CE 232 Building Materials and Construction Jan April 2015

Stones1

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Stone monuments World

Gobekli Tepe, Turkey 10000 9000 BCGgantija, Malta 3600 BC

Macchu Picchu, Peru 1400-1500 AD

Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt2560 BC2

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Stone monuments India

Amarnath Temple, Kashmir- 300 BC3

Stone monuments India

Masroor Rock Cut Temple, Himachal Pradesh (8th Century)4

Stone monuments India

(Konark Temple, Odhisa- 13th Century)5

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Stone monuments India

Aihole, Karnataka (5th Century)6

Stone monuments India

Akkana Madanna cave temple, Andra Pradesh, 17th Century7

Stone monuments India

Mamallpuram, Tamil Nadu (700-742 AD)8

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Stone monuments Maharashtra

9Ajanta (100 BC)Ellora (5-7 century AD)Elephanta caves (5-8 Century AD)Karli (2 BC 2 AD)Mahakali Caves (1 BC 6 AD)Pandu Leni (3 BC 2 AD)

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Why stones are used in construction?Availability (Natural Not manufactured)StrengthDurable Stands for more than 1000s of yearsShape and Size Can be made in to any shape and sizeRelatively Cheaper!!Sustainable

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Stones ClassificationComposed of minerals (either a single mineral, or a mixture of minerals).

A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic, has an order internal arrangement of atoms, and has a definite composition (or range of compositions). For example, Quartz, Halite, Gypsum, Opal, Feldspar, Biotite (mica), Hornblende, Kaolinite, Calcite, Dolomite etc.ClassificationGeological - Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Physical Stratified (Slate, Limestone), Unstratified (Granite, Basalt), Foliated (Gneiss)

ChemicalSiliceous (consisting of quartz and Sand) Granite, Quartzite, Sand stoneArgillaceous (consisting of clay minerals) Slate, Laterite (IS 3620:1979)Calcareous (Consisting of Carbonates of lime) Marble, Limestone Dolomitic Containing double carbonates of calcium and magnesiumFerruginous Containing iron oxide

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Indian Institute of Technology Bombay11