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TARANIS - a satellite project TARANIS - a satellite project dedicated to the physics of dedicated to the physics of

TLEs and TGFsTLEs and TGFs

F. LefeuvreF. Lefeuvre11, E. Blanc, E. Blanc22, J.L. Pinçon, J.L. Pinçon11 and the and the TARANIS team*TARANIS team*

1 LPCE /CNRS – Univ Orléans, Orléans, France, 1 LPCE /CNRS – Univ Orléans, Orléans, France, 2 CEA, DASE/LDG, Bruyères le Châtel, France2 CEA, DASE/LDG, Bruyères le Châtel, France

* E. Blanc, J. Blecki, T. Farges, H. de Feraudy, W.C. * E. Blanc, J. Blecki, T. Farges, H. de Feraudy, W.C. Feldman, U.S. Inan, F. Lefeuvre, R.P. Lin, M. Parrot, T. Feldman, U.S. Inan, F. Lefeuvre, R.P. Lin, M. Parrot, T. Neubert, R. Pfaff, J.L. Pinçon, Z. Nemecek, J.L. Rauch, R. Neubert, R. Pfaff, J.L. Pinçon, Z. Nemecek, J.L. Rauch, R. Roussel-Dupré, O. Santolik, M. Sato, D.M. Smith, M. Roussel-Dupré, O. Santolik, M. Sato, D.M. Smith, M. Suzuki, Y. TakahashiSuzuki, Y. Takahashi

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Objective of the paperObjective of the paper

(1) to show how the TARANIS (1) to show how the TARANIS instruments may contribute to fulfill instruments may contribute to fulfill very general science objectives related very general science objectives related to the physics of TLEs and TGFsto the physics of TLEs and TGFs

(2) to point out required (2) to point out required complementary measurements fromcomplementary measurements from

- other spacecraft- other spacecraft- ground-based stations- ground-based stations- balloon-borne experiments- balloon-borne experiments

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Science ObjectivesScience Objectives Advance physical understanding of the links Advance physical understanding of the links

between TLEs, TGFs and environmental between TLEs, TGFs and environmental conditionsconditions (lightning activity, geomagnetic activity, (lightning activity, geomagnetic activity, atmosphere/ionosphere coupling, occurrence of Extensive atmosphere/ionosphere coupling, occurrence of Extensive Atmospheric Showers, etc.).Atmospheric Showers, etc.).

Identify other potential signatures of impulsive Identify other potential signatures of impulsive transfers of energytransfers of energy (electron beams, associated (electron beams, associated electromagnetic or/and electrostatic fields) electromagnetic or/and electrostatic fields) and provide and provide inputs to test generation mechanismsinputs to test generation mechanisms

Provide inputs for the modeling of the effects of Provide inputs for the modeling of the effects of TLEs, TGFs and bursts of precipitated and TLEs, TGFs and bursts of precipitated and accelerated electronsaccelerated electrons (lightning induced electron (lightning induced electron precipitation, runaway electron beams)precipitation, runaway electron beams) on the on the Earth’s atmosphere.Earth’s atmosphere.

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TLEs and TGFs observations Locate geographical positions and altitudes of TLEs and TGFs source regionsModel variations with LT, season, activity indices, etc.

Environmental conditions Identify parent lightning flashes and associated EM emissionsInvestigate possible correlations with cosmic rays, micrometeorites, volcanoes, etc.

Transfers of energy between the radiation belts, the ionosphere and the atmosphere

Detect and characterize burst of precipitated electrons (LEPs) and of accelerated electrons (RBs)

TLEs and TGFs generation mechanisms

Provide input data (TLEs and TGFs source regions, association with lightning activities and other environmental parameters like AES, bursts of precipitated and accelerated electrons) to test generation mechanisms

Contribution to the modeling of the effects on the atmosphere and on the global electric circuit

Provide information on sources of energy (TLEs, TGFs, bursts of precipitated and accelerated electrons) or/and on large scale ionospheric perturbations

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INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS

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The scientific payload is operated as a single The scientific payload is operated as a single instrument instrument

The objective is: The objective is:

▪ to make a low time resolution ▪ to make a low time resolution surveysurvey of the of the optical optical and field/particle events at medium and and field/particle events at medium and low latitudes, low latitudes,

▪ ▪ under alert, to record well synchronized high under alert, to record well synchronized high resolution data resolution data ((EventEvent). ).

Alerts may be triggered by the detection of a priority Alerts may be triggered by the detection of a priority event event (TLEs, TGFs, electron beams, or burst of (TLEs, TGFs, electron beams, or burst of electromagnetic or electrostatic wave) .electromagnetic or electrostatic wave) .

A Multi EXperiment Interface Controller (MEXIC) is A Multi EXperiment Interface Controller (MEXIC) is in charge of the on-board management (in charge of the on-board management (M. Parrot – LPCE/CNRS (F) + CBK (P)).

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OperationsOperations ■ ON , - 60° < lat < 60°■ ON , - 60° < lat < 60°■ Optical measurements, night time, SAA ■ Optical measurements, night time, SAA excludedexcluded■ X and gamma rays, SAA excluded■ X and gamma rays, SAA excluded

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Event modeEvent mode

triggered when a priority event is detected on 1 triggered when a priority event is detected on 1 instrumentinstrument

all instruments record and transmit high all instruments record and transmit high resolution dataresolution data

Survey modeSurvey mode

Wave instrumentsWave instruments continuous monitoring, transmission of low continuous monitoring, transmission of low resolution dataresolution data

Optical, particle and X& gamma ray instruments: Optical, particle and X& gamma ray instruments: except in except in excluded zones, continuous monitoring, excluded zones, continuous monitoring, transmission of transmission of compressed datacompressed data

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MCP MCP (Micro Cameras and Photometers)(Micro Cameras and Photometers) – – E.E. Blanc -CEA/LDG (F) + Univ Tohoku-Hokkaido, Jaxa (J)

ObjectiveObjectivess

- identification and characterization of TLEs- identification and characterization of TLEs

- locate source regions- locate source regions

StrategyStrategy - observations at several wavelengths at Nadir- observations at several wavelengths at Nadir

- triggering of alert signals- triggering of alert signals

EquipmeEquipmentnt

Cameras Cameras - lightning camera : visible and near-infrared (600-- lightning camera : visible and near-infrared (600-900 nm) 900 nm) - TLE camera: band 762 ± 5 nm- TLE camera: band 762 ± 5 nm

30 images/second, with 512x512 pixels per image. 30 images/second, with 512x512 pixels per image. observation zone ~ 500 km, spatial resolution at observation zone ~ 500 km, spatial resolution at ground ~ 1 kmground ~ 1 km

Photometers Photometers - 762 ± 5 nm, 337 ± 5 nm, 150 to 280 nm (obs. disk - 762 ± 5 nm, 337 ± 5 nm, 150 to 280 nm (obs. disk of 275 km radius)of 275 km radius)- 600 to 900 nm (lightning measurements, obs. disk - 600 to 900 nm (lightning measurements, obs. disk of 700 km). of 700 km).

Flux of photons sampled at 20 kHz.Flux of photons sampled at 20 kHz.

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XGRE XGRE (X-ray, Gamma-ray and Relativistic (X-ray, Gamma-ray and Relativistic Electron Experiment) Electron Experiment) -- D. Lawrence – JHUAPL (USA) + DNSC (D), UC Berkeley & Santa Cruz, Planetary Science Institute, SciTech Solutions (USA)

ObjectiveObjectivess

- measurement of the total energy released per - measurement of the total energy released per eventevent

- estimation of the altitude at which the burst is - estimation of the altitude at which the burst is initiatedinitiated

- estimation of the latitude and LT dependent - estimation of the latitude and LT dependent factors that control the evolution of the factors that control the evolution of the burst eventburst event

StrategyStrategy - Measurements of photon energies 20 keV - 10 MeV

- Identification of relativistic electrons (1 Mev – - Identification of relativistic electrons (1 Mev – 10 Mev)10 Mev)

- provide alert signals- provide alert signals

EquipmeEquipmentnt

Three rectangular, 10 mm-thick CsI(Na) Three rectangular, 10 mm-thick CsI(Na) scintillator sheets,scintillator sheets,

each having 300 cm2 area. The plastic each having 300 cm2 area. The plastic scintillator acts as ascintillator acts as a

partial anticoincidence shield and a dE/dX partial anticoincidence shield and a dE/dX identifier ofidentifier of

relativistic electrons relativistic electrons

One sensor will face downward and two will One sensor will face downward and two will face upwardsface upwards

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IDEEIDEE ((EnergeticEnergetic Electrons) Electrons) - - J.A. Sauvaud –

CESR/CNRS (F) + Univ. Prague (Cz)

ObjectiveObjectivess

- - Pitch-angle Distribution of Radiation Belt Electrons- Relativistic Runaway Electrons (RRE) - Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation (LEP)

StrategyStrategy - provide high resolution energetic electron - provide high resolution energetic electron spectra (70 keV - 4 MeV) in a large dynamic spectra (70 keV - 4 MeV) in a large dynamic range of fluxes, and pitch-angle distribution, range of fluxes, and pitch-angle distribution,

- provide alert signal for RBs- provide alert signal for RBs

EquipmeEquipmentnt

Two spectrometers, one with a sight axis Two spectrometers, one with a sight axis making an angle of 60° with the Nadir, the making an angle of 60° with the Nadir, the second making an angle of 30° with the anti-second making an angle of 30° with the anti-Nadir directionNadir direction

Angular direction better than 35° Angular direction better than 35°

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IME-BFIME-BF (Low frequency Electric (Low frequency Electric

Field)Field) - - H. de Feraudy – CETP/CNRS (F) + GSFC (USA)

ObjectiveObjectivess

- identification of the 0+ whistlers associated - identification of the 0+ whistlers associated with the parent lightningwith the parent lightning

- monitoring of the EM environment (natural - monitoring of the EM environment (natural and man-made emissions, EM signatures of and man-made emissions, EM signatures of electron beams)electron beams)

- estimation of the characteristic parameters - estimation of the characteristic parameters of the local thermal plasma (fof the local thermal plasma (fpepe, variations in , variations in the ion density)the ion density)

StrategyStrategy - measurement of the E field fron DC to 1 - measurement of the E field fron DC to 1 MHzMHz

- ion probe- ion probe

EquipmeEquipmentnt

- 1 electric (DEMETER) antenna (spheres - 1 electric (DEMETER) antenna (spheres located at the tip of 4 m booms)located at the tip of 4 m booms)

- 1 ion probe (C/NOFS)- 1 ion probe (C/NOFS)

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IME-HFIME-HF (HF/VHF Electric Field) (HF/VHF Electric Field) - - J.L. Rauch

LPCE/CNRS (F) + Univ. Prague, IAP (Cz)

ObjectiveObjectivess

- detection of HF/VHF EM signatures of - detection of HF/VHF EM signatures of lightningslightnings

- monitoring of HF/VHF natural (TIPPs) and - monitoring of HF/VHF natural (TIPPs) and man-made emissions (broadcast man-made emissions (broadcast transmitters)transmitters)

- contribution to the estimation of - contribution to the estimation of polarization characteristics of HF/VHF polarization characteristics of HF/VHF emissionsemissions

StrategyStrategy - E field measurement in the frequency band - E field measurement in the frequency band 100 kHz – 35 MHz100 kHz – 35 MHz

- on-board data selection - on-board data selection

EquipmeEquipmentnt

- 2 monopoles of 1 m length each (3m tip to - 2 monopoles of 1 m length each (3m tip to tip distance)tip distance)

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IMMIMM (Low frequency magnetic field)(Low frequency magnetic field) - - J.L.

Pinçon LPCE/CNRS (F) + Univ Stanford (USA)

ObjectiveObjectivess

- in common with IME/BF (but for distinction - in common with IME/BF (but for distinction between EM and ES signals) : (i) between EM and ES signals) : (i) identification of the 0+ whistlers associated identification of the 0+ whistlers associated with the parent lightning, (ii) monitoring of with the parent lightning, (ii) monitoring of the EM environment (natural and man-made the EM environment (natural and man-made emissions, EM signatures of electron beams)emissions, EM signatures of electron beams)

- below 20 kHz, estimation of the - below 20 kHz, estimation of the propagation characteristics of EM waves propagation characteristics of EM waves (propagation mode, k vector)(propagation mode, k vector)

- Statistical study of 0+ whistlers- Statistical study of 0+ whistlers

StrategyStrategy - B field measurement in the band 0.1 Hz – 1 - B field measurement in the band 0.1 Hz – 1 MHzMHz

- automatic detection of the 0+ whistlers - automatic detection of the 0+ whistlers (from E or field)(from E or field)

EquipmeEquipmentnt

- 3 axis magnetic sensor up to 20 kHz- 3 axis magnetic sensor up to 20 kHz

- 1 axis magnetic sensor up to 1 MHz- 1 axis magnetic sensor up to 1 MHz

- 0+ whistler detector- 0+ whistler detector

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TARANIS contribution to TARANIS contribution to major scientific issuesmajor scientific issues

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Source regions of TLEs and TGFsSource regions of TLEs and TGFs

With MCP, identification of sprites halos and elves, and of With MCP, identification of sprites halos and elves, and of their source regions (pb for low altitude events such as blue their source regions (pb for low altitude events such as blue jets ?) at given LTs.jets ?) at given LTs.

With XGRE, identification of TGFs and of their source With XGRE, identification of TGFs and of their source

regionsregions

With wave measurements, identification of 0+ whistler With wave measurements, identification of 0+ whistler associated with parent lightning (MF/HF/VHF band included)associated with parent lightning (MF/HF/VHF band included)

Complementary measurements:Complementary measurements:- at ground (lightning detection network, sferics, - at ground (lightning detection network, sferics,

TLEs)TLEs)- on balloon borne experiments (low altitude TGFs, low - on balloon borne experiments (low altitude TGFs, low

altitude altitude TLEs)TLEs)- on board other spacecraft (in particular LT coverage)- on board other spacecraft (in particular LT coverage)- etc.- etc.

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Characterization of EM signaturesCharacterization of EM signatures

Monitoring of natural and man made emissions in a wide Monitoring of natural and man made emissions in a wide frequency bands (DC - 35 MHz)frequency bands (DC - 35 MHz)

Discrimination between ES and EM emissions in the 0.1 Discrimination between ES and EM emissions in the 0.1 Hz – 1 MHz bandHz – 1 MHz band

Estimation of the propagation characteristics up to 20 Estimation of the propagation characteristics up to 20 kHzkHz

Complementary measurements :Complementary measurements :- at ground (ELF signatures, complementarities in - at ground (ELF signatures, complementarities in

the the ELF/VLF/HF/VHF lightning detection at ground ELF/VLF/HF/VHF lightning detection at ground and in space)and in space)

- at ground and on balloon borne experiments - at ground and on balloon borne experiments (characterization of (characterization of the E fields above the E fields above thunderstorms) thunderstorms)

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Estimation of input parameters for Estimation of input parameters for generation modelsgeneration models

Characterization of the TLEs and TGFs source regionsCharacterization of the TLEs and TGFs source regions

Estimation of the deposit of energy by EM waves in the lower Estimation of the deposit of energy by EM waves in the lower layers of ionospherelayers of ionosphere

(expected) identification of runaway electron beams(expected) identification of runaway electron beams

Energy and ionization sources associated with precipitated Energy and ionization sources associated with precipitated electronselectrons

Complementary measurements:Complementary measurements:- at ground and on balloon born experiments, energy - at ground and on balloon born experiments, energy

sources provided by sources provided by Extensive Atmospheric ShowersExtensive Atmospheric Showers- at ground, energy released in infrasound- at ground, energy released in infrasound- other spacecraft measurements- other spacecraft measurements- etc.- etc.

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Estimation of characteristic Estimation of characteristic parameters of the D and E layersparameters of the D and E layers

Parameters derived from the observation at the Parameters derived from the observation at the satellite altitude of:satellite altitude of:

- the thermal plasma parameters- the thermal plasma parameters- the EM power spectral density- the EM power spectral density

Complementary measurementsComplementary measurements- at ground (EM power spectral density, - at ground (EM power spectral density,

ground-based ground-based ionospheric instruments)ionospheric instruments)

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Estimation of input parameters for Estimation of input parameters for modeling effects on the modeling effects on the

atmosphereatmosphere

Characterization of sources of energy (TLEs, TGFs, Characterization of sources of energy (TLEs, TGFs, bursts of precipitated and accelerated electrons, bursts of precipitated and accelerated electrons, EMP)EMP)

Information on local plasma parametersInformation on local plasma parameters

Complementary instruments:Complementary instruments:

- ground-based, balloon-based and spacecraft - ground-based, balloon-based and spacecraft based based measurements of atmospheric species measurements of atmospheric species (NOx and O(NOx and O33) variations) variations

- etc.- etc.