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1
The French Revolution
2
Old Regime
• Old Regime = Monarchy + Feudalism
• By the1770’s it no longer worked
3
French Society
•Three Estates
4
First Estate
• Roman Catholic Clergy (high officials)– 1 %– Owned 10 % of all the land – Extremely wealthy– Paid no direct taxes– Gave a “Free gift” (2 % of their income)
5
Second Estate
• Nobility (Army, govt., and court officials)– Less than 2 %– Owned 25 % of the land– Paid no taxes
6
Third Estate
• Commoners – everyone else– 97 % – Three groups
Third Estate
1. Bourgeoisie • middle class, educated: believed in the ideas
of the Enlightenment• I.e. liberty & equality
• Owned 20 – 25% of land• Merchants, bankers, industrialists, Lawyers,
doctors, holders of public office, writers
7
Third Estate2. Workers - • Skilled workers,
shopkeepers, wage earners• Sans-culottes
8
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Third Estate
3. Peasant farmers – more than 80 % of total pop.– Owned 35 – 40 % of land– 50% of income went to taxes
• Feudal dues – nobility• Tithes – 10 % of income to the church• Royal taxes – to the king• Corvee – free work for the government
10
1% 2%
97%
FirstSecondThird
Estates by Population
What is this political cartoon saying?
11
12
Monarchy
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
“Madame deficit”
• Political & Social Inequalities.
• Absolutism and privileged .
• Economics.• Taxation.
• Debt.• Loans.
• Extravagant spending
• by the king and queen.
• Cost of Bread!• Food Scarcity.
• America influence -• Enlightened ideas
• equality,• liberty, and• democracy.
13Causes
14
Attempt to Avoid Bankruptcy
• The King hoped to tax the nobles
• Nobles refuse unless the king called a meeting of the Estates General
15
Estates General
• King Louis called for the meeting
• First & second Estates expected to dominate the meeting
– One vote per Estate
16
Estates General
• Third Estate demanded that all three Estates meet together and vote as individuals– (610 – 591)
• King said follow the old rules• The Third Estate refused
17
The National Assembly is Born
Abbe Sieyes Spokesman for the Third Estate:
• Suggested – Third Estate change itself to – The National Assembly
18
• On June 17, 1789 the Third Estate became
The National Assembly
19
Tennis Court Oath• Locked out of their meeting hall.
• Vowed to stand fast until a constitution was established.
20
King Makes a deal
Yielded to the demands of the Third Estate• Meet as one law-making body• Sent for his mercenary army to march to
Paris– Felt he couldn’t trust the French Soldiers
21
Parisians Stormed the Bastille
• Bourgeoisie feared that the troops were coming to break up the National Assembly
• Mobs in Paris were rioting over the cost of bread
• Angry mobs stormed the Bastille– Looking to defend Paris & the National
Assembly
22
Parisians Stormed the Bastille
Results: July 14, 1789 • Foreign troops are called off• Reduced Kings’ power• Saved The National Assembly• Symbolic act of revolution for the French people.
23
Great Fear• Summer of 1789 throughout France.
– A wave of panic spread!
– Uprisings broke out throughout France
– Citizens feared invasion by foreign troops
– Growing hatred of the entire landholding system, fees & obligations
24
The Destruction of the Old Regime
• On the night of Aug 4, 1789
• The National Assembly eradicated what was left of feudalism in France
25
The Assembly adopted many reforms
• The National Assembly voted to end– Feudalism– Serfdom– Church tithes– Special privileges of the nobles & clergy
•The Old Regime was dead
26
The Assembly adopted many reforms
• “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” became the slogan of the revolution
27
The National Assembly adopted reforms
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
• Inspired by the American Declaration of Independence & Constitution, & English Bill of Rights
• The aim of all governments is the preservation of the natural rights of man. – Liberty, Property, Security, Resistance to
oppression• “Men are born & remain free & equal in rights.”
28
Women Marched on Versailles
• In October 1789• Met with King about the rising $ of bread• Demanded that the king & queen come live in
Paris
29
King approved the Constitution &
The Declaration of the Rights of Man• In June 1791 Louis XVI & his family attempt
to escape
• Sept 1791 The National Assembly steps down• Followed by an elected group
– The Legislative Assembly
30
France went to war with Austria
• Austria & Prussia threatened to attack (1792)
• Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria (April 1792)
War started
off poorly!
31
Rise of the Paris CommuneAustria threatens to destroy Paris
• Mob storms the royal palace • Louis & Marie are imprisonedThreatened by the radicals the Legislative Assembly
gave up on the idea of a limited monarchy• Set aside the constitution & deposed the King• Called for the election of a new governing body
– The National Convention
32
France was split by factions
• Legislative Assembly split into three general groups
Left Center Right
Radicals Moderates Conservatives
33
A Republic is born
• These groups had more power than the government– Political clubs
• (Jacobin Club Girondins & Mountain)• Danton & Marat
• National Convention abolished the monarchy
• Declared France a Republic
34
What to do with Louis XVI ?
• King Louis is tried • Radicals demanded his execution• Executed on Jan 21, 1793• 361 to 288, with 72 calling for a
delay
35
New Republic faced problems
Problem• Hostile foreign armies of Austria & Prussia• Britain, Spain, & Portugal joined them
– First coalition
Solution• France initiated a draft (1793)
– A people’s army– French defeated the Austrians & Prussians
36
Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre • Tried to wipe out every trace of France’s
past monarchy and nobility• Formed & headed the Committee of Public
Safety• Most famous victim – Marie Antoinette
37
Reign of Terror
• Enemies of the Republic and including those who had helped set it up
• 40,000 people were executed!• No one was safe• Members of the National Convention
turned on Robespierre
38
Reign of Terror
• On July 28, 1794 Robespierre was executed
39
Moderates ruled in the directory
• Sick of the terror• Sick of the high cost of food
• 1795 moderate leaders drafted a new constitution (third since 1789)– Two house legislature– The Directory (five men)
• Also they found themselves a general
40
Rise of Napoleon
• In 1795 he saved the National Convention
• Napoleon dispersed the mob with what he called a whiff of grapeshot
41
His Brilliant Italian Campaign
• Success was based on three factors: – his supply system,
– Speed and massed surprise attacks by small compact units
– his influence over the morale of his soldiers
• 1796 appointed commander of the French Army in Italy
42
Napoleon Seized Power
• By 1799 the Directory had lost the people’s trust – Corruption
• On Nov. 9-10, 1799 – coup d’etat
• Established a new regime – the Consulate
• Bonaparte was one of the three Consuls
43
Napoleon Seized Power
• 1800 – He asked the French people to approve a new constitution (4th)
– Plebiscite (yes or no)– He becomes the First Consul
• 1802 – Approved as Consul for Life• 1804 – Voters approved to name himself
Emperor Napoleon I
44
45
Napoleon Seized Power
• By March of 1802 Napoleon had defeated the Second Coalition– Austria, Russia, British
• First peace in Europe in ten years
46
Napoleon Restored Order
Economic order – • Balanced the budget • Set up a national bank
47
Napoleon Restored Order
Social order – • Promoted officials according to merit
48
Napoleon Restored Order
Religious order – • Recognized Catholicism as the faith of the
majority of Frenchmen• Everyone was free to worship as he or she
wished
49
Napoleon Restored Order
Legal order – • Napoleonic Code; gave the country a single
set of laws. • Abolished the three estates • everyone was equal before the law
50
• By 1810 he had conquered most of Europe (Third Coalition)
• Napoleon lost only one major battle Vs the Third Coalition – Trafalgar
Napoleon Restored Order
51
52
Napoleon’s Mistakes
1. Continental System (1806)– Weakened the economies of Europe
2. Made his brother Joseph king of Spain (1808)
– Peninsula War weakened the French empire– Guerrilla tactics
3. Invasion of Russia (1812)– Czar refused to stop selling grain to Britain– Grand Army wasn’t very loyal– Use of scorched earth policy
53
Coalition defeated Napoleon
Grand Alliance• Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, & Sweden
– In October of 1813 Napoleon is defeated at Leipzig
• In April of 1814 Napoleon accepted the terms of surrender
• Exiled to Elba
54
The 100 Days
• March 1, 1815 Napoleon escaped
• June 18, 1815 Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo (Belgium) by the Grand Alliance– Duke of Wellington (Britain)
• Napoleon is again exiled – St. Helena– Where in 1821 he died of a stomach ailment
55
The End