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THE ENGLISH COLONIES
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EUROPEAN NATIONS:
*Before Columbus, the land thatwould be known as America waspopulated by groups of Native Americans or Indians. They had no way of knowing how contact with the Europeans would forever alter or change their way of life.
4. But it was the English who would make the biggest impact on America. England would send thousands of English men and women to a land called North America that was rich in natural resources and land. To the English people who came to live in the 13 colonies, America would become their home.
England
France
Spain
*With each new explorer came a new land claim. The Europeans viewed America as blank or empty land just waiting for them to claim and settle it.
1. The Spanish found their gold and conquered parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands.
2. The French found a land that was rich in furs and soon sought the help of Indian tribes in creating a profitable fur trade.
3. The Dutch developed the land along the Hudson River and created a profitable trading relationship with local Indian tribes.
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3000 miles
They came from the island nation of England and made the dangerous voyage across the Atlantic Ocean for the promise of a better life in the wilderness known as America. They would be at the mercy of the weather and the strange people who already lived there. Many of them would die during the first year of settlement, but the survivors would build homes and towns. More would come from England and America would grow and prosper.
England
Atlantic Ocean
New
World Spain
France
British Flag: Union Jack
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Roanoke Island
THE ENGLISH COLONIES:
1. The first English colony in the New World was Roanoke and was created by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585.
-Sent 7 ships and 600 soldiers to establish settlement.
-Created colony on Roanoke Island (N.C.)
-Named territory Virginia.
-Abandoned and returned to England due to food shortages and trouble with Indians.
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2. The second English colony in the New World was created by John White in 1587.
-Called Roanoke and built on same site as original.
-Took 120 men, women, and children.
-White returned to England when supplies ran low.
-When he returned, colony abandoned and colonists not found.
COLONY: A settlement ruled by a distant parent country.
*Both colonies at Roanoke failed!
-Parliament, British government, lost money on both colonies.
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Even though colonies failed, merchants were interested in creating colonies in America for economic reasons.
-Continue to search for gold/silver -Fish, whale oil
-Trade with Native Americans -Animal furs
-Soil for crops - Lumber and sap from trees
English Parliament did not want to give money to merchants to start colonies.
PARLIAMENT: England’s law-making body.
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Merchants joined together to form joint-stock companies to send colonists to New World to create colonies.
JOINT-STOCK COMPANY: Company owned by several investors through stock.
STOCK: Ownership in a company.
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The English Crown (King/Queen) gave charters to the companies or nobles who started colonies in the New World.
-The charter made the colony legal and gave it rights under the English government.
CHARTER: A paper giving certain rights to a person or group.
PROPRIETOR: Noble who used own money to start colony in New World.
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JAMESTOWN COLONY: London Company (Virginia Company): Given charter by King James I to create colony in New World.
-Company sent 144 men to create colony.
-Company sent 3 ships to create colony. Colony created along James River in Virginia in 1607. Called Jamestown.
-Men more interested in looking for gold/silver than working. Food supplies ran low, no houses, no defenses, problems with Native Americans.
-Captain John Smith arrives in 1608 and forces men to work for food.
-1612: John Rolfe develops new type of tobacco that can survive shipment. Tobacco becomes popular in Europe and Jamestown colonists sell entire crop. Begin growing more. Tobacco becomes CASH CROP and helps colony succeed.
CASH CROP: Crop grown in order to be sold for money. Tobacco
Plant
Jamestown Colony
King James I
Captain John Smith
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-Many English people were attracted to the colonies and wanted to move there. However, they could not afford to pay for their passage.
-London Company used ads to create interest. Attracted settlers by saying how great the New World was.
-Merchants and nobles created system called Indentured Servitude.
INDENTURED SERVANTS: Workers who sold their labor for a period of time in exchange for passage to the colonies in America.
-They were not slaves. Once their contract was over, they were free to do whatever they wanted.
-Tobacco was so successful, colonists increased farm land in order to grow tobacco. Tobacco farming required more workers.
-At first, they were white indentured servants from England.
Tobacco leaves drying in shed.
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-Indentured Servants: Came to New World by having someone pay for their passage. They agreed to work for them for an agreed upon number of years. After term of service, free to start own farm.
-Contract stated conditions of agreement such as food, drink, clothing, housing, and what they would get after length of service was over.
-Farmers in Jamestown colony needed workers to farm the land due to success of tobacco. At first, they used indentured servants from England.
Advertisement in London newspaper.
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-1619: Dutch merchant ship arrives in Jamestown with about 20 Africans.
-Sold to tobacco farmers as indentured servants, not slaves.
-More Africans brought to colony due to demand for tobacco. By 1662, Africans brought over as slaves.
SLAVE: Person forced to work against their
will for no pay and no freedom.
Tobacco leaves drying in shed.
Africans
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GOVERNMENT: When the colony was first created, it was run by officials from the London Company.
-1619: Company allowed colonists to create Representative Gov’t and elect representatives.
-Reps. met together in House of Burgesses in colony.
-Made daily decisions for colony.
-To far away from England for English gov’t to control them or make quick decisions.
-Beginning of Representative Government in the English colonies.
REPRESENTATIVE: Person elected by
citizens to run government.
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT: Gov’t in
which people elect those who make
laws and decisions.
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13 ENGLISH
COLONIES
NEW FRANCE
1. The Jamestown Colony was the first successful English colony in the New World.
-This would lead to other colonies being created by the English.
2. The English Colonies would become known as the THIRTEEN COLONIES and were settled by people who brought with them the beliefs, laws, and customs of England.
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PLYMOUTH COLONY: 2ND successful English colony in New World.
-1620: 40 Pilgrims (Saints) and 62 other English (Strangers) colonists sailed to the New World on the Mayflower.
-Headed for Virginia: Winter storm blew them off course and landed far to the north. Landed out of the land controlled by the Virginia Company so they created a plan for running their colony.
Mayflower
Virginia:
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MAYFLOWER COMPACT: Document created and signed by the Pilgrims and other colonists aboard the Mayflower used to make laws for the benefit of the whole colony.
-This document represents self-government. The Pilgrims were to far away to depend on the gov’t back in England. They had to handle their own affairs.
The Mayflower Compact
1620
“In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&.
Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.
In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620.”
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1. Pilgrims named the new colony Plymouth, after the town in England from which they sailed. -Arrived in December, 1620 -1st winter; ½ died
2. In the spring, local Wampanoag Indians, Samoset and Squanto, helped the Pilgrims to plant crops and trap animals.
3. After the 1st harvest, the Pilgrims celebrated their survival by holding Thanksgiving feast with Native Americans.
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The Pilgrims were Separatists (Christians) from England.
-Separatists did not like the way the Church of England was being run and wanted to be able to worship freely.
-They came to the New World in order to worship God the way they wanted to without being told how to worship by the English government. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.
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4 Northern (New England) Colonies:
1. Massachusetts (Plymouth & Mass. Bay Colony)
2. Connecticut
3. Rhode Island
4. New Hampshire
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NEW FRANCE
NEW FRANCE
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Massachusetts Bay Colony: Colonies in New England were created for religious freedom.
-Massachusetts was created in 1630 by Puritans from England who came to the New World for religious freedom.
-Puritans led by John Winthrop.
-By the end of 1631, over 1,000 Puritans living in colony.
-Colony became successful by creating trade relationships with local Indian tribes, fishing, whaling, and creating industries to produce needed goods such as shipbuilding.
-By 1640, more than 20,000 colonists lived in colony. Larger and wealthier than Plymouth Colony. In 1691, English gov’t joined Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth together to create Massachusetts Colony.
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-Puritans religious beliefs dominated colony: gov’t controlled by Puritans, non-Puritans had to pay higher taxes, non-Puritans could not practice their own religions.
-Many Puritans did not like the way the colony was being run and decided to leave to create their own colonies.
-1636: Roger Williams leaves Mass. and creates Rhode Island Colony. Colony was created to give people absolute religious freedom.
-Anne Hutchinson followed Williams and created 2nd settlement in Rhode Island Colony.
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-1636: Thomas Hooker leaves Mass. and creates Connecticut Colony.
-1639: Connecticut settlers wrote Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
-Example of representative gov’t.
-All adult men could vote.
-1679: Colony of New Hampshire created by joining small settlements together that were north of Mass.
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New England Colonies: Agricultural life was difficult due to rocky soil, short growing season, and harsh winters. Farms tended to be small, family farms that grew mainly corn. Many New Englanders made their living by fishing, whaling, merchant sailing, and manufacturing.
Most colonists made a living by farming.
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4 Middle Colonies:
1. New York
2. Pennsylvania
3. New Jersey
4. Delaware
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4NEW FRANCE
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FORT ORANGE
NEW AMSTERDAM
The Middle Colonies were settled mainly for economic reasons. The land was very fertile, so farming was very important. Called the “Bread Basket of the Colonies” because of the huge amount of wheat and corn grown in the area.
New York: Originally settled by the Dutch and called New Netherlands. In 1664, the English took it over and renamed it New York. King of England gave colony to his brother, the Duke of York. New Amsterdam renamed New York City.
New Jersey: Duke of York gave land to other nobles south of New York. They created colony and called it New Jersey.
Pennsylvania: William Penn given charter by King of England to create colony for Quakers. Quakers were Christians who wanted to leave England and come to the New World for religious freedom.
Delaware: Created from piece of Penn.
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5 Southern Colonies:
1. Virginia
2. Maryland
3. North Carolina
4. South Carolina
5. Georgia
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NEW FRANCE
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The Southern Colonies were created for religious freedom and economic reasons. These colonies had very fertile soil that allowed them to grow crops almost year round. This resulted in the growing of a variety of crops. The most important crops were cash crops such as tobacco. Later on, cotton, rice, and indigo will be grown. These crops required large numbers of farm workers. Southern plantation owners had started using slaves in the mid-1600’s to work the fields. Slaves were a cheap source of labor.
Virginia: The Virginia colony started with Jamestown in 1607. Became successful due to tobacco as a cash crop.
Maryland: Created as a place for Roman Catholics to go to practice religious freedom.
North and South Carolinas: Created by English nobles for the purpose of growing tobacco, indigo, and rice.
Georgia: Created by James Oglethorpe as a place for debtors to go and start a new life.
Most colonists living in the American Colonies were English. They came to the colonies in search of a better life. They wanted to own their own land, practice their religion freely, and create a better life. When they came to the colonies, they brought the English culture with them. This include the English language, English customs and traditions, English laws, and ideas about government.
In all of the colonies, most colonists made a living by farming.
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By the 1700’s, the American colonies were becoming very wealthy due to the natural resources found here and the manufactured goods being produced.
England wanted to take advantage of the natural resources. They began treating the colonies, not as equals, but as a source of materials.
England began to follow a policy of Mercantilism.
MERCANTILISM: System of trade based on colonies and desire for wealth. -Colonies supplied home country with natural resources. -Colonies bought finished goods from home country.
England passed laws to control colonial trade. Navigation Acts: 1660’s -Laws passed by Parliament to control trade with the colonies. -Colonists angry with laws. Allowed England to control colonies.
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French and Indian War: 1754-1763
Fought between the English and French over land in North America.
The English wanted to push west, but the French blocked them. The war started over land disputes between the two nations.
-England wins the war.
-French lose colonies in North America.
-War was very expensive for the English.
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NEW FRANCE
North America: 1750’s
-England and France had colonies.
-English colonists wanted to push westward. The French blocked them.
North America: 1765
-England wins the war and gains control of the French colonies.
-War was very expensive for the British.
English
colonists
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As a result of the war:
1. Parliament passes laws to control the colonies and raise money to pay for the war.
-Proclamation of 1763: Forbade settlers from moving west. 10,000 soldiers sent to colonies to enforce law. Colonists angry with so many soldiers being sent to control them.
-England tries to enforce the Navigation Acts from the 1600’s. Many colonists angry with these old laws being enforced.
-Sugar Act (1764): England places a tax on sugar, coffee, indigo, and molasses.
-Currency Act (1764): England passes a law requiring all colonists to pay debts using gold or silver. Colonists angry over this.
-Stamp Act (1765): England places a tax on legal documents, newspapers, calendars, and playing cards. Colonists angry that they have to pay more money for these items.
-Tea Act (1773): England places a tax on tea.
-Intolerable Acts (1774): Parliament passes a series of laws to punish colonies.
1. Closed port of Boston
2. Quartering Act: Law requiring colonists to provide food and housing for British soldiers.
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Colonists very angry over new taxes. Colonists felt that Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonists without colonial representation. “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”
Colonists also responded in other ways.
-Colonists such as Sam and John Adams organized the Sons of Liberty to protect their rights and fight the British.
-Colonists boycott British products.
-Colonists tar and feather British officials.
-Colonists in Boston confront British soldiers. Soldiers fire on
colonists killing 5. BOSTON MASSACRE.
-Boston colonists throw tea into harbor to protest Tea Tax.
BOSTON TEA PARTY.
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Colonists call for a meeting of all of the colonies.
-First Continental Congress: 1774
-Send petition to King to try to restore peace.
-Ask the King to repeal the Intolerable Acts.
-Parliament responded by adding new taxes to the colonies.
Colonists begin to prepare for war.
-Militias are formed to respond to British threats.
-April 18, 1775: British military moves out of Boston to capture rebel military supplies at Concord.
-American minutemen respond and confront the British.
-At Lexington, British and Americans exchange fire. “Shot heard round the world.”
-British march back to Boston and are fired on by Americans the whole way.
Second Continental Congress: 1775
-Met in Philadelphia.
-Formed the Continental Army under the command of George Washington.
-Issued the Declaration of Independence in July, 1776.
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COLONY: A settlement ruled by a distant parent country. PARLIAMENT: England’s law-making body. JOINT-STOCK COMPANY: Company owned by investors through stock.STOCK: Ownership in a company. CHARTER: A paper giving certain rights to a person or group. PROPRIETOR: Noble who used own money to start colony in New World.
INDENTURED SERVANTS: Workers who sold their labor for a period of time in exchange for passage to the colonies in America.
CASH CROP: Crop grown in order to be sold for money. SLAVE: Person forced to work against their will for no pay & no freedom. REPRESENTATIVE: Person elected by citizens to run government. REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT: Government in which people elect those who make laws and decisions.
MERCANTILISM: System of trade based on colonies and desire for wealth.
ENGLISH COLONIES: UNIT TEST REVIEW SECTION
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