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The Coal & Coal Mining–its environment, The Coal & Coal Mining–its environment, pollution, management and economicspollution, management and economics

Engr. S.M.Nurul Aurangajeb, P Eng.Engr. S.M.Nurul Aurangajeb, P Eng. Deputy General Manager( Surface Operation) Deputy General Manager( Surface Operation)

Barapukuria Coal Mining Co.LtdBarapukuria Coal Mining Co.Ltd

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IntroductionIntroduction

““It is impossible to make some one better off without making It is impossible to make some one better off without making another one worse off”-So, a mining activity may lead to another one worse off”-So, a mining activity may lead to harm to the surrounding environment as well as to the harm to the surrounding environment as well as to the population, but a lot of benefits it renders.population, but a lot of benefits it renders.

The Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB) discovered coal The Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB) discovered coal deposits in Northwest of Bangladesh, in a rural agricultural deposits in Northwest of Bangladesh, in a rural agricultural setting. setting.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) addresses in a Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) addresses in a comprehensive and open manner,comprehensive and open manner,

An Environmental Management Plan is to be developed and An Environmental Management Plan is to be developed and maintain to address likely impacts, mitigation action plans, maintain to address likely impacts, mitigation action plans, monitoring management of risks, and schedules.monitoring management of risks, and schedules.

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If this natural resources are not used, they will lie underneath which If this natural resources are not used, they will lie underneath which will have no economical value at all.will have no economical value at all.But the activities involved in a coalmine development require more But the activities involved in a coalmine development require more precaution, abiding by the safety rules strictly and environmental precaution, abiding by the safety rules strictly and environmental regulations precisely. regulations precisely.

An eco-friendly environment as well as prosperous economy, which An eco-friendly environment as well as prosperous economy, which would eventually contribute to building macro economic stability would eventually contribute to building macro economic stability and growth. and growth.

A socio-economic appraisal of a coalmine requires vast A socio-economic appraisal of a coalmine requires vast investigation and study, applying management, economics and investigation and study, applying management, economics and engineering theories.\engineering theories.\

To address certain issues applying international norms, practices To address certain issues applying international norms, practices and engineering, managerial and professional experiences. and engineering, managerial and professional experiences.

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Necessary to develop in parallel with technical issues, a Necessary to develop in parallel with technical issues, a comprehensive environmental and social impact comprehensive environmental and social impact assessments in a process of consultation with all assessments in a process of consultation with all stakeholders, demographic and socioeconomic, stakeholders, demographic and socioeconomic, resettlement, town planning, operational information resettlement, town planning, operational information centre, government and community consultations etc. centre, government and community consultations etc.

Design and operation plans of the mine, site rehabilitation, Design and operation plans of the mine, site rehabilitation, resettlement and mine closure shall be developed in resettlement and mine closure shall be developed in consultation with the relevant stakeholders and driven by consultation with the relevant stakeholders and driven by sustainable ecological and social principles. Using mining sustainable ecological and social principles. Using mining industry ‘best practice’ procedures; following industry ‘best practice’ procedures; following environmental and social safeguard policies (on such environmental and social safeguard policies (on such issues as resettlement, ethnic minority people and cultural issues as resettlement, ethnic minority people and cultural property) the mining method is deduced.property) the mining method is deduced.

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Establishment of SafetyEstablishment of Safety→→ Shaft sinkingShaft sinking→→ Ventilation system in Ventilation system in

place place →→ Pit bottom Development Pit bottom Development →→ Substation BuildingSubstation Building→→

→→ Main Road Way DevelopmentMain Road Way Development→→ Coal road way Dev. Coal road way Dev. →→

→→ Equipment installation Equipment installation →→ Trial running Trial running →→ Coal ProductionCoal Production

Underground mine DevelopmentUnderground mine Development

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Establishment of Dewatering System Establishment of Dewatering System →→ Water Recharging Water Recharging →→

→→ Removing Over Burden Removing Over Burden →→ Making access to coal Making access to coal →→

→→ Coal Extraction Coal Extraction →→ Refilling etc. Refilling etc.

Open Cut Mine DevelopmentOpen Cut Mine Development

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Underground Coal Roadway and Underground Coal Roadway and Support SystemSupport System

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Typical Coal Face Powered Roof Support

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Drilling Drilling →→Blasting Blasting →→Rock bolting Rock bolting // Wire Meshing Wire Meshing / I-steel support I-steel support →→ Drainage system Drainage system →→Local Ventilation System Local Ventilation System →→

Underground Road way DevelopmentUnderground Road way Development

Some Typical Equipment and Coal Some Typical Equipment and Coal TransportTransport

Shearer Shearer →→AFC AFC →→CrusherCrusher→→ Stage Loader Stage Loader→→ Belt Conveyor Belt Conveyor→→ Coal Coal

Bunker Bunker →→Hoisting Hoisting →→Surface Coal SiloSurface Coal Silo

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U/g MiningU/g Mining•Long wall Long wall

•Board and PillarBoard and Pillar

•Top Caving Top Caving

•etcetc

Open Cut MiningOpen Cut Mining

•StratifiedStratified•Non StratifiedNon Stratified•HorizontalHorizontal•InclinedInclined•etcetc

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The Coal Mine & Coal Reserve:The Coal Mine & Coal Reserve:..

After techno-economic feasibility study a Coal mine and After techno-economic feasibility study a Coal mine and mining technique are under taken.mining technique are under taken.

The Coal seam generally lies in between rock layers.The Coal seam generally lies in between rock layers.

Earlier adopting Underground mining technology.Earlier adopting Underground mining technology.

Open cut coal mining - overburden removal- yielding Open cut coal mining - overburden removal- yielding near about 95 percent or more-less hazardsnear about 95 percent or more-less hazards

Roadways are developed through the bottom layer of Roadways are developed through the bottom layer of rock rock

Horses used for carriage, and shovels, spades for Horses used for carriage, and shovels, spades for extractionextraction

Electric locos blasting & fully automated machines usedElectric locos blasting & fully automated machines used

Huge production with less physical efforts.Huge production with less physical efforts.

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The CoalThe Coal

The Coal deposits formed during the geological age of Permian The Coal deposits formed during the geological age of Permian era. era.

Decomposition of trees, shrubs, shale and other living matter. Decomposition of trees, shrubs, shale and other living matter.

Lignite very raw and vegetable matters more distinct. Lignite very raw and vegetable matters more distinct.

Bituminous Coal better with less smoke, high calorific value. Bituminous Coal better with less smoke, high calorific value.

The final phase anthracite best in quality with high calorific The final phase anthracite best in quality with high calorific value, high carbon content, low ash, low sulfur content and low value, high carbon content, low ash, low sulfur content and low in other impurities with high specific weight. in other impurities with high specific weight.

Coal surfaces dull in nature & some with presence of glazy Coal surfaces dull in nature & some with presence of glazy vitreous substances.vitreous substances.

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Mineral Resources in BangladeshMineral Resources in Bangladesh

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Typical Underground Long wall Mine Typical Underground Long wall Mine PlanPlan

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The uses of Coal

Mainly Mainly for generating electricity. Also for steel mills, brickfields, loco engines, steamer i.e. to drive mechanical devices and other factories using heat for their production.

Can be designated mainly as per carbon content and heating Can be designated mainly as per carbon content and heating value. Carbon content main determinant of heating value less value. Carbon content main determinant of heating value less

impurities & moisture content.impurities & moisture content.

Specification of Coal

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Coal reserve in Bangladesh

Coal Coal Basin/Area Basin/Area

Year of Year of DiscoverDiscovery y

Depth of Coal Depth of Coal Seam Seam

CumulatCumulative ive thicknesthickness of coal s of coal seam seam

No. of No. of coal coal seams seams

Area of Area of coal coal fields fields

ReserveReserve

in Million in Million MT MT

CommentComments s

Barapukuria Barapukuria 1985 1985 118-509 118-509 61 61 6 6 6.68 6.68 390 390 Adopted Adopted undergrouunderground mining nd mining

Phulbari Phulbari 1997 1997 141-270 141-270 38 38 5 5 24 24 572 572 Proposed Proposed to open to open cut mining cut mining

Khalashpeer Khalashpeer 1989 1989 257-451 257-451 40 40 6 6 5.75 5.75 400 400 Study Study going on going on

Deeghipara Deeghipara 1995 1995 328-455 328-455 61 61 5 5 - - 600 600 Study Study going on going on

Jamalgonj Jamalgonj 1962 1962 640-1158 640-1158 64 64 7 7 11.7 11.7 1053 1053 CBM CBM possible possible

Kuchma Kuchma 1959 1959 - - - - - - - - - - Reserve Reserve not not calculated calculated

To present about 5 deposits discovered

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Coal Reserve Equivalent to Gas

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The consequences of mining activities

Subsidence

Water table lowering.

Water pollution.

Roof fall.

Toxic gases

Underground fire-hazards.

The fire originating from external heat sources

The fire ignited by itself

Dust pollution and explosion.Dust pollution and explosion.

The health hazard of dust.The health hazard of dust.

Combustion and explosion.

Methane explosion.

Land slide.

Earth dust.

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Coal39.8%

Gas19.6%

Hydro16.1%

Nuclear15.7%

Oil6.7%

Other2.1%

Total World Electricity Generation in 2004 (% by fuel)

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Environment & Social Management

Environmental management and rehabilitation -integral parts Environmental management and rehabilitation -integral parts of the mining process; of the mining process;

Specific management plan is to be integrated into a Specific management plan is to be integrated into a comprehensive Environment Monitoring Plan (EMP) that comprehensive Environment Monitoring Plan (EMP) that identifies management resources and incorporates identifies management resources and incorporates environmental commitments identified in the EIA. environmental commitments identified in the EIA. Environmental and social management plans for regular Environmental and social management plans for regular annual reporting to the GoB and other relevant stakeholders.annual reporting to the GoB and other relevant stakeholders.The Mine’s EMP will ensure that:The Mine’s EMP will ensure that:Sufficient money and personnel resources allocation to Sufficient money and personnel resources allocation to manage mine operations and potential impacts on the manage mine operations and potential impacts on the surrounding environment and community;surrounding environment and community;The EMP updates -a fully integrated document, including:The EMP updates -a fully integrated document, including:-Biophysical monitoring and performance:-Biophysical monitoring and performance:Social impact management;Social impact management;Mining operations and rehabilitation and Mine closure Mining operations and rehabilitation and Mine closure

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According to environmental quality standards of Bangladesh (1991) -smoke extraction standard SPM 500mg/m3, S02 120 mg/m3, CO 5000 mg/m3, NO 100 mg/m3, and noise standard is 75 dba. Sanitary sewage discharge standard is neutral PH value, SS<100 mg/L, BOD5 < 40 mg/l, temperature is below 30ºC, colibacillus is no greater than 1000 pcs/100ml. Air pollution discharged from underground roadway by main fan, which contains mainly dust and gas, smoke discharges from the boiler house.Environmental Management Resources.

-Sufficient money and personnel resources to ensure that the EMP effectively implemented and managed.Under the Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Management, there shall be specific persons working on environmental management of the mine.

Some Environmental Protection Regulations

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Major impacts on environment and population :Since the mine operation as well as development emerge some sort of pollutant during blasting operation, advancing the roadway, roof fall for underground mine, water inrush for both underground and open cast mine, methane explosion, the gas content, surface subsidence level for underground mine, total water management should be carefully monitored and proper measures should be taken as and when required basis.

Various data should have to be collected, analyzed & classified. Ultimately a methodology could be derived, formulated & implemented and a trade off been arrived, arisen from development & operational work and the economic benefits result.Land acquisition and population displacement.-The minefield has to acquire a large area of land for mining activities.

This will require displacement of the population . Nevertheless, measures will be implemented during all phases to minimize population displacement as much as possible.—Leaving coal pillars.

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Land acquisition will occur in accordance with the regulations of Land acquisition will occur in accordance with the regulations of the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property (Amendment)(Amendment) Act 1994 or by special legislation. Act 1994 or by special legislation. Households and businesses from this area according to a Households and businesses from this area according to a phased resettlement program that will run for over a phased resettlement program that will run for over a considerable time. considerable time.

Resettlement Planning. Resettlement Planning. - Mine Entitlement Matrix that details resettlement and - Mine Entitlement Matrix that details resettlement and compensation entitlements;compensation entitlements; -Development plan for ethnic minority groups; -Development plan for ethnic minority groups;-Township and surrounding villages; and-Township and surrounding villages; and

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The estimated main social impact from activities will be in the 5 kilometer Zone. - a homestead is often occupied by an extended family (father and married sons) and typically consists of a few houses and outbuildings surrounded by fruit trees;-Males head most households. -Ethnic minority groups.Agriculture (mainly rice production) underpins the local economy and is an important source of livelihood and income for farm, non-farm and landless households. Trade, transport and manufacturing are important non-farm sources of employment and income. Business and trading activities of a non-agricultural nature include furniture builders, jewellery, factories, bakeries, oil mills, brickfields, rice mills and smaller cottage industries such as blacksmiths, potters and jute work; There are archaeological sites, NGOs and community based organizations (CBOs) that participate in a wide range of activities.

Key features of the social environment

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-Money is available for rehabilitation works.Resettlement optionsA basic principle in the planning of the resettlement program is to be given affected persons a choice of resettlement options, so as to minimize the risks associated with involuntary displacement. These options are outlined below:

-Resettlement to the new extended Township or to designated upazila village relocation sites. Residential and business plots will be provided, as will infrastructure, services and utilities. Resettled households would be able to choose between the provision of replacement housing by the Project, or

-Cash compensation for constructing their own houses. -Establishment of new villages to which ethnic minority

households from the various villages in the mine displacement area can relocate. Township and village relocation sites.The development of the new town and villages will be constructed in stages in response to the development of the mine and the progressive relocation of the villages.

Mine rehabilitation

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Livelihoods, employment and income.-The acquisition of land will have substantial impacts on the livelihoods and income-generating potential of all households and businesses within the mine displacement area, both agricultural and non-agricultural. Livelihood related impacts that may occur include:

i) Fair compensation for the loss of land, buildings and other assets;ii) An annual dividend for certain years to landowners with legal title, calculated on the basis of the size of their acquired landholding;iii) A one time grant for lost income;iv) Additional assistance to re-establish livelihoods (e.g. training).v) Enactment of a local recruitment policy to enable direct employment for project-affected people; and v) Establishment of a trust fund for community development projects.

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Benefits of a Mine project

The Mine is required for the following reasons: The Mine is required for the following reasons:

-Supports GoB Objectives.-Supports GoB Objectives.

-New Local Energy Alternative.-New Local Energy Alternative.

-New Source of Electricity.-New Source of Electricity.

-Domestic Markets.-Domestic Markets.

-Economic Considerations-Economic Considerations

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1)Technological consideration 2)Safety aspect3) Managerial consideration.4)Social economic consideration5) Environmental consideration.1)Technological consideration The mining method: 1.1) Under ground mining 1.2) Open cut mining 2) Safety aspect 2.1). Safety and Mitigation measures from the hazards resulting in development and production activities: In underground Coal mine the trapped methane in the Coal seam may become explosive if the percentage explosives are blasting and is diverted to return roadway. becomes more than 5%-16% & in presence of any fire source it explodes. So, methane concentration is kept below the explosive mixture.

The issues to be addressed

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2.2)Total safety system -Self Rescuer -Safety boots, Helmets, Mine Lamp etc -Safety Training3) Managerial consideration 3.1) Efficient Mine operation. 3.2 Institute and resettlement management resources. 3.3) Waste pollution and its utilization: 3.4) Disposal of solid garbage:4) Social economic consideration 4.1) Organization Establishment.

-Social/cultural practices. 4.2) Cultural, religion, historical and archaeological sites. 4.3) Vulnerable groups. -Establishment of a Community Development Trust Fund;5) Environmental consideration. 5.1) Treatment of surface subsidence: 5.2) Ground Greening:

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Conclusion

The open cut mining method a new concept in Bangladesh but is a proven technology .The underground mining method used extensively having rich aquifer with aquiclude.

The region generally flood free; comparative low population density; underlain by low salinity, arsenic free groundwater.

A large amount of baseline data to be monitored through preparation of detailed mine design and during the mining operation.The concern technically, environmentally, economically and socially manageable. Establish World’s best practice management systems for reporting to mine management and the GoB.

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Recommendations

We must explore the earth to search for an alternative one. For this a coal mine is inevitable. If the coal mines are not developed, they will remain unutilized, thereby inefficient utilization of mineral resources, depriving people of a huge employment opportunities, pushing the country economically backward. However, some remedies against environment pollution may be recommended based on study, general ideas, norms and practices. It may be executed through extensive training, comprehensive research as well as educating the people up to the level best. 1.ESP or other dust collecting equipment 2.Some neutralizing gaseous substance to lessen the harmful effect of the exploded gas. 3.To recharge underground water from the surface.3.To recharge underground water from the surface.

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4.Dampers or other acoustic materials may be provided or other acoustic materials may be provided

5.Tectonic movement and other features should be 5.Tectonic movement and other features should be monitored monitored

6.Help re-establish some wetland and native forests for a 6.Help re-establish some wetland and native forests for a biodiversity corridor;biodiversity corridor;

7. Develop a strategy for improved rural livelihood and 7. Develop a strategy for improved rural livelihood and biodiversity;biodiversity;

8. Promote women’s entrepreneurship;8. Promote women’s entrepreneurship;

9.Provide necessary training for development of 9.Provide necessary training for development of skills.skills.

10.NGO’s may be employed for Resettlement.10.NGO’s may be employed for Resettlement.

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Thank YouThank You