1. The Characteristics of Life

• 1. Cell - smallest unit capable of life functions (basic unit of life)

• 2.Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions, metabolism refers to a living organism's ability to consume and use energy (from food or from the sun)

• 3. Reproduction - the process by which organisms make more of their own kind

• 4. Homeostasis - maintaining stable internal conditions (biological balance)

• 5. Heredity - the passing of traits from parents to offspring. The unit of heredity is the GENE - which codes for a trait. When a gene changes, it is called a MUTATION

• 6. Responsiveness: reaction to select stimuli, physiologically and/or behaviorally

• 7. Growth: conversion of materials from the environment into components of organism

# 2

• Homeostasis means

“same state” and it is

the process of keeping

the internal body

environment in a

normal state.

Sweating allows the body to cool,

maintaining normal body

temperatures

Insulin Injections allow diabetics

to maintain normal glucose levels

In order to maintain homeostasis, it is most

important for an animal to be able to —

A. change its habitat

B. increase its prey population

C. hide from its predators

D. respond to its environment

The concentration of glucose must be

maintained within a fairly narrow range in

most vertebrates. This statement is an

example of —

A. fermentation

B. glycolysis

C. homeostasis

D. excretion

#3 Scientific Method

Scientific Method is presented 20 different ways in 20 different books. Don’t get hung

up on it! Remember that a Hypothesis is a Prediction!

#4

A useful hypothesis is a testable statement which includes a prediction.

#6 Scholarly Journals: best choice Scholarly journals are

often key resources for academic research.

Journal articles are "peer-reviewed," meaning their content is reviewed and approved by experts in the discipline.

Watch out, encyclopedias

may have worked in middle school, but they no longer should be you best reference!

#7 Control Group

Control group

the group that is not

changed; “normal

conditions”

used for comparison

# 8 Experimental Variables

Independent variable

experimenter changes

(“I” change)

Dependent Variable

is measured or

observed

changes due to the

independent variable

The only way to eliminate

experimenter bias

#9. Mr. Brodowski wanted to test how effective note cards were on helping students prepare for tests. He divided his class into two groups. He told Group A to make note cards each day for the next ten days, and Group B did not make note cards. He found that Group A scored 10 points higher on the test than Group B.

Identify:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Control Group

Experimental Group

#9 (cont.) Bart thinks that mice exposed to microwaves will become stronger. He decided to do this as an experiment in his mother’s microwave. He placed 10 mice in the microwave for half a minute. He then compared the “waved” mice to a group of “non-waved” mice. To test his hypothesis, the mice would have to move a heavy block of wood that covered their food. Bart found that 8 “waved” mice and 8 “non-waved” mice could move the block of wood.

•

• Identify: – Control Group ______________

– Independent Variable ___________

– Dependent Variable ______________

A scientist designed an experiment to test the effect of temperature on bacterial growth. He grew three different cultures of the bacterium E. coli under three heat lamps at different temperatures. What was the independent variable in this experiment? A. Temperature B. Reproduction rate

C. Number of bacteria D. Length of the experiment

• A student’s experiment showed that

earthworms move away from light. This

statement should be classified as —

A. an inference

• B. a predictiona

• C. hypothesisa

• D. conclusion

• A student wanted to look at plant growth in five

different soil samples. He planted the same type

of seeds in identical containers and left them

together in full sunlight. He gave each plant the

same amount of water and charted the growth of

each plant stem. What is the independent

variable in this experiment?

• A. Light

• B. Seeds

• C. Soil

• D. Container

Lipids

1.Fats

2. Oils

3. Waxes

4.Cholesterals

5. Steroids

Proteins

1. Pigments – Provide

skin color and

protection

2. Structure – Cell

structure

3. Keratin – Nail and Hair

4. Carriers – Hemoglobin

5. Enzymes

Nucleic Acids DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acids

- DNA is our genetic code

- It contains the

information for our cells

RNA – Ribonucleic acids

- RNA reads the DNA and

provides instruction

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many

sugar units

1. starch = plant storage

(bread, potatoes)

2. glycogen = animal

storage (beef muscle)

3. cellulose = Plant

structure (lettuce, corn)

#12

#13

• The monomer or building block of carbohydrates is monosaccharides

• Protein’s building blocks (monomers) of amino acids

• The Building Blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids are nucleutides

• Lipids: Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

#14 • Protein/Amino acids are composed of

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)

• Carbohydrates/monosaccharides Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO) 1:2:1 C6H12O6

• Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphate (CHONP)

BTW

• KNOW DIS PICTURE

A lipid by any other name

is a glycerol connected to

3 fatty acids

# 15 Hydrolysis

• Separates monomers by “adding water”

• Used to separate macromolecules

HO HO H H

HO H

H2O

#16 Dehydration Synthesis • Also called “condensation reaction”

• Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”.

• Used to form macromolecules.

HO H

HO HO H H

H2O

#17

• Ice is less dense as a solid, so

ice floats

• Cohesion: attraction between

particles of the same substance

Ex. Surface Tension

• Adhesion : attraction between

two different substances.

– Ex. Capillary action

#17 cont. • Polar water molecules act like magnets and attract each other

• Water is often said to be the universal solvent, because it can dissolve many substances (think Kool-Aid)

Salt in water will

dissolve because it is

polar, thus the universal

solvent name

What is the function of enzymes in biological systems?

A. Enzymes act as substrates when the necessary proteins are unavailable.

B. Enzymes act as catalysts to drive chemical reactions forward.

C. Enzymes act as products to create new chemical reactions.

D. Enzymes bond with substrates to create the new reaction products.

#18 How do enzymes Work?

Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

#19 Enzymes • Most enzymes are Proteins

• Are Reusable • End in –ase -Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase

# 20 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (denature= Stopping its function)

•Temperature •pH •Cofactors & Coenzymes

•Inhibitors

Denatured by pH or temp

change: substrate no longer fits

#21 Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• Enzymes are substances present in the cell in small amounts which

speed up or catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up the

rate of chemical reactions because they lower the energy of

activation, the energy that must be supplied in order for molecules to

react with one another. Enzymes lower the energy of activation by

forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

BTW, Change the pH or temperature and this enzyme might

not work (denatured)

#21 Enzymes (another view in case the flash

didn’t work for the last one)

#22 CELL SHAPE

• 1. Cells come in a variety of Shapes.

• 2. Notice the neurons on the wall, the basic cell of our Nervous System. This diversity of form reflects a diversity of function.

• 3. Most Cells have a Specific Shape.

• 4. THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON IT'S FUNCTION.

• 5. Cells of the Nervous System that carry information from your toes to your brain are long and threadlike.

• 6. Blood Cells are shaped like round disk that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels.

#23 The Cell Theory consist of

THREE Principles:

A. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism.

C. Cells come only from reproduction of existing cells. (remember the Redi experiment)

#24 • It is harder for a large cell to pass materials in and out of the

membrane, and to move materials through the cell

• Bottom Line: You want a large surface area to volume ratio,

which mean a small cell! Look how long it would take

for stuff to get to the

nucleus. NOT GOOD!!

The

Good

The Bad The UGLY

#25 What are the Simplest Levels?

• Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • System

#26 Cell Membrane

• The Cell Membrane Functions like a GATE, Controlling what ENTERS and LEAVES the Cell

• This "Selectively Permeable" Membrane regulates what passes into and out of the cell

FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the layer, like it’s a liquid.

MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.

#26 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Maybe TMI, but discuss.

#26 cont.

• Hydrophilic (water-loving)

polar heads of the

phospholipid molecules

lie on the outward-facing

surfaces of the plasma

membrane.

• Hydrophobic (water-

fearing) nonpolar tails

extend to the interior of

the plasma membrane.

Yea, I know it is a cheesy picture. It is not

like I get these from Sports Illustrated!

What characteristic does the small animal

have that makes him adapted to the change

in the environment?

Can animals choose

to adapt to their

environment?

What has to be

present in the

population before

these fish can go on

land?

#27 Organelles (yes, there are more to know)

#28 Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

• Pro (before) Karyon (kernel)

• No nuclear membrane

• Lack membrane bound organelles

• Simple and often small

#28 Eukaryotes (animal)

• Eu (true) Karyon (kernel)

• Membrane bound

organelles

• More complex and often

bigger

• Membrane bound

nucleus

#31 Plant Cell

• Eukaryotes for they have membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus

• Have cell wall, central vacuum and chloroplast

• Lack flagella, cilia, lysosomes and centrioles

#30

• Glycoprotein acts as flags/ recognition

sites for cells. Also called marker proteins.

#32 Endosymbiosis

• Process by which prokaryotes

gave rise to the first eukaryotic

cells

• Cells are living together within

cells

• Mitochondria and Chloroplast

• Lynn Margulis discovered

Isotonic Solution

NO NET MOVEMENT OF Both in and out

equally

Hypotonic Solution

IN

Hypertonic Solution

OUT

#33

# 34 Solubility

Materials that are

soluble in lipids

can pass through

the cell

membrane easily

Small molecules and larger hydrophobic molecules move through easily. e.g. O2, CO2, H2O

# 35 Semipermeable Membrane

Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than water, and large molecules such as proteins do not move through the membrane on their own.

#35 Semipermeable Membrane

#36 Osmosis in Red Blood Cells

Isotonic

Same

Hypotonic

Swells

Hypertonic

Shrinks

hypotonic hypertonic isotonic

hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

#36 cont

#37 Simple Diffusion

Requires NO

energy

Molecules move

from area of

HIGH to LOW

concentration

#37 Osmosis

Osmosis – diffusion of water through a membrane

Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein

but uses NO ENERGY (With C.G.)

#38

Active transport requires a carrier protein

and ENERGY (Against C.G.)

#38

cont

ENERGY

BTW

Endocytosis: large particle ENter the cell

More BTW

Exocytosis large particles EXit the cell

#39 Overview of Cellular Respiration

1. Process that releases energy by breaking

down food molecules in presence of oxygen

Carried out by both plants and animals!

#39 cont. Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy

to chemical energy and storing it as

glucose.

This process occurs in plants and some

algae.

The process of photosynthesis takes

place in the Chloroplast.

#40 Chloroplast

• Chloroplast is an organelle found in plants.

• Chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

• Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as glucose

• Chloroplast contains a pigment called chlorophyll.

• Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in most plants.

Yea, that pretty much sums up #40.

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Look familiar?

What was the equation for

photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

light

What do we make that plants need, and what

do plants make that we need?

#41

Cellular Respiration

#40 cont.

OUT

IN OUT

IN

G0:

nondividing

interphase

Interphase: G1= carry out cell functions, live!

S= replication of chromosomes

G2= checkpoints

S: Synthesis

of DNA

G1: Growth

G2: Growth

#43/46

#43

• Cytokinesis: entire

cell divides in two

• Process in which the

cytoplasm of a cell is

divided after nuclear

division (mitosis) is

complete.

#44

• Cancer: unregulated

mitosis (unresponsive

to normal cues).

• Cancer cells continue

to divide

#47 Human

Chromosomes during Mitosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Number of

divisions 1

2

Number of

daughter cells 2 4

Genetically

identical? Yes No

Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Gamete cells

When Throughout life At sexual maturity

Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction

~ 47 to 52 Know this chart

Somatic cells (body

cells)

Gamete (reproductive cells –

Sperm/eggs)

Diploid Haploid

#55 Mutations

• Mutation – any change in the DNA

• Gene mutation

• Chromosomal mutation

• Agents causing mutations –

radiation, chemicals, excess heat

• They eventually lead to evolution if

the organism survives

#55 Recombination

(crossing over)

• Occurs in prophase of

meiosis I

• Generates diversity

Letters denote genes

Case denotes alleles

•Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F.

A

B

C

D

E

F

a

b

c

d

e

f

c

d

e

f

C

D

E

F

Homologous chromosomes

Sister chromatids Sister chromatids Tetrad

#56 Homologous Chromosomes Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in

shape and size

Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same

inherited traits

Interphase : The chromosomes (blue) are uncondensed..

Metaphase: The chromosomes move along the spindle microtubules to line up at the center of the cell. Think Middle.

Prophase: Chromosomes condense and are visible for first time Think Pasta.

#57 Phases of Mitosis (PMAT)

Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, and each of two full sets of chromosomes. Think Apart

Telophase: The chromosomes gather into two clusters. Think Two.

Next interphase: Chromosomes are decondensed. Spindle fibers are gone.

#57cont. Phases of Mitosis

# 58 Pedigree

Key: = Males

= Females

Shading = Recessive Trait

No Shading = Dominant Trait

(Attached Earlobes = f )

(Free Earlobes = F)

1 2

1 2 3

I

II

4 5

1 2 3

3 4 1 2

1 2 3 6

I

II

What are the Genotypes of the people shown below?

ff

ff

ff

F F F

F F

F

F

F F F

f f f

? ?

?

f f f

f

#58 cont. So you think your soo smart?

Genotype & Phenotype

• Genotype :represents the exact genetic make-up. (What are the letters)

Ex. Ss or SS

• Phenotype: represents the actual physical properties, such as height, weight, hair color, and so on. (What is on the outside or expressed)

BTW, Let’s get this out of the way before we start the heredity stuff

#59/64/65 Genotype & Phenotype Yes, I know it does not align with the review, but you know what I mean!

Genotype Phenotype

SS or Ss Round

ss Wrinkled

Genotype frequency

1:2:1

Phenotype frequency

3:1

BTW Dihybrid

Cross

Dihybrid – 2 traits

Gametes per parent = 4

Punnett Square – 16

boxes

Genotype ratio

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

Phenotype ratio

9:3:3:1

#60 Dominant vs. Recessive

• Dominant – always expressed Capital letters – N

Homozygous - NN

Heterozygous - Nn

• Recessive – prevented by dominant Lower case letters – n

Homozygous - nn

#61 Linkage – Sex Linkage

• Linkage – genes on the same

chromosome inherited as a group

• Sex-linkage – genes on sex

chromosomes (esp. X)

• Y-chromosome shorter – some genes

from X missing

• X-linked traits more common in men

• Men get X-chromosome from mom

• Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia

#62 Hemophilia

• Hemophilia (heem-a-FILL-

ee-ah) is a rare inherited

bleeding disorder in which

the blood does not clot

normally.

• Hemophilia is a sex-linked

trait in humans

• Women are most often

“carriers”, not having the

symptoms but carrying the

trait on their genes.

#63 Test-Cross

• The crossing of an

organism, with an

unknown genotype, to

a homozygous

recessive organism

(tester).

KNOWN

Homozygous

Recessive

So, What is the unknown

genotype?

UNKNOWN

#66 Incomplete Dominance

• Hybrid is a blend of

two traits

• Genotype frequency

1:2:1

• Phenotype frequency

1:2:1

• Examples:

Flowers, Animal fur

#66 cont. Co-dominance

• More than one dominant allele

• Blood types – A,B,O alleles

• Phenotypes Genotypes

A I AI A or I Ai (AA or (AO)

B IBIB or IBi (BB or BO)

AB I AIB (AB)

O ii (oo)

#66 cont. Polygenetic Traits

• More than one gene determines the phenotype.

• 2 or more genes affect 1 phenotype usually with quantitative characters, with a continuous scale of measurement... - height, weight, skin color* (and a polygenic*model), etc...

Notice the multiple alleles

#67 Karyotype

• What species? How do you know?

• Boy or girl? How do you know?

• What are the first 22 chromosomes called?

• Anything else going on with this karyotype?

Human Genome Project

• Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

• Goal – identified all the approximately 25,000-30,000 genes

in human DNA

– Basically they mapped the human genome (all of our genes

#68

#69 M/F Karyotype

#70 Find the Gene for Whirling Disorder!

• When individuals afflicted with Whirling Disorder hear old

Rolling Stones tunes, they let loose and dance uncontrollably.

#71 Environmental influence on

genes expression • Gene function is influenced by

environment as with identical twins

• Genes have blueprint for proteins or parts of proteins

• Proteins can be structural proteins (parts of body) or functional proteins (hormones/enzymes)

Evidence for DNA

GRIFFITH

Griffith studied Streptococcus pneumonia, a nasty bacteria

to create a vaccine.

A vaccine is a substance made from dead or weakened

bacteria. You body is given the vaccine and is ready for a

live version when it comes.

X X Virulent: A substance

that causes disease

or death

Heat Treated

Dead Virulent

Harmless

non-virulent

Griffith’s Conclusion:

Transformation: Bacteria have the ability to transfer genetic information from one

bacteria to another.

#72

More Evidence for DNA

Hershey Chase

Hershey and Chase studied a

bacteriophage.

A Bacteriophage is a virus that infects

bacteria and causes them to burst.

Bacteriophage

Bacteria

Hershey & Chase

Experiment

Bacteriophage w/

Blinking DNA

Bacteria Frozen Daiquiri Baby Viruses w/

Blinking DNA

Conclusion: DNA is the unit of genetics,

because the babies blink!!!

#72 cont

Chagraff’s Puzzle Pieces

Chagraff

G

C C

Simply put:

- Where you find an adenine (A) there will be a thymine (T)

-Where you find a guanine (G) there will be a cytosine (C).

**** A + T spells AT ******

The base pairs are

complimentary for

A=T

G=C

Notice Purines

Are large.

#73

Rosalind Franklin

A picture is worth a thousand nucleotides

Rosiland Franklin took the first ‘picture’ of

DNA using complex X-Ray

Crystallography

Her X-ray was instrumental to

figuring out the structure of DNA

She did not receive the Nobel Prize

because she died before the award was

given.

#73

Watson & Crick

Watson and Crick made the first model of the DNA

molecule that showed the double helix structure.

Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the Nobel prize in

1962

#73

DNA Replication (Review)

See Chromosomes, Genes and DNA

See Cell reproduction

DNA Replication

1. The DNA material is

doubled

2. Occurs in the Nucleus

3. Helicase is the

untwister and

unzipper

4. Happens prior to

mitosis/meiosis

during interphase (S)

We go from dis to dat

#74

What kind of

favorable

adaptation

does Lola

have?

A. camouflage

B. speed

C. mimicry

1) Many Genes

are on one of

these structures

in the nucleus

called;

___________

2. A mutation is

any change in

the _____ of an

organism.

3. T or F all

mutations are

bad

BASE-PAIRINGS

#75

C G

Hydrogen Bond Holds the base

T A

#76

• Adenine must pair with Thymine

• Guanine must pair with Cytosine

• Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be

about the same.

G C T A

Transcription

DNA mRNA

1. DNA is copied to mRNA (messengerRNA)

2. Occurs in the Nucleus

3. mRNA carries genetic message out a nuclear pore

4. Polymerase enzyme connects the new mRNA nucleotides

#77

BTW, Translation

mRNA Protein

1. mRNA is used to make proteins (polypeptides)

2. Occurs in the cytoplasm

3. A ribosome is used as the binding site for the protein

synthesis

RIBOSOME

mRNA

See BioCoach

Codon / Anti Codon

See BioCoach

CODON

Anti codon

#79

#80 Peptide Bond

• Used to hold the amino acids together

to form a protein

See BioCoach

Peptide bond

Two Types of Nucleic Acids (in case you forgot)

DNA RNA

Double stranded Single stranded

Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar

Thymine Uracil

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

• Made up of nucleotides (DNA molecule) in a

DNA double helix.

• Nucleotide is made up of :

1. Phosphate group

2. 5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose

3. Nitrogenous base

#83

#83 cont. DNA Nucleotide

O

O=P-O

O

Phosphate

Group

N Nitrogenous base

(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C C

C C

Sugar

(deoxyribose)

• #84 Recombinant DNA: DNA that has genes from two different organisms

#84 cont Recombinant

DNA Process • Isolate Plasmid and Human

DNA

• Apply RE to both human

and Bacteria Plasmid

• Insert Human spliced DNA

into spliced Plasmid

• Add ligase enzyme to bond

covalently

• Put plasmid into bacteria

• Clone human DNA fragment

through normal bacteria

replication w/ nutrient

medium.

Sticky Ends

BTW

#85 Transgenic Organism

• Plant, animal,

bacterium, or other

living organism that

has had a foreign

gene added to it by

means of genetic

engineering.

Tobacky plant spliced with

bioluminescence gene

which causes it to glow

#86 Cloning

• Cloning is the

process of creating

an identical copy of

something

• The terms

"recombinant DNA

technology," "DNA

cloning," "molecular

cloning,"or "gene

cloning" all refer to

the same process.

#87 Bacteria DNA

• Plasmid: small

circular DNA

molecule that

replicates within

bacteria cell,

separate from the

bacteria

chromosome.

• Often used for

genetic technology

Plasmid

Chromosome

Bacteria Cell

• Restrictive Enzymes:

(1960’s) Bacteria

enzymes that work by

cutting up foreign

DNA, like a phage

• Each R.E. cuts at a

specific sequence.

There are hundreds

of different RE, each

with its own cutting

sequence

Restrictive Enzyme

DNA

#88

#89 DNA Fingerprinting

• Like the fingerprints

that came into use by

the police, each

person has a unique

DNA fingerprint.

• The fingerprints are

made from the base

pairs (A-T, G-C).

#90 Evolution

• Evolution is the slow , gradual change in a population of organisms over time

• Through Mutations and survival of the fittest, evolution occurs

BTW, Lamarck’s Theory of

Evolution • Use & Disuse - Organisms

Could Change The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using Them

• Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms)

• Giraffe’s Necks Longer from stretching)

• Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

#91 Survival of the Fittest Darwin, Darwin, Darwin

• Fitness

– Ability of an Individual To Survive &

Reproduce

• Adaptation

– Inherited Characteristic That

Increases an Organisms Chance for

Survival

#93 Homologous Body

Structures

• Similar Bone Structure

but different function

• Implies a common

ancestor

• Limb Bones Develop In

Similar Patterns

• Arms, Wings,

Legs, Flippers

BTW, Vestigial Organs

• Not All Serve Important Functions • Appendix

• Pinky Toe

• Third eye lid

#94 Relative Dating

• Fossil record provides

relative dating of rock

layers; top layers of

rock are younger than

lower layers.

#94 cont. Absolute Dating

– Absolute dating method uses radioactive

isotopes. – Isotopes each have particular half-life or time it takes for

half of isotope to decay and become nonradioactive.

– Carbon-14 (14C) used to date organic matter; half decays

to 14N each 5,730 years; limited to about last 50,000 years.

– Half of potassium-40 (40K) decays to argon-40 (40Ar) each

1.3 million years; estimates age of younger rocks.

– Uranium-238 decays to lead-207; estimates age of older

rocks.

a) Punctuated

equilibrium b) Gradualism

small changes over

long time periods

Change occurs in

bursts, separated by

long time periods of

no change

#95

Orange to

Red takes

forever

BAM

Four Things You Must Know About

Darwin

• Wrote the “Origin of Species”

• The “Survival of the Fittest”

Guy

• The “Natural Selection” Guy

• He Loved Bumper Cars

#96

• Three domains

• Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)

• Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

• Broadest, most inclusive taxon

Domains #97 -98

98-99

#100 Autotrophs

• Autotrophs are also called Producers because they produce all of the food that heterotrophs use

• Ex. Plants and Algae

#101 Heterotrophs

• Organisms that do not make their own food

• Another term for Heterotroph is consumer

because they consume other organisms in order

to live

• Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms

Taxonomy and Classification

Homologous Features

Internally these organisms have

similar bone structure. The main

reason that the structures are

different is

a. They are different sizes

b. They eat different things

c. They evolved at different times

d. The limbs are adapted to a different

function.

129

Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

Differences between amino acid

sequences in the same protein

are examined. The fewer differences

the more closely related the

organisms are thought to be.

A V J D C F T M S

A B J D C F S M D

• King

• Phillip

• Came

• Over

• For

• Good

• Spaghetti! #104

Other factors that affect population

growth

• Carrying Capacity- the

maximum population size

that can be supported by

the available resources

• There can only be as

many organisms as the

environmental resources

can support (limiting

resources) # 105

Carrying Capacity

Carrying Capacity (k)

N

u

m

b

e

r

Time

J-shaped curve

(exponential growth)

S-shaped curve

(logistic growth)

#105

cont.

#106

• Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)

BTW, • Population:

A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.

REMEMBER: To be a species, you must be able to breed

and have young that can breed (viable)

Don’t over think this with Mules and Ligers!!!!

BTW,

• Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.

#108 Food Web

• Notice that the

direction the arrow

points the arrow

points in the

direction of the

energy transfer,

NOT “what ate

what”

#110 Ecological Succession

• A change in the community in which new

populations of organisms gradually replace

existing ones

– 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where

there is no existing communities and for some reason

(s) a new community of organisms move into the area

• Think Glaciers and Lava Flows

– 2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area where

an existing community is partially damaged

• Think Forest Fires

– 3. Climax Community – a community that is stable

and has a great diversity of organisms

#111

Water Cycle:

Transpiration and

evaporation

causes water to

go up

Precipitation

causes water to

go down

Nitrogen Fixation:

Bacteria can

absorb nitrogen

directly and convert

to a form plants can

use

Release Carbon:

Burning Fossil Fuels,

Volcanoes, and

animal Respiration

Absorb Carbon:

Photosynthetic

Plants and algae,

and dissolved

#112 Heterotrophs

• Consumers – 1. Scavengers/Detritivores – feed on the tissue of

dead organisms (both plans and animals) • Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp

– 2. Herbivores – eat ONLY plants • Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes

– 3. Carnivores – eat ONLY meat • Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks

– 4. Omnivores – eat BOTH plants and animals • Ex. – Bears and Humans

– 5. Decomposers – absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers

• Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms

#112 cont.

– Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs

(producers)

– Secondary Consumers – eat the primary

consumers

– Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary

consumers

– Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break

down dead organisms and recycle the material

back into the environment

What type of symbiosis

is this?

a. predation

b. parasitism

c. commensalism

d. mutualism

read Despite the shark’s expression, these remoras with

their suction cup heads, do not harm or help the

shark, they get a free ride and leftover food

#113 Ecological Pyramid

#113 cont. Ecological Pyramid

#113 Ecological Pyramid

• Which level has the most energy?

• Which level has the most organisms?

• Which level has the least organisms?

• Which level has the least energy?

•Begins with the SUN

•Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll

C6H12O6 + 6O2

#114

BTW, Symbiosis

• A close and permanent association between

organisms of different species

– Commensalism – a relationship in which one

organism benefits and the other is not affected

• Example: Barnacles on a whale

– Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms

benefit from each other

• Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back

– Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism

benefits and the other is harmed

• Example: Ticks on a dog

#115 Habitat & Niche • Habitat is the

place a plant or animal lives

• Niche is an organism’s total way of life

#116 The Nonliving Environment

• Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.

• Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.

#117 The Living Environment

• Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.

#117 (this is a basic, incomplete answer to this question, but it

points you in the right direction)

• Carbon dioxide and other air pollution that

is collecting in the atmosphere like a

thickening blanket, trapping the sun's heat

and causing the planet to warm up.

• The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are likely

to be the main source of ozone depletion.

#118

• Biodiversity is the variety of life forms

within a given ecosystem, biome or for the

entire Earth.

• The greater the Biodiversity, the healthier

the environment.

#120

#122-123

#124 Cuticle

• The outer surface of

the leaf has a thin

waxy covering called

the cuticle.

• This layer's primary

function is to prevent

water loss within the

leaf.

#124 cont. Stoma

• The stoma is responsible for the interchange of gases for respiration and photosynthesis.

• The stomata allow for the loss of excess water in the form of water vapour, which also allows for cooling.

#125 Roots Hairs

• Root hairs greatly increase the surface area of roots

• Root hairs absorb nutrients and water.

#126

Know your male/female parts of the plant

#127

#128 Xylem

• Conducts water

and dissolved

minerals

• Conducting cells

are dead and

hollow at maturity

vessel

member tracheids

#128 cont. Phloem:

• Transports sugars

• Main conducting

cells are sieve-

tube members

• Companion cells

assist in the

loading of sugars

sieve plate

sieve-tube

member

companion

cell

Things to know

• Angiosperm

– Have flowers

– Have fruits with seeds

– oak, maple, elm, apple

• Gymnosperm

– Lack flowers and fruit

– Often cone trees

– Conifers (pine trees),Ginkos

The SOL loves these two terms, so know them!!!!

• Coniferous trees keep their leaves throughout the year – conifer family are pines,

spruces, firs, and hemlocks.

• Deciduous trees are also known as broadleaf trees – They often lose their

leaves in fall

– Apple, elm, oaks, maples

• Marsupials: female marsupials have pouches for young. Some marsupials include the koala, kangaroo, and the numbat.

•

Monotremes: egg-laying mammals. Modern-day monotremes include the echidnas (spiny ant-eaters) and the duck-billed platypus.

•

•

Placental mammals: Live Birth. Pretty much most mammals you know

#130

Characteristics of Mammals

• Hair

• Sweat Glands

• Mammary Glands

– For milk production

• Vertebrates

• Endothermic (inside

heat)

#129

Characteristics

of All Reptiles

1. They are ectothermic vertebrates. (outside heat)

2. Their skin has scales. 3. They have three-chambered hearts 4. They have claws on their toes

• 5. They are the first animals, in evolution, to develop the amniotic egg. This allows reptiles to lay eggs on land.

BTW

BTW

Insects Characteristics

• Three-segmented

body: head,

abdomen, and thorax.

• Exoskeleton.

(outside skeleton)

• Six legs, jointed

appendages.

• Compound eyes.

• Usually two pair of

wings.