RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

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PRESENT DISTRICT DVELOPMENT PLANS DO NOT PREDICT POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE EMANATING FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASIN DSITRICTS.

SITUATION CAN BE AVERTED BY ADOPTING ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

OTHER RIVER BASIN AREAS IN THE DISRICT MAY BE EXPLORED FOR DEVELOPMENT

CARRYING CAPACITY OF THESE BASIN AREAS IN THECARRYING CAPACITY OF THESE BASIN AREAS IN THE DISTRICT SHOULD BE DETERMINED WITH REPECT TO DEVELOPMENT (POPULATION,INDUSTRIES ETC)

THIS ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRICT BASIN AREA TO PRECEED ITS DEVELOPMENTAL PLANNING

DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN TO INDICATE CLEAR ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES ALSO

THE TOTAL WASTE WATER/BOD LOAD NOT TO EXCEED THE RIVER ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES MAY BE DIVERTED/CONSIDERED FOR OTHER BASIN AREAS OF THE SAME DISTRICT OR

DIVERTED TO ANOTHER DISRICT WHICH PERMITS/ASSIMILATE THE ADDITIONAL POLLUTION LOAD

DEVELOPMENT PLANING TO BE DONE AT DISTRICT BASINLEVEL THAN AT ADMINISTRATIVE AREA LEVEL

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