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WLI 1st Regional Coordination Meeting(ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 13-15 February, 2011
LebanonTeam: Randa MASAAD, Ihab JOMAA, Sleimen SKAFF,
Naji ARAJI
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Biophysical characterization
Orontes River Watershed
Orontes Falls at Beit el tachem LARI
Presented by Ihab JOMAA (Head D. Irrigation and Agrometeorology)
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Leba
non
Orontes River Watershed
1384 km2
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Orontes or El Assi River
Watershed
Ain Ez Zarka
El A
ssi R
iver
46 k
m
Syria
Lebanon
Beirut
Sour
TripoliBaalbeck
Zahle
I IIIII
Rainfall rate800-1400
Snow covers 2500 km2
Rainfall rate200 – 800
Topography of Lebanon
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N
Orontes River Watershed
Northern Bekaa Valley
Mount Lebanon
Anti Lebanon
Topography
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The topographical features of the Orontes River watershed
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Watershed climatic characteristics- Maximum daily temperatures exceed 35°C in the
Bekaa Valley.
- The highest temperatures are recorder toward the
northern part of the Bekaa.
- Bekaa Valley could be divided into three ecoclimatic
zones based on the annual rainfall rates (northern,
central and southern part).
150 mm, 450 mm 550 mmand
150 mm,
450 mm
550 mm
Bekaa Valley
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report PNUD- Etude des eaux souterraines 1970
Rainfall evolution in Hermel area between 1930 and 1970
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Evapotranspiration rate 50 to 75%
may reach 85% to the north of the Bekaa Valley
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Geological characteristicsAnti LebanonMount Lebanon
Schematic cross-section along El-Assi River basin (W-E alignment)
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Geological stratigraphy of the watershed.
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Soil characteristics
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Type of soil at altitude less than 850m SitesSilty soil to silty-clayey, deep soil depth (> 90 cm), slightly gravelly, gentle slope of 3% according to the horizon thickness of accumulation, moderately calcareous to high calcareous, mainly irrigated land
Ras Baalbeck plainRas Baalbeck (Wadi Farah)El Qaa (Benjakieh)El Qaa (Bayoun)El Qaa (St Maroun )El Qaa (Wadi khanazir)Hermel
Silty soil to silty-clayey, moderate quality, shallow depth (0-40 cm), very stony, very gravelly, its cultivation require major labor work, with rock outcrop of 10 %, gentle slope 3 to 5%, highly calcareous, uncultivated.Silty soil to silty-clayey, deep soil, slightly stony & gravelly, gentle slope about 3%; highly calcareous; depth from 40 to 70 cm partially cultivated.Clayey soil to Clayey silty, on hard limestone, in steep slope > 20%, very stony and very rockyClayey soil to Clayey silty, very calcareous, in steep slope as terraces > 20%, stony and rocky.
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Erosion risk map
Darwish et al
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Hydrological map of the Orontes River watershed
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Drainage systems
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Monthly mean flow (m3/s)& mean volume(Mm3)
13.1
412.9
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y
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ruar
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ch
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ril
may
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gu
st
Mea
n a
nn
ual
flo
w (
m3
/s)
Mea
n A
nn
ual
Vo
lum
e (m
m3
)
Months
m3/
s
020406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440
Mm
3
Mean flow (m3/s) Mean volume (Mm3)
Reference: Projet d’irrigation a partir de l’Oronte dans les cazas de Baalbeck & Hermel, Ministry of electricity & hydraulics, November 1996).
Monthly mean flow and mean water volume of the Orontes River
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Oronte River Mean Annual Flow rates & Volume
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Mea
n A
nnua
l Flo
w R
ates
(m
3/se
c)
Annual Flow(m3/sec) Annual Volume(Mm3)
ذ
Mean Annual Flow Rate and mean water volume of the Orontes River
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nnua
l Flo
w R
ates
(m
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c)
ذ
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Ann
ual F
low
Vol
ume
(Mm
3)
050100150200250300350400450500550600650
ذ
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Annual flow rates of main streams at Orontes Basin
05001000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000750080008500900095001000010500110001150012000
Jhab
el
ho
mr
Aïn
Zar
ka
mo
un
qat
eq
Mar
jhin
e
Ras
el
Mal
Lab
weh
Ras
el
Aïn
Fak
ehe
Ras
Baa
lbek
Aay
ou
n O
rgh
ou
ch
Streams
Flo
w r
ate
L/s
Annual average L/s Average low-water level L/s
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Fruit trees and crops
Importance
level (1-5)
Area(Dunoms= 1000m2)
Quantity
(Tons)
Remarks
Apricot 4/ main 3000 1600 Traditional Varieties
Peach 3/important 600 700 New varietiesTable grapes 3/important 1500 1300 New promising varities without grain
Apple 1/secondary 350 250 Mostly in early stage of production
Watermelon 5/main 3000 12000 Special variety, early maturity
Tomato 5/main 2000 10000 Spring & summer seasons
melon 2/important 600 900 Requires modern resistant varieties
White Eggplant
3/important 1000 800 Traditional local varieties
Zucchini 1/secondary 250 300 Cultivation success only in early season
Bean 2/important 750 600 Introduced in rotation during winter season
Pea 2/important 500 300 Introduced in rotation during winter season
Wheat/Barley 2/important 1500 550 Introduced in rotation during winter season
Iqtisaduna- July 2007- Average Estimation from 2005 to 2007
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Landcover map of the Orontes river watershed
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Sampling date Sources Analysis re sults
Râs el Maâl
13/8/1995
Râs el Maâl NegativePublic spring of Mohr e.coli: 740/ lPublic spring of Daoura NegativePublic spring of Sabîl e. coli: 13000/ lPublic spring of hospital e. coli: 720/ l
Zones of Oronte sources
19/8/1995
Inlet water zone of laboueh at Aïn Zarga e. coli: 770/ l
bacteria & enterovirus (entherobacter, proteus, salmonella)
Zone of daffach Negatif
Al Fardouz restaurant (upper the bridge) Positif:
e. coli > 1800/ l
entherobacter, proteus, salmonella
200 m in upper bridge of Hermel Positif:
e. coli > 1800/ l
entherobacter, proteus, salmonella
Oûmcharaf source
(in upper of the bridge)
Positif:
e. coli > 1800/ l
entherobacter, proteus, salmonella
Water quality
LebanonPrepared By:
National coordinator: Eng.Randa Massaad
Bio-physical Team: Dr. Ihab Jomaa Eng. Sleiman Skaff Mr.Naji Araji
Socio-economic team: Mr.Fadi Naddaf Eng Hanaa Chehabedine
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II.1 Livelihood assessment
1- Population description The total population of the Project Area ( Baalbeck and Hermel ) is 250000
inhabitants. This area is one of the least developed regions of the country, and people often suffer from certain isolation. Agriculture, livestock and fish farming incidentally dominate the economics of the project area.
2- Demographic Characteristics: Poor families are larger than non-poor families with a higher number of family members and more children. The average size of poor families in the area of study is large (5.9 members), and is observed to be higher than the average for the region as a whole (5.2 members) and much higher than that for Lebanon (4.7 members). Poor families have more children, with an average number of children per family amounting to 3.7, as compared to 3.1 for the region as a whole.
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Part II: Socio-economic Characterization
II.1 Livelihood assessment3- Poverty Profile
Poverty lines have been determined based on the cost of a minimum consumption basket, founded on the food necessary for a recommended calorie intake, and augmented by an allowance for nonfood needs consistent with the spending patterns of the poor themselves
The lower poverty line for the region is equivalent to LBP 500.000 per month (approximately US $332) for an average household with 5.26 members.
The upper poverty line for the region of is equivalent to LBP 1.000.000 per month (around US $652) for an average household with 5.26 members 58% of households (and 65% of the population) relative to the upper poverty line.
The headcount index for the region is equivalent to 25.5% of households relative to the lower poverty line
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Part II: Socio-economic Characterization
II.1 Livelihood assessment3-Poverty Profile The poverty gap for the sample is approximately US$ 1.85 million
per year, and US$ 86 million for the region as a whole. The poverty gap index for the region amounts to 30.4%. The
inequality in the distribution of income and wealth is exhibited as follows:
around 50% of the population in the region only control around 20% of the total income,
while 10% of the population control more than 30% of the total income.
4-Life Standards The level of dissatisfaction of the residents of Hermel is higher than that in Baalbeck. When asked on their views on the minimum monthly salary sufficient to cover household expenses, the average estimated by the residents were very close to the poverty lines determined in the context of the study.Food constitutes the highest expenditure burden on poor families, followed by education and health expenses.
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II.1 Livelihood assessment5- Family size
Th average number of family members was 5.56 persons. The distribution of the male members by age was as follow:
Childhood < 18 years 37% of the total number. Youth 19-60 years 60% of the total number. Elderly 3% (above 60 years) of the total number.
The distribution for females according to the same groups is as follows:
Childhood < 18 years was 39% of the total number Youth 19-60 years 53 % of the total number. Elderly 8% (above 60 years) of the total number.
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II.1 Livelihood assessment6- Education Level Poor families have higher illiteracy rates, and amounts to
15%, and is much higher in Hermel (20.5%). Illiteracy among poor members is higher than the
aggregate percentage for the region as a whole (13.6%). and is much higher for females than for males.
Around 35% of the population in Hermel are currently enrolled in some type of education, whereas
42% were previously enrolled, and 14% have never had any form of previous education.
School enrollment is highest for children aged 5-9 years (95%), and remains high for those aged 10-14 years (94%). Enrollment rates drastically declines after the age of 14 years.
Percentage enrollment in public schools in the region is higher than the national average.
The educational enrollment per type of schooling in the region shows some gender bias, with higher female enrollment in public schooling systems
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II.1 Livelihood assessment7- Main agricultural and non-agricultural activities of the
rural communities
The total labor force (including those who are employed, unemployed, and first time job seekers) in Hermel is estimated to comprise around 27.6% of the total population in the area.
The highest proportion of workers in the Orontes basin are employed in the agricultural sector (22.1%),
followed by the sector of commerce (18.5%).
Gender variations in the distribution of the labor force per economic sector exist. Agriculture and commerce comprise the highest percentage of the male labor force, whereas the highest proportion of female workers are employed either in the educational or in the agricultural sector, together employing more than 60% of the female labor force.
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II.1 Livelihood assessment
8- Farm revenue-baseline data / Household Income◦ The individual income scales in the region are generally low.
◦ Around 67% of workers in the Orontes Basin have a monthly income below LBP 600 thousand, of whom 28% have a monthly income less than the minimum wage rate declared by the Government (LBP 500 thousand).
◦ Gender variations in income levels are evident, where the highest proportion of the female labor force with monthly incomes below LBP 300 thousand (51%).
◦ Lowest income levels are associated with the sector of agriculture, followed by construction (57.2% and 33% of workers in agriculture and construction, respectively, have monthly incomes below LBP 300 thousand).
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II.1 Livelihood assessment9- Farmer's skills, awareness and attitudes
When considering the biological and physical factors affecting the agricultural production practices in the study area, the following was observed;
Water resources are scarce. This scarcity represents another important limitation of agricultural production in the area, where the majority of the farmers rely on rain for their water supply and only around 6% of the sample irrigates their land.
They showed awareness to current environmental problems and to problems which may arise with the relatively newly adopted farming system.
Around 90% of the sample noticed severe degradation in the grazing areas and this was attributed to trees replacement, overgrazing, droughts, and floods. Seventy percent of the sample indicated that either there are erosion problems, on their land or neighboring properties, and only 20% practice limited conservation measures
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II.1 Livelihood assessment10- Gender-related data Ownership of assets is, in the majority of cases, male dominated. Females have extremely restricted control over physical and financial
assets Around 85% of houses are owned by husbands or sons, 92% of land ownership is in the hands of male members of the family, and
only 2% of industrial or agricultural equipment is owned by wives or daughters. The case is worse in poor families
Females only constitute around 15% of the total labor force in the area.
The female economic activity rate out of the total female population above 15 years of age is estimated at 8%
Female members of the family are primarily responsible for reproductive roles, whereas male members are primarily involved in productive employment. The production of handicrafts is female dominated, but males also control the market process.
Females in poor families have lower educational status than males. Gender bias in educational status in poor families is not observed in the pre-elementary and elementary levels.
Agriculture consumes the highest percentage of the female labor force in poor families, with 36% of the female labor force in poor families work in agriculture (as compared to 26% of the male labor force).
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II.1 Livelihood assessment10- Gender-related data
The share of agriculture of the poor female labor force is also observed to be higher than that for female labor force in the region in general.
Females, the majority of whom are widows (82%), head around 13% of the households in the region. Some 8.5% of female heads of households are single and are responsible for the income of their families.
The production of handicrafts is female dominated, but males also control the market process. Even when female members of the family are involved in productive roles, such as the production and marketing of handicrafts and assistance in agriculture, such chores are not counted formally as female employment.
II.2 Livestock characterization
Aarsal village owns the largest herd of cattle in Lebanon; almost 70000 heads of goats and sheep,(LARI/UNDP Report 2005). The herders move around all year long, from el Qaa in winter, to the mountainous lands of Aarsal in spring, to the weastern chain of mountains in summer and autumn.
In Hermel caza the livestock was 50000 goats, 25000 sheep and 700 head of cattle
The number of livestock in the El Qaa' region owned by surveyed households is 12803 sheep, 476 cows, 1602 hens and 185 rabbits
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Part II: Socio-economic Characterization
II.2 Livestock characterizationFish farming Freshwater aquaculture has been carried out in Lebanon since the
1930s (El-Zein, 1997). Semi intensive growing was introduced in 1958. More than 90 percent of aquaculture production in Lebanon is rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss
The oldest farm was established in 1965 in the Hermel area. However, most of the farms (about 41 percent) were established during the years 1985-1990, mainly in the Anjar and Hermel areas and a few in Zahle.
About 11 percent were established in the period 1991-1994 and 2 percent followed in the period 1995-1997.
After 1997 another 90 farms were established. The industry now accounts for 150 farms distributed mainly in the Bekaa area along
the river Assi with some smaller ones along the northern coast.
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Part II: Socio-economic Characterization
II.2 Livestock characterizationFish farming
After crop production, aquaculture is the second main economic activity of the Hermel, Yammouneh s and constitutes an income generating activity linked especially with restaurants and tourism in the areas.
Restaurants usually serve trout at the table at a price of USD 10/kg. Trout cooking and meals are considered a specialty for the Hermel and Anjar communities. Most of the Nearly all of the trout farms use a semi intensive system. The farms are mostly artisanal family owned businesses.
The production system used is mostly semi-intensive. The average annual production of trout is around 1 100 tonnes .This is produced by 150 farms, 80 percent of which are in Hermel-North Bekaa, at a total value of USD 3.7 million and an estimated average yield of 10-12 tonnes (at approximately 1.5 Kg/litre/minute).
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II.2 Livestock characterizationFish farming Fish farming is developed on the edges of Assi, to the level of
Hermel, one counts in fact close to 80 fish farming (exclusively trout) in the town, what represents an annual production of 4000 tons of fish. It is the first source of income of the city, but equally the first sources of provisions in proteins for the population
3- Beekeeping in Orontes Basin In Orontes basin, the highest number of beekeepers is in Baalbek
and Hermel cities while it is lowest in the largest village of the basin, Aarsal
the biggest Beekeeper's property size is shown Bouwayda village (about 60 beehives) and then in Kouakh, charbine and el Kaser at Hermel caza.
Percentage of beehives in Orontes basin Also, the percentage of beehives is the highest in Baalbek and
Hermel cities, while it is the lowest in others villages as aarsal.
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Percentage of beekeepers in Orontes Basin
Bouwayda2%
Mansoura3%
Chawaghir2%
Beyt tachem1%
Kouakh2%
charbine3%
Zeghrine1%
Jabouleh0%
Baalbeck26%
Hermel city22%
Jroud hermel8%
Fekha & Jdeidit fekha2%
el-E'eyn1%
Ka'a3%
Ras baalbak1%
Barka1%
Nahleh2%
Younine3%
Cha'at Rasm Hadath2%
Nabha1%
Harabta1% E'ersal
2%
Labweh2%
Zabboud2%
Nabeh E'ethman1%
el Kaser3%
Haouch Sayed Ali1%
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Thank you
Percentage of beehives in Orontes Basin
Labweh1%
Zabboud3%
Nabeh E'ethman1%
Jabouleh1%
el-E'eyn1% Fekha & Jdeidit fekha
4%
Ras baalbak1%
Ka'a2%
Zeghrine1%
charbine3%
Kouakh2%
Chawaghir1%
Beyt tachem1%
Mansoura2%
Bouwayda2%
Haouch Sayed Ali1%
el Kaser3%
Jroud hermel8%
E'ersal1%
Harabta0%
Nabha0%
Cha'at Rasm Hadath0%
Younine1%
Nahleh2%
Barka1% Baalbeck
30%
Hermel city31%
