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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Introduction

Functional building blocks of embedded systems

Processor

Register

Memory devices

Ports

Timer

Interrupt controllers

Introduction to Software Programming in Embedded system

Prepared by

M.Sujith,

Lecturer,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

Vidyaa Vikas College of Engineering and Technology.

HOD/EEE PRINCIPAL

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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded system is one that has computer- hardware and software embedded in it as

one of its most important componentwhich makes a system dedicated for an

application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger system.

Embedded system is a single purpose computer built in to larger system for processing the

control and monitoring the system

COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

It has Hardware

Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.

It has main Application Software

Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application software. It sets the rules during the

execution of the application program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.

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WHAT IS A SYSTEM?

A system is a way of working, organizing or doing one or many tasks according to a fixed plan,

program or set of rules.

A system is also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together according to

the plan or program.

Example:- It is a time display SYSTEM

Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial, Chassis and Strap

Rules

1. All needles move clockwise only

2. A thin needle rotates every second

3. A long needle rotates every minute

4. A short needle rotates every hour

5. All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

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Features of an embedded system

Constituents of embedded computer: hardware and software

Timeliness: controller must be able to respond fast enough to keep its operation within a safe region

System interconnection

Reliability

Skills required for an embedded system designers

For small scale embedded system designer understanding of microcontroller, memory allocation,

C programming and debugging

For medium scale ES designers- RTOS, RTOS with application programming interface for the specific

microcontroller

For sophisticated ES designer- co design, RTOS, HDLs (High Level Design Language) programming

SPECIFICATION OF THE SYSTEM

Product functions and tasks Delivery Time schedule Product Life-cycle Load on System Human-Machine Interaction Operating Environment Sensors Power Requirement and enviornment System Cost

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A SHORT LIST OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Anti-lock brakes

Auto-focus cameras

Automatic teller machin

Automatic toll systems

Automatic transmission

Avionic systems

Battery chargers

Camcorders

Cell phones

Cell-phone base stations

Cordless phones

Cruise control

Curbside check-in syste

Digital cameras

Disk drives

Electronic card readers

Electronic instruments

Electronic toys/games

Factory control

Fax machines

Fingerprint identifiers

Home security systems

Life-support systems

Medical testing systems

Modems

MPEG decoders

Network cards

Network switches/routers

On-board navigation

Pagers

Photocopiers

Point-of-sale systems

Portable video games

Printers

Satellite phones

Scanners

Smart ovens/dishwashers

Speech recognizers

Stereo systems

Teleconferencing systems

Televisions

Temperature controllers

Theft tracking systems

TV set-top boxes

VCRs, DVD players

Video game consoles

Video phones

Washers and dryers

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Some common characteristics of embedded systems

Single-functioned

Executes a single program, repeatedly

Tightly-constrained

Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.

Reactive and real-time

Continually reacts to changes in the systems environment

Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

Characteristics of an embedded system

Real-Time Operation

Reactive: computations must occur in response to external events

Correctness is partially a function of time

Small Size, Low Weight

Hand- held electronics and Transportation applications -- weight costs money

Low Power

Battery power for 8+ hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)

Harsh environment

Heat, vibration, shock, power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning, corrosion

Safety- critical operation

Must function correctly and Must notfunction in correctly

Extreme cost sensitivity

$. 05 adds up over 1,000, 000 units

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Embedding a computer

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