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3
Hearing / Audition
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
Sound waves are compressing and expanding air molecules in the atmosphere.
6
Frequency of Sound Waves
• The frequency of a sound wave is measured as the number of cycles per second (Hertz)– 20,000 Hz Highest Frequency we can hear– 4,186 Hz Highest note on a piano– 1,000 Hz Highest pitch of human voice– 100 Hz Lowest pitch of human voice– 27 Hz Lowest note on a piano
7
Intensity (Loudness)
Intensity (Loudness):
Amount of energy in a wave,
determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived
loudness.
9
Maximum level of industrial noise considered safe
Characteristics of Sound Waves
20 40 60 80 100 1600 120 180140
Loud thunder or rock concert
Pain Pain ThresholdThreshold
City bus
Normal conversation
Subway
db
Noisy automobile
Absolute threshold of human hearing
Quiet office
Whisper Rocket launch
15
The Ear
Outer Ear/Pinna: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum.
Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
16
CochleaCochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in
the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals.
17
Transduction of Sounds
• The structures of the ear transform changes in air pressure (sound waves) into vibrations of the Basilar Membrane
• As the Basilar Membrane vibrates it causes the hairs in the Hair Cells to bend
• The bending of the hairs leads to a change in the electrical potential within the cell
18
Localization of SoundsBecause we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize
the sound.
1. Intensity differences2. Time differences
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Audition
Conduction Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to
the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Nerve Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to
the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
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Audition Older people tend to hear low frequencies well
but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies
1time
10times
100times
1000times
32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384
Frequency of tone in waves per second
Low Pitch High
Amplitude required forperception relative to 20-29 year-old group
21
Phonemic RestorationOur Brains fill in for us
• Subjects asked to listen to a recording with a transcript and indicate where the recording was obscured by a cough.
• All subjects reported hearing the cough• 19/20 said there was not missing text (the
one person got the wrong phoneme)
• Le(COUGH)laturesLink Auditory Illusions
23
Chemical and Body Senses Overview
• Touch and temperature• Pain• Gustation (taste)• Olfaction (smell)• Kinesthetic (location of body)• Vestibular (balance)
24
Touch
The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses—pressure,
warmth, cold, and pain.
Bru
ce A
yers
/ Sto
ne/ G
etty
Im
ages
26
PainPain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to
the skin and other tissues.
A rare disease exists in which the afflicted person feels no pain.
Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither painnor extreme hot or cold. Link 4:23 Link 1:39
AP Photo/ Stephen M
orton
27
Pain
• Nerve endings in body act as
nocioceptors– Pain gates regulate pain signals in 3 areas
• Brain stem – gate-control theory of pain• Spinal cord • Peripheral regulation of pain
– Phantom limbs• Up to 70% of amputees experience this
Ramachandran link for phantom limbs 9:24-17:43
28
Human Diversity: Culture and Pain
• Bariba society – cultural emphasis on pain– Tolerate pain easily– Calm response to pain is part of Bariba
pride– Pregnant women don’t show labor pain
reaction, experience labor pain and birth alone
29
Gate-Control Theory
Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to
be sensed.
Gary C
omer/ PhototakeU
SA.com
30
Gate control animation
31
Pain Control
Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery,
acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even thought distraction.
Todd R
ichards and Aric V
ills, U.W
. ©
Hunter H
offman, w
ww
.vrpain.com
33
Taste
Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes.
Recently, receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”.
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami(Fresh
Chicken)
Taste link at Nova
Blocking bitter taste at Nova
34
Surface of tongue
Receptor cells
Pore
Bitter
Sour
Salty
Sweet and fatty
Sensory nerve fiber
Taste
37
Taste
• Your sensitivity to taste will decline if you:– Smoke heavily– Consume large amounts of alcohol– Grow older
– Picky eating may be adaptive at PBS
38
Taste and Cognition
• What you THINK about a food can change how you perceive it!
• $90 Btl. Wine rated as better than $10 wine….
• The twist….they were both the same wine• Our taste experience is subjective.
“Studies have indeed shown that when wines are tasted blind there is little correlation between a wines taste and its cost, but that there is strong correlation when the wines are not sampled blind.”
Link Beer tasting 5:26
39
Taste• Culture and taste preferences:
http://http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Bizarre_Foods/Video/Andrew_Eats_Raw_Camel_Kidney_In_Ethiopia
http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Anthony_Bourdain
41
Sensory Interaction
When one sense affects another sense, sensory interaction takes place.
So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.
Ramachandran on synesthesia 17:43 – 23:38
McGurk effect on Youtube
Synesthesia professor funk 4:37
44
Smell/Olfaction
Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate
5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are many different forms of
smell.
45
Chemical Senses: The Flavors and Aromas of
Life• Olfaction
– Olfactory epithelium – top of nasal cavity – Pheromone detection of sweat and urine
• Vomeronasal organ• Influence human female reproductive cycles• Inhalation of male sex hormone and mood
changes• Males may respond to sex hormones
47
Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Women
Men
10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99Age Group
4
3
2
0
Numberof correct
answers
Women and young adults have best sense of smell
48
Smell and MemoriesThe brain region for
smell (in red) is closely connected
with the brain regions involved
with memory (limbic system).
That is why strong memories are
associated with odor.
49
Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. The
vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position.
http
://ww
w.h
eyo
kam
ag
azin
e.co
m
Whirling Dervishes Wire Walk
50
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY(7th Edition in Modules)
David MyersPowerPoint Slides
Aneeq AhmadHenderson State
University, Lahey, Amy Jones, Bernstein, McGraw
Hill w/ Garber edits
Worth Publishers, © 2008