The first recognized commercial greyhound racetrack in the world was built in Emeryville,

California in 1919 by Owen Patrick Smith and the Blue Star Amusement Company.1 The

track was oval in design and featured Smith’s new invention, the mechanical lure, thought

to offer a more humane alternative to the live lures used in traditional greyhound field

coursing.2 By 1930, sixty-seven dog tracks had opened across the United States – none

legal.3

The first of the new tracks

used Smith’s lure running on

the outside rail, while other

tracks used an alternative

lure running on an inside

rail.4 Dogs at Smith’s tracks

wore colored collars for

identification, while dogs at

other tracks wore the racing

blankets still used today.5

Due to the scarcity of

greyhounds, two-dog races

were common; later the

number of dogs was increased to as many as eight.6 Some dogs had to race several times

in one afternoon.7

Despite schemes to hide betting, such as the purchase of “options” or “shares” of winning

dogs (or even pieces of the betting stands themselves), tracks were regularly exposed as

venues for illegal gambling and related criminal activities. Individual tracks would run for a

day or a week before being raided, and then open again once the coast was clear.8 This was

referred to as “running on the fix” and failed tracks were called “bloomers.”9 One owner of

dogs during this early period commented, “In some towns you had to be faster than your

dogs to get your kennel cages out of town ahead of the law. If you ran second, they had

their own kind of cage for you.”10 It is believed that Smith originally envisioned basing his

profits entirely on 99-cent gate receipts, but soon realized that gambling would attract

bigger crowds.11 Rumors of drugged dogs and fixed races became common, and early

Tampa’s Greyhound Race Track in the 1920’s. Photograph from the Greater Tampa Chamber of Commerce Collection, City of Tampa Archives

2

tracks gained “unsavory reputations” because of their perceived involvement with

mobsters.12

These perceptions aside, a bid to recognize dog racing as a legal activity was brought

before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1927.13 Following the passage of a statute authorizing so-

called “regular race meetings” in the state of Kentucky, O.P. Smith and his partners had

opened a 4,000-seat, $50,000 facility in Erlanger. The Court found that horse tracks

qualified under the state statute, but dog tracks did not.14 Similarly, it would be future

Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, then the attorney general of California, who

would block the growth of dog racing in his state. The original Blue Star track in Emeryville

had been shuttered after fewer than three seasons in 1922, but multiple tracks had

succeeded it, all of which Warren successfully worked to close down by 1939.15

The first state to allow dog tracks to operate legally was Florida.16 In 1931, lawmakers there

passed a pari-mutuel bill over Governor Doyle E. Carlton’s veto.17 By 1935, there were ten

licensed tracks operating in the Sunshine State.18 According to the Tallahassee Democrat,

the Governor had refused a $100,000 bribe to sign the legislation.19 Oregon and

Massachusetts became the next states to authorize dog racing, in 1933 and 1934

respectively.20 Bay State Governor Joseph Buell Ely, a republican, signed the emergency bill

in Massachusetts authorizing horse racing – despite the fact that dog racing was also

included. Setting his “personal objections” to the latter aside, he chose to ignore the clear

objections of his party in hopes of finding new sources of revenue during the Great

Depression.21 New York Governor Herbert H. Lehman was also no fan of dog racing, and

vetoed the dog racing bill presented to him in 1937. The State Racing Commission had

advised that dog racing was an invitation to fraud, “anti-economic and opposed to the best

interests of sports,” and particularly detrimental to the existing enterprise of horse racing.22

In the neighboring state of New Jersey, lawmakers approved a “temporary” or trial dog

racing authorization in 1934, but the state Supreme Court struck it down as

unconstitutional one year later.23 In 1939, Arizona became the fourth state to legalize dog

racing during the Depression era.24

Although church groups, civic and humane organizations rallied in opposition, the new

industry of greyhound racing continued to grow, with Colorado and South Dakota both

legalizing it in 1949.25 Arkansas legalized dog racing in 1957 and that state’s Southland

Greyhound Corporation was among the six new American tracks to open during the 1950s.

Southland’s debut was marred by the electrocution of a greyhound during a promotional

race, which added to the bitter opposition of local media to the new track. For years,

Memphis newspapers would not accept paid advertisements from the facility.26

3

Greyhound racing was legalized in the twelve additional states of Alabama, Connecticut,

Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, New Hampshire, Nevada, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia

and Wisconsin through the 1970s and 1980s. Now legal and operational in eighteen states,

dog racing had reached its peak.27 However, despite this pro-industry trend, lawmakers in

states like Montana resisted and were never to authorize the activity.28 Similarly, voters in

the state of California rejected two initiatives intended to legalize dog racing. The last 1976

ballot question was brought by George Hardie of the Golden State Greyhound Association

and lost by the significant margin of 25%-75%. In an open letter published in The

Greyhound Review, he had urged the national industry to support his campaign, but to no

avail.29

Referred to as the “Sport of Queens,” perhaps in reference to Queen Elizabeth I’s

promotion of greyhound coursing in the sixteenth century, dog racing sought to promote

itself as elite, glamorous and on a par with its traditional competitor, horse racing.30 Even

before legalization, Owen Patrick Smith created an organization to market dog racing. The

International Greyhound Racing Association, though never actually international, was

formed in 1926 in Miami.31 In 1946, Florida track owners united to form the American

Greyhound Track Owners Association, which later welcomed owners from across the

country. It published the Greyhound Racing Record and released the American Greyhound

Racing Encyclopedia in 1963, both intended to deliver good news about dog racing and to

provide a “clear narrative” to the American public.32 In 1973, the National Coursing

Association renamed itself the National Greyhound Association and opened its doors in

Abilene, Kansas. To this day, a racing greyhound must be registered with the NGA in order

to compete; the trade group maintains official breeding records and publishes The

Greyhound Review.33 Perhaps the most well-known promotion for dog racing is the

Greyhound Hall of Fame, a museum and exhibit center also located in Abilene.34 At its

height, dog racing was rated as the sixth most popular sporting activity in the country.35

Proponents of dog racing in Florida were perhaps the most enthusiastic of all in

emphasizing the “sun and fun” to be had at its facilities. Beauty pageant winners, baseball

stars, and famous celebrities like Joe DiMaggio, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Burt Reynolds, Janet

Leigh, Tony Curtis, and even Old Blue Eyes, Frank Sinatra, made multiple appearances at

dog tracks in the Sunshine State. In 1958, Sinatra filmed a movie about a dog track gambler

at the Flagler Kennel Club and one year later, he appeared on the cover of the Greyhound

Racing Record along with a woman newly crowned as the “Queen of American Greyhound

Racing.” Beside them was the winning dog in a race named after the famous singer.36

Tracks in other states also attracted celebrity visits. Talk show host Merv Griffin was

4

pictured at the Multnomah, Oregon track and both John Wayne and Paul Newman made

appearances at Tucson Greyhound Park in Arizona.37

Early dog tracks, starting with Emeryville itself,

offered hurdle racing as well as races of different

lengths to attract audiences.38 Florida, Kansas and

Texas tracks, as well as some of the shuttered

California, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and

Oklahoma tracks, even used monkeys as jockeys to

try and pique interest.39 The animals were sometimes

shaken to death during performances, causing local

humane societies to put a stop to this particular

gimmick.40 Dog tracks also offered musical

entertainment, live radio broadcasts and cross-

promotions with other entertainment venues,

including movie theaters and even horse tracks, both

to boost their popularity and to ward off complaints

from neighboring businesses.41 However, later

greyhound racing proponents would reject the

opportunity to broadcast races on television, for fear

of losing on-track bettors. This decision put dog racing at a competitive disadvantage with

horse racing, which was coincidentally legalized in the major media markets of New York

and California and eagerly capitalized on the new medium.42 Lacking a mainstream

audience, individual dogs were never to achieve the acclaim of champion horses like

Seabiscuit or Seattle Slew. Winning greyhounds such as Mission Boy, Rural Rube, Downing,

and Keefer would remain unknown to the general public, celebrated only in the record

books of the NGA.43

In the backdrop of its push to build popularity, dog racing was still challenged to distance

itself from organized crime.44 Joe Linsey, three-time president of the AGTOA and also a

convicted bookmaker, owned the original Taunton, Massachusetts track, five Colorado

tracks, and the Lincoln, Rhode Island facility.45 Gangsters Meyer Lansky, Bugsy Siegel, Lucky

Luciano and particularly Al Capone were said to have interests in tracks such as the

Hawthorne track in Illinois and the Miami Beach and Hollywood Kennel Clubs of Florida.46

In 1950, the U.S. Senate Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate

Commerce looked at these connections and charged that Chicago mobsters had infiltrated

Florida dog track operations, controlled the state racing commission and funneled illegal

contributions to politicians.47

A monkey riding a greyhound. Photograph by the Buffalo Times, 1935

5

More conflict arose within the industry itself when “dogmen,” the breeders, handlers,

kennel operators and others working at dog tracks, went on strike several times.48 In 1935,

1948, 1957, and again in 1975, they demanded greater fairness in bookings and a higher

cut of the bets made on their dogs. The 1948 strikes were led by the short-lived Greyhound

Owners Benevolent Association, modeled after similar groups working successfully in the

horse industry.49 In 1975, multiple strikes were tried in several states, none successful. The

“Flagler 18” was a group of dogmen associated with the Miami track. The court ordered

them to return to work; they refused and found themselves locked up in jail.50 Twenty-

three greyhound owners also struck in New Hampshire, and in Arizona, dogmen

threatened to kill twenty-five dogs a day until track management would agree to their

demands. State Attorney General Bruce Babbitt obtained a restraining order to block the

killings and described the failed ploy as “senseless, repulsive, inhumane, unjust [and]

immoral.”51

These strikes attracted public interest, and the media responded with intense coverage

beginning in the 1970s. While questions had always been raised about the underfed

appearance of racing greyhounds, increased media attention would now focus on the

humane issues surrounding racing itself.52 In September 1975, the National Enquirer

published an article, “Greyhound Racing – Where Brutality and Greed Finish Ahead of

Decency,” causing alarm among industry proponents such as Gary Guccione, once a writer

for the National Coursing Association and now Executive Director of the National

Greyhound Association.53 The first major televised report came from young investigative

reporter Geraldo Rivera. His first-hand look at the training and coursing of Kansas

greyhounds with live lures aired in June 1978 on the ABC program 20/20.54 Concerns were

raised in Washington DC, where U.S. Senator Birch Bayh introduced a bill to make it a

federal crime to engage in live lure training. His proposed amendment to the Animal

Welfare Act was never to become law, amid promises from the industry to police itself.55

Despite this pledge, state officials

continued to uncover live lure training in

the years to come. In 2002, Arizona

greyhound breeder Gregory Wood lost his

state license when state investigators

found 180 rabbits at his kennel, and as late

as 2011, licensee Timothy Norbert

Titsworth forfeited his state privileges

when Texas authorities caught him on

tape training greyhounds on his farm with

live rabbits.56

6

Exposés continued to air on programs like Inside Edition and National Geographic Explorer,

while national magazines including Life, Reader’s Digest and Ladies’ Home Journal featured

full-length articles on the cruelty of dog

racing.57 The discovery of one hundred ex-

racing greyhounds, shot and buried in an

abandoned lemon grove in Chandler, Arizona was brought to light by the Arizona

Republic.58 A greyhound burial ground serving the Hinsdale track of New Hampshire was

uncovered by Fox News.59 The New York Times broke the story in 2002 that a security

guard working at Florida tracks had received thousands of unwanted dogs over the years,

shooting them in the head and burying them on his Alabama farm. Robert Rhodes, who

died before he could be brought to trial, reportedly charged $10 apiece for his services.60

Overbreeding of greyhounds had become a problem in the dog racing world very early

on.61 A 1952 article in the Greyhound Racing Record calculated that less than thirty percent

of greyhounds born on breeding farms were usable for racing.62 A May 1958 article

published in the popular men’s magazine Argosy quoted one kennel operator-breeder as

explaining that there were three types of greyhounds in a litter: those who race, those who

breed, and those who are destroyed. The cover featured four racing greyhounds with the

question, “Must these dogs die?”63 Later, in the 1970s, as more and more states authorized

dog racing and the industry grew, the NGA’s approval of artificial insemination techniques

facilitated greyhound breeding, making it easier and less expensive to produce more and

more litters.64 Small farms had about forty breeding dogs, medium-size facilities averaged

about one hundred, and the larger facilities housed many times this number.65 Thousands

of racing dogs were dropped off at the Massachusetts SPCA as late as 1985, humanely

destroyed for a fee of $3 each.66 In 1990, the director of Arizona’s Maricopa County shelter

reported killing up to 500 greyhounds each year, the dogs dropped off by greyhound

breeders and racers who ordered them destroyed. Her plans to build another county

pound to save the greyhounds fell through.67 Worse still, some kennel owners continued to

feel that it “not only expedient, but humane” to just shoot unwanted greyhounds between

the eyes and be done with them.68

Other media coverage exposed the use of ex-racing greyhounds for experimentation.69 In

1989, the Associated Press reported on the illegal sale of twenty young greyhounds to the

Letterman Army Institute of Research in San Francisco for bone-breaking protocols.70 Then,

over a three-year period between 1995 and 1998, 2,600 ex-racers were donated for

terminal teaching labs at the Colorado State University veterinary school. The Rocky

Mountain News reported on the public outcry that led to the end of the program.71 In the

Spring of 2000, the Wisconsin State Journal, the Des Moines Register and the Chicago Sun-

The Alabama farm of Robert Rhodes. Photograph by the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, 2002

7

Times were among the newspapers that reported on the sale of one thousand greyhounds

to the Guidant cardiac research lab in Minnesota. NGA member Daniel Shonka, who

accepted the dogs on the premise of placing them for adoption, instead sold them to

Guidant for $400 each.72 Eight years later in 2006, history repeated itself when the Denver

Post reported that licensee Richard Favreau, who had also released dogs to CSU, received

$28,000 to place approximately two hundred additional greyhounds, but could only

account for a handful of them.73 The Tucson Weekly confirmed that Favreau would provide

no documentation for the one hundred and eighty greyhounds he had received from

Tucson Greyhound Park. As with all of these cases, Susan Netboy of the Greyhound

Protection League worked to expose the situation, creating a “public-relations nightmare”

for the entire dog racing industry in the process.74 Netboy was a regular contributor to the

national anti-racing newsletter, Greyhound Network News, which had been launched in

1992 by Joan Eidinger.75

With media attention intensifying, the

industry formed the American

Greyhound Council in 1987 to promote

the adoption of ex-racers and lead

damage control efforts. A joint project of

the AGTOA and NGA, the AGC also put in

place the industry’s first inspection

system for racing and breeding

kennels.76 A “Greyhound Rescue

Association” had been launched the year

before in Cambridge, Massachusetts by

anti-racing activist Hugh Geoghegan, and

the AGC followed with its own

“Greyhound Pets of America” chapters, requiring members to be “racing neutral.”77

Independent organizations like USA Defenders of Greyhounds were opened in 1988,

followed by the National Greyhound Adoption Program in 1989, Greyhound Friends for Life

(1991), Retired Greyhounds as Pets (1992), and Greyhound Companions of New Mexico

(1993).78 Where there had been just twenty adoption groups nationwide in these early

days, by 2004 there were nearly three hundred.79 Greyhounds were welcomed into homes

all across the country, many adopters pointing out that their dogs were “rescued.”80

As interest in greyhound racing declined, greyhound racing produced fewer and fewer tax

dollars and some states reportedly began taking a loss on the activity.81 According to the

Association of Racing Commissioners International, the amount of money wagered on live

Closed Waterloo Greyhound Park in Iowa. Photograph by GREY2K

USA, 2010

8

racing has been more than cut in half since 2001.82 The 1990s closure of tracks such as Key

West, Interstate, Green Mountain, Black Hills, Yuma, Fox Valley, Sodrac, Coeur D’Alene,

Biscayne, Greenetrack, Wisconsin Dells and Waterloo across nine states precipitated this

decline. Thirty more tracks were to cease live racing over the decade that followed, and by

2014 only twenty-one tracks remained in just seven states.83 The closure of one of the

nation’s original tracks, Multnomah Greyhound Park in Oregon (Christmas Eve 2004) was

particularly “demoralizing” for the industry.84

A total of forty-four American dog tracks have closed in the following order over the last

twenty-six years:

Key West (FL), Interstate (CO), Black Hills (SD), Green Mountain (VT), Yuma Greyhound Park

(AZ), Fox Valley (WI), Sodrac (SD), Biscayne (FL), Coeur d’Alene (ID), Waterloo (IA),

Greenetrack (AL), Wisconsin Dells (WI), St. Johns Greyhound Park (FL), Camptown

Greyhound Park (KS), Seminole Greyhound Park (FL), St. Croix Meadows (WI), Pueblo

Greyhound Park (CO), Apache Greyhound Park (AZ), Multnomah Greyhound Park (OR),

Plainfield Greyhound Park (CT), Geneva Lakes Kennel Club (WI), Post Time (CO), Shoreline

Star (CT), Cloverleaf Kennel Club (CO), Jacksonville Kennel Club (FL),Tampa Greyhound Park

(FL), Wichita Greyhound Park (KS), Corpus Christi (TX), Mile High (CO), The Woodlands (KS),

Hinsdale Greyhound Park (NH), The Lodge at Belmont (NH), Seabrook Greyhound Park

(NH), Wonderland Greyhound Park (MA), Guam Greyhound Park (Guam), Valley Park (TX),

Phoenix Greyhound Park (AZ). Raynham Park (MA), Dairyland Greyhound Park (WI), Twin

River (RI), VictoryLand (AL, Jefferson County Kennel Club (FL), Tucson Greyhound Park (AZ)

and Mobile Greyhound Park (AL).85

These closures resulted in the end of dog racing in the states of Connecticut, Kansas,

Oregon and Wisconsin, although no legislation has followed to make commercial

greyhound racing illegal per se in these jurisdictions.

Since the early 1980s, track owners had been allowed to share signals and take wagers on

each others’ races. “Simulcasting” was one tool that helped the industry, but once more the

dogmen felt left out. In 1989, they attempted to pass a federal bill to secure a greater share

of wagering proceeds and to have veto power over inter-track agreements. H.R. 3429, the

Interstate Greyhound Racing Act, was modeled after the successful Interstate Horse Racing

Act of 1978 but was doomed to fail once the AGTOA came to oppose it. Track owners

challenged the measure as unnecessary federal regulation and criticized it as a “private

relief” bill for greyhound owners. Representing the NGA, Gary Guccione testified that less

than one half of his members could even cover their costs of operation – but relief was not

to come.86 As of December 2013, there remained only 1,253 paying NGA members.87

9

Worse for industry proponents, new

competition for live racing also

presented itself in the form of state

lotteries, Indian casinos and casino-

style gambling opportunities at the

tracks themselves.88 During

hearings for the Indian Gaming

Regulatory Act of 1988, the NGA

expressed interest in joining forces

with Native American Interests; but

again the AGTOA stepped in and

testified before Congress that the

combination would allow unsavory

elements to infiltrate Native American communities and provide a powerful “magnet for

criminal elements.” Track owners seemed more than willing to remind lawmakers of old-

time dog racing’s association with organized crime in order to insulate their business.89

Beginning in the early 1990’s, states also began turning back the clock on the industry.

Seven states and the U.S. Territory of Guam repealed their authorization of pari-mutuel

wagering on live dog racing during this period, and some also banned simulcast wagering

on greyhounds. Vermont (1995), Idaho (1996), Nevada (1997), Guam (2009), Massachusetts

(2010), Rhode Island (2010), New Hampshire (2010) and Colorado (2014) all passed dog

racing prohibitions. Additionally, South Dakota allowed its authorization for live greyhound

racing to expire as of December 2011 and the five states of Maine (1993), Virginia (1995),

Washington (1996), North Carolina (1998) and Pennsylvania (2004) all passed preemptive

measures.90

In fact, the campaigns to pass prohibitions in Maine, Virginia, Washington, North Carolina

and Pennsylvania were prophylactic in nature, designed to stave off attempts to introduce

dog racing to these jurisdictions. The anti-racing newsletter Greyhound Network News

documented the efforts of women such as Evelyn Jones, Sherry Cotner and Ellie Sciurba in

leading these campaigns through successful petition drives followed by legislative action.91

Vermont’s “Gator Bill” passed after shelter manager John Perrault offered photographs of a

room full of dead greyhounds to lawmakers. The dogs had been among the truckloads he

was asked to destroy once the dog racing season ended at the Green Mountain track each

year.92 Scotti Devens of Save the Greyhound Dogs! and Greyhound Rescue Vermont

lobbied for the bill that was ultimately signed by Governor Howard Dean.93 Lawmakers in

Idaho acted after documentation surfaced about the electrocution, shootings and throat

Cloverleaf clubhouse and track in Colorado. Photograph by GREY2K USA,

2009

10

slashings of unwanted dogs. Both the Greyhound Protection League and Greyhound

Rescue of Idaho advocated for Governor Phil Batt to sign a racing prohibition into law. An

avowed dog lover, he signed the bill with his poodle-schnauzer on his lap, remarking, “Dog

racing depends upon selecting a few highly competitive dogs out of a large group. It hardly

seems worth it to me to go through that process of breeding and killing the ones that can’t

compete, just to have the sport.”94

In Massachusetts in 2000, after years of

unsuccessful legislative bills, grassroots

opponents of dog racing filed a ballot

question to repeal the dog racing laws

there. The Grey2K Committee’s

referendum failed by a margin of 51%-

49%. In 2008, a similar measure, Ballot

Question 3, was led by successor group

GREY2K USA in partnership with the

Massachusetts SPCA and the Humane

Society of the United States.95 This time,

Massachusetts citizens voted 56% to 44%

to shutter both of the Bay State’s dog tracks. The last race was held at Raynham Park on

December 26, 2009.96 Lawmakers in Rhode Island and New Hampshire followed suit and

opted to make dog racing illegal as well, resulting in the denouement of dog racing in all

New England states by 2010.97

Slot machines were thought to offer new hope for remaining tracks, but this has truly been

a double-edged sword, pitting track owners against dogmen. As tracks in states like Iowa,

Rhode Island, and West Virginia were initially granted casino-type gambling, they were also

required to share their profits with live racing interests. This enhanced a divide that has

now resulted in track owners joining with greyhound advocates to pass bills to repeal

statutory racing mandates and separate live racing from other activities at the tracks.98

Thanks to the passage of such “decoupling” legislation in 2014, and in exchange for a

cessation payment of $65 million from track operator Caesars Entertainment to its

greyhound owners, Iowa’s Council Bluffs dog track has been released from offering live

racing as of December 2015. The second track in Dubuque may also choose to wind down

under the new law.99An earlier bill, filed in 2010 by GREY2K USA in Arizona, failed to pass

when track owners there hesitated to support it. The measure never left committee.100 By

2016, tracks owners had a change of heart and joined with GREY2K USA to pass a full

prohibition on dog racing in the state. House Bill 2127 passed unanimously in both

Opponents of dog racing rally in Massachusetts. Photograph by

GREY2K USA, 2008

11

legislative chambers and was signed into law by Governor Doug Ducey who expressed his

happiness in helping to send deserving greyhounds into loving homes. 101 The last Arizona

dog race occurred the night of Saturday, June 25, 2016.102 Citing failing revenues, Mobile

Greyhound Park of Alabama followed suit on August 19, 2017.103

Over the last several years, GREY2K USA,

now allied with both the American

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to

Animals and the Humane Society of the

United States, has been working actively

to phase out greyhound racing in Florida.

Since 2011, the Associated Press and

newspapers across the state including

the Miami Herald, Broward Palm Beach

New Times, and the Sarasota Herald-

Tribune have published repeated stories

about the politics and problems of dog

racing. Reporters have described the

injuries and deaths suffered by racing greyhounds, the discovery of drugged dogs, and the

lax regulations allowing convicted criminals, including animal abusers, to work in the

industry.104 Television stations have interviewed lawmakers, track owners, greyhound

advocates and breeders alike.105 Additionally, multiple editorials have been published

against dog racing and in favor of decoupling – but so far no legislation has passed in

Tallahassee.106 Home to two-thirds of all American dog tracks, Floridians remains the

center of this debate.107 On April 16, 2018, the state’s Constitution Revision Commission,

led by former Senate Presidents Tom Lee and Don Gaetz, Attorney General Pam Bondi and

Commission Chairperson Brecht Heuchan championed a proposal to prohibit dog racing

for the November 2018 statewide ballot. If approved, Amendment 13 will phase out live

racing by December 2020.108 On June 29, 2018 the historic Flagler Greyhound Park in

Miami converted to a jai alai fronton after exercising its unique statutory right to do so.

Then, On November 6, 2018, Floridians voted by a margin of 69-31 to phase-out

commercial dog racing at the state’s remaining eleven dog tracks by December 31, 2020.109

As of February 2021, dog racing also continues in the states of Arkansas, Iowa and West

Virginia. However, on October 16, 2019, the owners of Southland Park announced that in

response to the Florida phase-out, that they too would begin to wind down live racing

operations. The only dog track in Arkansas will completely end racing by December 2022.110

The announcement came after negotiations among the racing kennels, ownership and

Christine Dorchak and Carey Theil of GREY2K USA Worldwide outside the Yes on 13 Greyhound Freedom bus

12

greyhound advocates. Similarly, the last track in Iowa has announced that it will end dog

racing in Dubuque with the cessation of its slot machine subsidies in 2022. 111 The last two

tracks in the United States, Tri-State and Wheeling Island Greyhound Parks in the Mountain

State, are owned and operated by Delaware North.

1 Historical information in this section is based on reading accounts from multiple sources. See generally Gwyneth Anne Thayer, Going to the Dogs, Greyhound Racing, Animal Activism, and American Pop Culture (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2013); Paul C. Hartwell, The Road from Emeryville, a History of Greyhound Racing (San Diego, CA: California Research Publishing, 1980); Tim Horan, “History of the Greyhound and Greyhound Racing,” The Greyhound Review, February 2006, http://data.ngagreyhounds.com/History.asp (accessed September 4, 2014); Cynthia A. Branigan , The Reign of the Greyhound (2d ed.) (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2004); “The History of Greyhound Racing, “The Greyhound Racing Association of America, http://www.gra-america.org/the_sport/history.html (accessed September 4, 2014), Joan Eidinger, “Greyhound Racetrack Operating in North America as of October 1, 2011,” Greyhound Network News, http://www.greyhoundnetworknews.org/Racetrack_List_October%201%202011.pdf (accessed September 5, 2014). 2 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 45 (the Blue Star Amusement Park cost $67,000 to build); Branigan, Reign of the Greyhound, 172; Frank O’Connor, “New York Committee Considering Dog Racing,” Greyhound Review 4.3 (March 1976) (also noting humane aspect of using a mechanical lure); Joel Hooper, “Some Wrong Impressions,” Greyhound Review 3.4 (April 1975). 3 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 19; GRAA,“History of Greyhound Racing.” 4 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 58-59 (Smith’s tracks belonged to his International Greyhound Racing Association while competitors joined George Heintz’s American Electric Rabbit Association. Heintz had been an early Smith ally and partner); Hooper, “Some Wrong Impressions.” 5 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 59. 6 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 5; Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 177. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid 63-64, Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 47-50. 9 Hooper, “Some wrong impressions.; Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 15; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 6. 10 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 212. 11 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 3; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 46 (Smith is described as anti-gambling in both of these treatments). 12 Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 185; GRAA, “History of Greyhound Racing.” 13 Smith, Sawyer, Hyland v. KY, 27 U.S. 509 (1927). 14 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 74-77. 15 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 75; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 83-85. 16 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 69; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 95; Florida Senate Interim Project 2005-155, Legalized Gambling in Florida – The Competition in the Marketplace, http://archive.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2005/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2005-155rilong.pdf (accessed October 4, 2014). 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 82; Horan, “History of the Greyhound.” 19 Associated Press, “Doyle E. Carlton, 85, Dies; Was Governor,” Tallahassee Democrat, 26 October 1972. (In refusing to sign the bill and accept the bribe, Carlton reportedly stated, “[I]f it’s worth that much I believe I’ll keep the signature.”) 20 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 70; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 73.

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21 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 88-89. 22 O’Connor, “New York Committee Considering Dog Racing;” Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 80. 23 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 93-94. 24 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 70; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 73. 25 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 97. 26 Ibid. 108; Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration, “Arkansas Racing Commission History and Organization,” http://www.dfa.arkansas.gov/offices/budget/budgetRequests/0631_dfa_racing.pdf (accessed October 4, 2014). 27 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 112. Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 256. (Alabama (1973), New Hampshire (1973), Nevada (1973), Vermont (1976), Connecticut (1976), West Virginia (1976), Rhode Island (1977), Iowa (1985) Texas (1986), Idaho (1987), Wisconsin (1987), Kansas (1989), “Gaming in the United States,” The Wagering Resource LLC, http://www.wageringresource.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=126 (accessed September 11, 2014); Eric Torbenson, “Greyhound Park to Stop Racing Dogs Since Opening in 1988, Track Has Lost More Than $21 Million,” Spokesman-Review, November 1, 1995, http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/nov/01/greyhound-park-to-stop-racing-dogs-since-opening/ (accessed October 7, 2014). 28 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 112. 29 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 86, 172-173 (voters were encouraged not to make California the “newest killing ground” for greyhounds); Connor, “New York Committee Considering Dog Racing” (the Fund for Animals was among the groups that brought humane concerns to the forefront); George C. Hardie, “About that AGTOA,” Greyhound Review 3.11 (November 1975). 30 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 22, 200; Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 152 (Queen Elizabeth I accepted coursing as form of hunting for entertainment, but ordered the creation of the 1561 “Law of the Leash” to give prey animals some ability to escape). 31 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 49; Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 187; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 7. 32 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 168; “History of Greyhound Racing.”; “History of the Greyhound.” 33 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 117-118; GRAA, “History of Greyhound Racing,”; Horan, “History of the Greyhound;” Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 187; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 40-41, 54 (the NCA distanced itself from track operations, and before dog racing displaced coursing, its main purpose had been to serve as a registry for purebred greyhounds and to sell and ship live hares for coursing meets across the country). 34 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 169; Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 193. 35 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 255. 36 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 101-122. 37 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 121. 38 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 45, 101-106. 39 Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 182. Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 105-106, 233. 40 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 105-106. 41 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 104-109. 42 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 122-124. 43 Howard Schwartz, “Career of latest Rural Rube Award winner left in doubt,” Greyhound Review 4.3 (March 1976); Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 169-170; Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 193-198; Horan, “History of the Greyhound.” 44 Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 29. 45 Ibid, 29; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 177-178; “Greyhounds aren’t running anymore at Raynham Park,” Taunton Daily Gazette, January 8, 2010, http://www.tauntongazette.com/x1409365368/Greyhounds-aren-t-running-anymore-at-Raynham-Park (accessed September 22, 2014); “Joseph Linsey,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Linsey (accessed September 6, 2014). 46 Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 186; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 98. 47 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 125. 48 Bill Braucher, “THE BOYCOTT: A Dead Dog,” Greyhound Review 3.11 (November 1975). 49 Gary Guccione, “Footnotes,” Greyhound Review 3.4 (April 1975); Hartwell, Road from Emeryville, 116-117; Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 180-182. 50 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 181-182.

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51 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 182. 52 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 68; Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 17 (according to Branigan, greyhounds can lose up to five pounds in a single race and even if overfed, cannot become obese). 53 Gary Guccione, “Footnotes,” Greyhound Review 3.10 (October 1975). 54 Earl Johnson, “The Real Kansas Wild JACK RABBITS,” advertisement in Greyhound Review 3.4 (April 1975); “Notes From Our Desk: Live Rabbits in Dog Training Okayed,” Greyhound Review 3.4 (April 1975); Hooper, “Some wrong impressions” (arguing for continued live lure training in Texas but not Kansas); Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 40-41. 55 Ibid, Ann Church, then legislative assistant to Senator Bayh 1975-1980, e-mail correspondence with author, September 26, 2014 (Ann is now the Vice President of State Affairs for the ASPCA, and explained that, “In retrospect, Senator Bayh should have pressed for the bill’s passage but Senator Bob Dole, known as a friend to animals, had brokered the deal.”) 56 Mary Jo Pitzl, “Using live rabbits costly to dog racer,” Arizona Republic, October 16, 2002; GREY2K USA, “Shocking Audio of “Live Lure” Training of Greyhounds,” http://www.grey2kusa.org/about/videos.html (accessed September 22, 2014). 57 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 148-149 (Reader’s Digest entitled its piece “The Hidden Shame of an American Sport” and Life used the simple title of “Run or Die”). 58 Joyce Valdez, “Carcasses of 7 More Dogs Found,” Arizona Republic, January 6, 1992. 59 Mike Beaudet, Fox News February 3, 2003. 60 David M. Halbinger, “Dismal End for race Dogs, Alabama Authorities Say,” New York Times, May 23, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/23/us/dismal-end-for-race-dogs-alabama-authorities-say.html (accessed September 22, 2014). 61 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 216 (Thayer writes that dogs with limited talent were probably gassed in the very early days); Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 201 (Branigan writes that tens of thousands of dogs over the decades were euthanized outright or were sold for laboratory research). 62 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 153. 63 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 133. 64 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 135. 65 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 134. 66 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 242 (when the price per dog increased to $12, the number of greyhounds presented for killing declined dramatically). 67 Terry Greene, “Critters Never Win? Sometimes They Do,” Phoenix New Times, January 17, 1990, http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1990-01-17/news/critters-never-win-sometimes-they-do/full/ (accessed September 6, 2014). 68 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 138 (from author’s interview with industry proponent Leslie Wootten concerning her uncle’s position on greyhound adoption). 69 Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 201. 70 Donna Cassata, “Bone-Breaking Experiments on Dogs Questioned,” Associated Press, January 29, 1990, http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1990/Bone-Breaking-Experiments-on-Dogs-Questioned/id-0f7673c053a5b1e7e668bf3d1e7b166c (accessed September 22, 2014) ; Mike Winikoff, “Greyhounds Dying in Research Labs, the Real Finish Line,” AV Magazine, Fall 1999, http://mikewinikoff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/greyhounds.pdf (last accessed September 11, 2014); Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 151 (The Greyhound Protection League made the initial discovery, filed suit and obtained the help of then-Representative Barbara Boxer to force the release of nineteen surviving greyhounds). 71 Dan Luzadder, “CSU Vet School to Halt Killing of Greyhounds, Public Outcry After News Article Ends Long-Standing Practice,” Rocky Mountain News, June 20, 1998. 72 Joan Eidinger, “One Thousand Wisconsin Racing Greyhounds Sold to Cardiac Research Lab,” Greyhound Network News 9.2, (Summer 2000), http://www.greyhoundnetworknews.org/backissues/00/summer00_cover_a.html (accessed September 9, 2014). 73 Mike McPhee, “185 retired greyhounds missing,” Denver Post, October 24, 2006, http://www.denverpost.com/ci_4542189 (accessed September 22, 2014); Winikoff, “Greyhounds Dying in Research Labs.”

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74 Saxon Burns, “Dog Gone, A man with a questionable past was paid to take more than 150 animals from Tucson Greyhound Park – and they disappeared,” Tucson Weekly, November 9, 2006, http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/dogs-gone/Content?oid=1085917 (accessed September 22, 2014). 75 Eidinger, “About Greyhound Network News,” GNN, http://www.greyhoundnetworknews.org/About%20GNN.htm (accessed September 22, 2014). 76 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 154. 77 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 139. 78 Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 201-203, USA Defenders of Greyhounds, www.usadefendersofgreyhounds.org, Greyhound Companions of New Mexico, http://www.gcnm.org/about.html, National Greyhound Adoption Program, www.ngap.org (all accessed September 9, 2014); Netboy, e-mail message to author, September 22, 2014 (Greyhound Friends for Life was also formed by Susan Netboy of the Greyhound Protection League). 79 Branigan, The Reign of the Greyhound, 203. 80 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 16. 81 Spectrum Gaming Group, “Gambling Impact Study: Part 1, Section A: Assessment of the Florida Gaming Industry and its Economic Effects,” July 1, 2013, http://www.leg.state.fl.us/GamingStudy/docs/FL_Gambling_Impact_Study_Part1A.pdf (accessed September 5, 2014). 82 Association of Racing Commissioners International, Pari-Mutuel Wagering: A Statistical Summary 2008 (Lexington, KY: Association of Racing Commissioners International, 2008); Association of Racing Commissioners International, Pari-Mutuel Wagering: A Statistical Summary 2012 (Lexington, KY: Association of Racing Commissioners International, 2012). 83 Joan Eidinger, “Greyhound Racetracks Operating in North America;” Steve Hendrix, “Dog days for greyhound racing as gamblers abandon tracks for casinos,” Washington Post, August 31, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dog-days-for-greyhound-racing-as-gamblers-abandon-tracks-for-casinos/2014/08/31/5bfdc51e-1e64-11e4-ae54-0cfe1f974f8a_story.html (accessed September 22, 2014). 84 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 174 (from interview with NGA Executive Director Gary Guccione). 85 Compilation by author. 86 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 183-185, 266. 87 National Greyhound Association, “For the Record: NGA Office Statistics,” National Greyhound Association, http://s3.amazonaws.com/presspublisher-do/upload/2866/content/ForTheRecord.pdf (accessed

September 11, 2014). 88 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 186; Janet Plume, “Resurrecting Racetracks,” Casino Journal, Vol. 15, No. 8 (August 2002). 89 Thayer, Going to the Dogs, 187; Allen W. Walker, “CEASE-FIRE,” Greyhound Review 3.10 (decrying AGTOA’s failure to defend the dogmen and the success of horsemen in promoting their industry). 90 Eidinger, “Greyhound Racetracks Operating in North America as of October 1, 2011,” GNN,

http://www.greyhoundnetworknews.org/Racetrack_List_October%201%202011.pdf (accessed October 3, 2014); Eidinger, "Nevada Becomes Sixth State to Outlaw Greyhound Racing," GNN 6.3 (Fall 1997); Associated Press, "Massachusetts

voters approve ban on greyhound racing," WLBZ 7, November 5,

2008, http://archive.wlbz2.com/news/watercooler/story.aspx?storyid=95427 (accessed September 12, 2014); Associated Press,

"Greyhound racing in New England ends with R.I bill," The Boston Globe, May 14,

2010, http://www.boston.com/news/local/vermont/articles/2010/05/14/greyhound_racing_in_new_england_ends_with_ri_bill/ (a

ccessed September 12, 2014); "NH gov signs dog racing ban into law," CBS Boston, July 8,

2010, http://boston.cbslocal.com/2010/07/08/nh-gov-signs-dog-racing-ban-into-law/ (accessed September 12, 2014); Associated

Press, "Greyhound racing ban signed into law in Colorado," The Denver Post, March 10,

2014, http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_25313179/greyhound-racing-ban-signed-into-law-colorado (accessed September 12,

2014); South Dakota Chapter 20:04:15, Pari-Mutuels – Greyhound Racing,

http://legis.sd.gov/Rules/DisplayRule.aspx?Rule=20:04:15 (accessed October 7, 2014. 91 Eidinger, "Historic Legislation Passed in Maine," GNN 2.2 (Summer 1993); Eidinger, "Virginia Becomes Second State to Ban Greyhound Racing," GNN 4.1 (Spring 1995); Eidinger, "State of Washington Follows Idaho to Ban Greyhound Racing," GNN 5.2 (Summer 1996); Eidinger, "North Carolina Upholds, Strengthens Laws Against Greyhound Racing," GNN 7.4 (Winter 1998/1999); Eidinger, "Pennsylvania Becomes Eighth State to Outlaw Greyhound Racing," GNN 13.2 (Summer 2004).

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92 John Perrault, Executive Director, Berkshire Humane Society, telephone interview with author, September 26, 2014 (John was the manager of the Berkshire MSPCA when he was asked to kill the Green Mountain Dogs the week following Columbus Day each year). 93 Eidinger, “Gov. Dean Signs Bill Ending Greyhound Racing in Vermont,” GNN 4.2 (Summer 1995). 94 J. Todd Foster, “Slow Greyhounds Electrocuted on “Hot Plate,” Trainers Say Regulators Investigate Allegations That Dogs Killed Amid Party Atmosphere,” Spokesman-Review, September 17, 1995; Eidinger, "State of Washington Follows Idaho to Ban Greyhound Racing." 95 Sean P. Murphy, “Dog racing foes again seek ban,” The Boston Globe, June 10, 2007, http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/10/dog_racing_foes_again_seek_ban/ (ironically the original question of 2000 was also Ballot Question 3) (accessed September 22, 2014). 96 Stephanie Ebbert, “Mass voters approve dog racing ban,” The Boston Globe, November 4, 2008, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/11-05-08-BostonGlobe.pdf (accessed September 22, 2014); Republican Editorial, “For Greyhounds: Finally, a dog’s life,” Springfield Republican, December 1, 2009, http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/12/for_greyhounds_finally_a_dogs.html (accessed September 22, 2014). 97 Associated Press, “Greyhound racing in New England ends with RI bill,” May 14, 2010. 98 Ray Poirier, “Dog racing dying with spread of casino gambling,” Gambling Today, July 21, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/7-21-14Gaming.pdf (accessed September 22, 2014); William Patrick, “Greyhound racing has animal activists championing free markets,” Florida Watchdog, May 19, 2014, http://watchdog.org/145118/greyhound-animal-rights/ (accessed September 22, 2014); A.G. Sulzberger, “Greyhound Races Face Extinction at the Hands of Casinos They Fostered,” New York Times, March 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/09/us/greyhound-races-fade-with-many-track-owners-eager-to-get-out.html?_r=0 (accessed September 22, 2014); Liz Bentson, “Has dog racing run its course?” Las Vegas Sun, March 22, 2010, http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2010/mar/22/has-dog-racing-run-its-course/ (accessed September 22, 2014). 99 Erin Murphy, “Lawmakers, local leaders applaud Branstad’s backing of greyhound bill,” Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, May 30, 2014, http://www.thonline.com/news/breaking/article_2d9762e2-e846-11e3-9882-0017a43b2370.html (accessed September 22, 2014). 1002010 Arizona State Legislature, SB 1294, dog racing; racing days, http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=SB1294&Session_ID=93 (accessed September 25, 2014). 101Jimmy Jenkins, “Arizona: The Latest State to End Dog Racing,” NPR Here & Now, May 18, 2016; News Release: Office of Governor Doug Ducey, “Governor Signs Legislation to End Live racing in Arizona,” May 13, 2016, https://azgovernor.gov/node/1770 (both accessed August 18, 2017). 102 Stephen Messenger, “YES: One More State Bans Dog Racing,” The Dodo, May 17, 2016, https://grey2kusa.org/pdf/2016.05.17_The_Dodo.pdf; GREY2K USA photo gallery June 24, 2016, https://grey2kusa.org/arizona/GoodByeTGPcelebration/ (both accessed August 18, 2017). 103 Jonece Starr Dunigan,”Live racing to end at Mobile Greyhound Park,” AL.com, August 1, 2017, http://www.al.com/news/mobile/index.ssf/2017/08/live_racing_to_end_at_mobile_g.html (accessed August 24, 2017). 104 Associated Press, “Track Owners Fight to End Greyhound Racing,” Bradenton Herald, July 9, 2014, http://www.bradenton.com/2014/07/09/5246673_track-owners-fight-to-end-greyhound.html?rh=1 (accessed September 25, 2014); Mary Ellen Klas, “Lax regulations allow dog track violators to delay punishment for years,” Miami Herald, September 7, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/09-07-14Miami.pdf (accessed September 25, 2014); Mary Ellen Klas, “Greyhound deaths and Florida’s racing industry,” Miami Herald, February 26, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/2-16-14Miami.pdf (accessed September 25, 2014); Mary Ellen Klas, “State suspects dog trainers of using steroids on greyhounds,” Miami Herald, January 23, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/1-23-14MiamiHerald.pdf (accessed September 25, 2014); Allie Conti, “Florida Greyhound Deaths: 131 Dogs Killed Last Year at State Tracks,” Broward Palm Beach New Times, July 28, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/7-28-14Broward.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); Chris Joseph, “Bills to End Dog Greyhound Racing Moving Through State Legislature, Broward Palm Beach New Times, March 19, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/3-19-14Broward.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); Billy Cox, “Greyhound deaths spur push for records,” Sarasota

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Herald-Tribune, April 27, 2013, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/4-27-13-HeraldTribune.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014). 105“74 greyhound deaths logged by Florida race tracks after new reporting law goes into effect,” Fox News, February 16, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/2-16-14FOx.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Battle intensifies over Florida greyhound racing,” ABC 7 Sarasota, February 18, 2014, http://www.mysuncoast.com/news/local/battle-intensifies-over-florida-greyhound-racing/article_fd5228a8-98de-11e3-9c98-001a4bcf6878.html (accessed September 24, 2014); “Dog racing Controversy: New Allegations Against Greyhound Trainer,” CBS Miami, February 3, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/2-3-14CBS.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Dogs at Daytona Beach Kennel Club Test Positive for Cocaine,” WFTV, January 14, 2011, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/1-14-11-WFTV.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Greyhounds grab spotlight at state capitol,” WTSP-TV, January 17, 2013, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/1-17-12-WTSP.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); 106 “Betting on decoupling,” Panama City News Herald Editorial, February 7, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/2.7.14Herald.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Decoupling dog racing a winning bet, Daytona Beach News-Journal Editorial, March 28, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/03-28-14Daytona.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Decoupling bill on dog races a solid bet,” South Florida Sun Sentinel Editorial, April 23, 2011, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/4-23-11-Sun.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Dogs and poker sometimes don’t mix,” Florida Times-Union Editorial, January 11, 2012, http://grey2kusa.org/pdf/1-11-12-TimesUnion.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “End greyhound racing,” Pensacola News Journal Editorial, September 15, 2014, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/9-15-14PNJ.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “End unnecessary subsidies for greyhound tracks,” Florida Times-Union Editorial, October 29, 2013, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/10-29-13TheFloridaTimesUnion.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Give the dogs a break,” Tampa Tribune Editorial, December 17, 2011, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/12-17-2011-TampaT.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Greyhound Electrocution: Ensure Racing-Dog Safety,” The Ledger Editorial, May 16, 2013, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/5-16-13TheLedger.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Time to pass greyhound ‘decoupling’ plan,” Naples News Editorial, December 11, 2011, http://www.grey2kusa.org/pdf/12-11-11-Naples.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014); “Time to rethink greyhound racing,” Tampa Bay Times Editorial, February 21, 2014, http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-time-to-rethink-greyhound-racing/2166757 (accessed September 24, 2014). 107 Fernando Peinado, “Dog Tracks Cornered by Wagering Woes, racing Foes,” Associated Press, July 8, 2014, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dog-tracks-cornered-wagering-woes-racing-foes (accessed September 22, 2014); Chris Joseph, “Bills to End Dog racing Moving Forward Through State Legislature,” New Times Broward Palm Beach, March 19, 2014, http://blogs.browardpalmbeach.com/pulp/2014/03/bills_to_end_greyhound_racing.php (accessed September 22, 2014); Stephanie Tinoco, “Organizations Push to Pass Laws Protecting Racing Greyhounds,” WUFT, December 4, 2013, http://www.wuft.org/news/2013/12/04/greyhound-racing/ (accessed September 22, 2014). 108 Jim Rosica, “Greyhound racing bill heads to the voters,” Floridapolitics.com, April 16, 2018, http://floridapolitics.com/archives/261448-voters-dog-racing-ban, First Coast News, “Voters will decide fate of greyhound racing in November,” April 16, 2018, https://www.firstcoastnews.com/article/news/local/data/politics/voters-will-decide-the-fate-of-greyhound-racing-in-november/77-540310350 (both accessed May 16, 2018). 109 “Commercial dog racing to end by 2020 with passage of Amendment 13.” WTSP-TV 10, November 7, 2018, https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/politics/elections/commercial-dog-racing-to-end-by-2020-with-passage-of-amendment-13/67-611887908 (accessed November 9, 2018). 110 Max Garland, “Southland Casino Racing, Arkansas’ only live track, to end greyhound racing by end of 2022,” The Commercial Appeal, October 17, 2019, commercialappeal.com (accessed October 25, 2019). 111 "Industry spokesman: Greyhound racing in Dubuque 'almost certain' to end in next 2 years," Telegraph Herald, February 5, 2021, telegraphherald.com (accessed February 5, 2021).