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WELCOMETO

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Research Methodology

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Resource Person

Dr Allah NawazTopic

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is a SYSTEMATIC process of TOPIC-SELECTION & FORMULATION (definition of the topic), DATA-

COLLECTION (on a particular topic), its ANALYSIS into INFORMATION and then PRESENTATION (communication)

of the Findings for Different Purposes, for example:

2. Learning1. Problem-solving

3. Intellectual Growth

1. Predefined STEPS

2. Predefined OUTPUTS of Every Step

1. Survival &

2. Development

Why Research?

1. To Develop

2. To Improve

3. To Solve Problems

SOCIAL RESAERCH BECOMES SCIENTIFIC BY BEING CONDUCTED

SYSTEMATICALLY

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It is a set of:

1. Principles & Theories

3. Guidelines & Methods

2. A Framework for Conducting Research

4. A Model for Research as a Systematic Process

For Example, Whether Research is a TECHNICAL

or SOCIAL process.

How to Develop a Research PROJECT?

How to COLLECT & ANALYSE Data?

Suggests STEPS and their DELIVERABLES or OUTPUTS

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Steps Activities Outputs

1Topic Selection & Formulation

Preliminary Literature Survey

Problem Statement

SOCIAL RESEARCH PROCESS

2 Data Collection

Detailed Literature Survey Dat

aScattered Facts and Figures In Cards, Questionnaires & Interview Material.

3Data Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

Descriptive & Inferential

4 Presentation

Drafting

Information

Report

Pilot Study (optional)Theoretical FrameworkHypotheses

QuestionnaireInterviewObservation

Quantitative AnalysisOrganized Facts & Figures ready for Documentation

RevisingComposing Thesis Paper Book

Research Project

List of Working Concepts

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1Topic Selection & Formulation

Preliminary Literature Survey

Problem Statement

Pilot Study (optional)

List of Working ConceptsTheoretical FrameworkHypotheses

SOCIAL RESAERCH PROCESS

means to:

Academic Research

1. Understand the existing research on the topic

2. Extract Variables and Attributes of the topic

3. Find the relationships between Variables

4. Convert all this into a Theoretical Model for the Current Research

Professional Research

1. Data is Available

2. Research Technology is Accessible

1. Leading Issue

2. Budgetary Constraints

Research Project

Problem Statement

List of Working Concepts

When Preliminary Literature Survey reveals that Existing Data on the Topic is not Enough to Develop a RESEARCH PROJECT or PROPOSAL then PILOT

STUDY is used to Solve the Problem of Lack of Material for the Research Project Development.

In a Pilot-Study researcher Prepares an Initial Questionnaire with Open-Ended Questions to Collect Data from the Field or Real-World and thereby Fill the

Data requirements unfilled by the preliminary literature survey. Hypotheses

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1Topic Selection & Formulation

Preliminary Literature Survey

Problem Statement

Pilot Study (optional) Theoretical FrameworkHypotheses

SOCIAL RESAERCH PROCESS

Research Project

Problem-statement should be given in the form of a STATEMENT however, it can be expressed as QUESTION(S) or Mixed, for example, if the topic is “PATIENTS’ SATISFACTION FROM HEALTHCARE SERVICES IN DIK”

Patients’ Satisfaction from Healthcare Services is universally determined by the Factors like Doctors, Medicine, Clinic, Fee & Prices etc. and the Demographic Attributes of the Patients however, readings Differ from context to context. The issues of this research are: How far the Patients are Satisfied from the same Factors in DIK and How their Demographics are influencing their attitude?

Research Variables1 Satisfaction from DOCTOR

2 Satisfaction from MEDICINE

3 FEE

4 PRICES

5 CLINIC/HOSPITAL

6 PARAMEDICS

Demographics

1 Age

2 Education

n Gender

Satisfaction from DOCTOR

Satisfaction from MEDICINE

Satisfaction from n

Total Satisfaction

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

RESEARCH PROPOSAL/PROJECT

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Background1.2 Problem Statement1.3 Significance1.4 Hypothesis

2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Existing Research2.2 List of Variables2.3 Theoretical Framework2.4 List of Sub-Hypotheses

3 RESARCH DESIGN3.1 Approach3.2 Population & Sample3.3 Data Collection & Analysis Tools

4 SYNOPSIS OF THESIS1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION2 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW3 Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN4 Chapter 4 FINDINGS5 Chapter 5 DISCUSSION6 Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS

ReferencesREFERENCES

List of Working Concepts

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DATA SOURCES

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DATA TYPES

APPROACHES METHODS

DATA

COLLECTION

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Both Data and Information are Facts & Figures. Data are NOT Organized according to the Requirements of the Users, while Information is!

Facts and Figures are Neither Data or Information by themselves!

Secondary The facts & figures that are already available in the form of one or another Document is called Secondary data from secondary sources. For example, data from books, journals, reports etc. Secondary data can both be Qualitative and/or Quantitative.

PrimaryWhen facts & figures are collected directly from the respondents through questionnaires, interviews or observation, they are called Primary data from Primary or ‘First-Hand’ sources. Again Primary data can both be Qualitative and/or Quantitative.

DATA & INFORMATION

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At the broader level, Data are categorized into Qualitative and Quantitative. However, both are further subdivided into low level categories for the sake of Analysis &

Interpretation. Qualitative data can be textual or pictorial while Quantitative data can be recorded at Nominal, Ordinal, Interval or Ratio Levels!

QualitativeWhen Facts & Figures are available in the form of TEXT, GRAPHS, PICTURES, FIGURES, AUDIO&VIDIO, it is called Qualitative as it is about one or another Quality of Some Phenomenon.

Quantitative When Data are made available in the form of NUMBERS, they are referred to Quantitative facts & figures.

Qualities can be Converted into Numbers for the sake of Analysis and after analysis, they are reduced back into Qualities.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

Unique Order Distance Origin Examples

1 Nominal × × × Yes/No

2 Ordinal × × High/Medium/Low

3 Interval × SDA 12345 SA

4 Ratio Age, Experience

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All of these APPROACHES can be used Separately or in the Same Study!

SURVEY

EXPERIMENT

CASE STUDY

OBSERVATION

When the POPULATION of interest is Too LARGE to be CONTROLLED and included in the Study, Researchers use SAMPLES, which are REPRESENTATIVE of all the Diversities of the population.

An EXPERIMENT may include total population or sample. It is used when the “Unit of Analysis” is in Full or Maximum CONTROL of the researcher.

When researcher focuses on a Particular CASE. A Case can be an individual, group, organization, community as well as an issue, dispute etc. Both survey and experiments can be used in a case study.

When researcher focuses on a Particular CASE. A Case can be an individual, group, organization, community as well as an issue, dispute etc. Both survey and experiments can be used in a case study.

APPROACHES TO DATA COLLECTION

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The Variables and Attributes (Extracted from the Literature) are arranged into a Questionnaire.

If neither Questionnaire nor interview is working then Observation is applied for data collection.

The Questions which cannot be included in the Questionnaire are then asked in the interview.

Detailed Literature Survey is commenced after topic selection and formulation. Multiple CARDS are

prepared from different sources like Books, Research-Papers, Official Reports etc.

All of these Methods can be used Separately or in the Same Study!

LITERATURE SURVEY

QUESTIONNAIRE

INTERVIEW

OBSERVATION

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SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE

5 I am Satisfied from the Doctor SDA 1 2 3 4 5 SA6 Doctor’s Behavior is Friendly. SDA 1 2 3 4 5 SA7 Doctor pays full attention. SDA 1 2 3 4 5 SAn Question n

10 Medicine are Expensive (R) SDA 1 2 3 4 5 SA11 Fake medicines are prevailing in the market. (R) SDA 1 2 3 4 5 SA12 Medicines are Available Easily. SDA 1 2 3 4 5 SAn Question n

Satisfaction of Patients from Healthcare Facilities in DIK

1. Age: _________________________

2. Gender: ______________________

3. Education:____________________

4. Income: ______________________

COMMENTS: ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

DEMOGRAPHICS

RESEARCH QUESTIONS Closed Questions

Open Question

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ThanksDr Allah Nawaz

Assistant Prof. Dept. of Public Admn, Gomal University, DIK

DR ALLAH NAWAZ