1 Stars, Galaxies & Universe Chapter 3. We are learning to: identify and describe telescopes, probes, satellites, and space crafts We are looking for:

11

Stars, Galaxies & Stars, Galaxies & UniverseUniverse

Chapter 3Chapter 3

We are learning to: We are learning to: identify and describe telescopes, probes, satellites, and identify and describe telescopes, probes, satellites, and space craftsspace crafts We are looking for:We are looking for:telescoperefracting, reflecting, and radio are used to telescoperefracting, reflecting, and radio are used to view distant objectsview distant objects

probe-machines sent to other locations in the solar probe-machines sent to other locations in the solar system and are used to investigate/explore system and are used to investigate/explore

satellite-orbits around the earth or other planets and are satellite-orbits around the earth or other planets and are used to take photos and collect dataused to take photos and collect data

space craft-mode of transportation to send humans to space craft-mode of transportation to send humans to locations in the solar system; locations in the solar system;

We are learning to: examine advances of different people, culture, and times in astronomy.

We are looking for: one or more examples of how science and technology (in the field of astronomy) has changed and been improved over time.

• Egyptians: polished rock crystal to produce optical illusions

• Mozi, a Chinese philosopher- 470 bc- writes on concave mirrors to focus’ sun’s rays

• Galileo—1609used the first telescope for astronomy purposes, made improvements -Italian

• Brahe-1572-used an observatory to make observations -Danish

• Kepler-1611-used math to interpret Brahe’s observation -Austrian

• Newton-1668-made his own reflecting telescope -British

• Reber-1937-built first radio telescope -American

• Hubble-1925-first to observe the distant galaxies; confirmed an expanding universe; 1990-first satellite telescope was named after Hubble -American

44

Tools of AstronomyTools of Astronomy

• Constellations are groups of stars that form a pattern.

• The electromagnetic spectrum is made of radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays.

55

Refracting TelescopeRefracting Telescope

• Refracting telescope collects light using lenses.

• The lenses bend the light to the focal point.

66

Reflecting TelescopeReflecting Telescope

• Reflecting telescope uses a mirror to collect the light.

• A concave mirror bends the light inward to a focal point.

77

Radio TelescopeRadio Telescope

• Radio telescopes collects radio waves.

• The collector is a concave dish.

88

ObservatoryObservatory

• The building that houses a telescope is called an observatory.

99

Other Tools of AstronomyOther Tools of Astronomy

• Telescopes have been put into space on satellites & space stations.

• Spectrographs gather information about stars such as a star’s composition & temperature.

Which type of telescope focuses Which type of telescope focuses light using a mirror?light using a mirror?

Ref

lect

ing T

el...

Ref

ract

ing

Tel...

Rad

io T

eles

cop.

..

Infra

red T

eles

...

I nee

d hel

p!

0 0 000

A. Reflecting Telescope

B. Refracting Telescope

C. Radio Telescope

D. Infrared Telescope

E. I need help!

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Which type of telescope focuses Which type of telescope focuses light through transparent lenses?light through transparent lenses?

Ref

lect

ing T

el...

Ref

ract

ing

Tel...

Rad

io T

eles

cop.

..

Infra

red T

eles

...

I nee

d Hel

p!

0 0 000

A. Reflecting Telescope

B. Refracting Telescope

C. Radio Telescope

D. Infrared Telescope

E. I need Help!

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One of the greatest advancements in One of the greatest advancements in astronomy was the telescope. Which is astronomy was the telescope. Which is

the correct order of advancements?the correct order of advancements?

0 0 000

A. Radio- refracting-reflecting

B. Reflecting – refracting –radio

C. Refracting-reflecting-radio

D. Radio- reflecting-refracting

E. I need help!10

Which of the following is an advantage of Which of the following is an advantage of a space-based, satellite telescope like a space-based, satellite telescope like

Hubble?Hubble?

0 0 000

A. Satellite telescopes are much closer to the stars.

B. Satellite telescopes are able to see through solid objects.

C. Satellite telescopes can detect wavelengths that are blocked by the atmosphere.

D. Satellite telescopes have the ability to see the future.

E. I need help! 10

Focus Free Write (3 minutes)Focus Free Write (3 minutes)

Explain how the advancements in telescopes have helped astronomers learn more about the universe.

When finished, trade your paper with a partner. Revise if there are misconceptions or any incorrect information.

09000 3 87654321520 04 98765432103 9876543210987654321021 987654321098765432100Hours Minutes Seconds



Insert Text Here



Insert Text Here


TIME IS UP!!!

Now share your writing with a partner. Correct any misconceptions or any incorrect information.

2020

Distances to StarsDistances to Stars

• A light year is the distance light travels in year.

• Astronomers often use parallax to measure distances to nearby stars.

• Parallax is the apparent change in position of an object when you look at it from different places.

We are learning to: We are learning to: explain interstellar explain interstellar distances are measured in light yearsdistances are measured in light years We are looking for: We are looking for: the explanation of and the explanation of and the use of the light year the use of the light year

*explain a light year as the distance light *explain a light year as the distance light travels in a yeartravels in a year

*explain that distances are too great to be *explain that distances are too great to be measured in miles or kilometersmeasured in miles or kilometers

A light year is a measurement of…A light year is a measurement of…

Dis

tanc

e

Tim

e

Spee

d

Acc

eler

atio

n

I don’t

know

! ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Distance

b) Time

c) Speed

d) Acceleration

e) I don’t know! I need help!

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Why do astronomers measure interstellar Why do astronomers measure interstellar distances in light years instead of distances in light years instead of

kilometers or miles?kilometers or miles?

Lig

ht yea

rs a

r...

Mile

s an

d kilo

...

Mile

s an

d kilo

...

I don’t

know

! ...

0 000

A. Light years are a measure of time.

B. Miles and kilometers are too small of a unit.

C. Miles and kilometers are too large of a unit.

D. I don’t know! I need help!10

You are viewing a star that is 20 light years You are viewing a star that is 20 light years away. When was the light from this star away. When was the light from this star

produced?produced?

Before yo

u wer..

.

After you w

ere...

10 years

ago

2 years ag

o

I don’t

know! ..

.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Before you were born

b) After you were born

c) 10 years ago

d) 2 years ago

e) I don’t know! I need help! 10

What if….What if….

there was a supernova that happened yesterday. The star that exploded was 180 light years away. When would you observe the supernova and what would you see?

After answering this question, meet with a partner to compare your responses. Collaborate to make a new paired response to the question.

We are learning to: examine the life cycle of a star (characteristics; HR diagram)

We are looking for: a description of how stars are classified by characteristics and then organized on an HR diagram.

Characteristics

Size- Giant, main sequence, and dwarf

Temperature- blue=hot; red=cooler

Brightness- apparent brightness and absolute magnitude

HR diagram shows temperature, brightness, color of stars and where the star is in its life cycle.

Used to graph the surface temperature (x-axis) vs. brightness (y-axis)

Hotter stars are on left side of graph; cooler stars on the right side of the graph

Brighter stars on top of graph; dimmer stars on bottom of graph

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Characteristics of StarsCharacteristics of Stars

• A galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars.

• The universe contains billions of galaxies.

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Classifying StarsClassifying Stars

• Stars are classified by size, temperature, and brightness.

• Temperature of a star is indicated by color, hot stars are blue & cooler stars are red.

• Apparent brightness is the brightness of a star as observed from earth.

• Absolute magnitude is the brightness of a star observed at the distance of 10 parsecs.

2929

Hertzsprung-Russell DiagramHertzsprung-Russell Diagram

• H-R diagram is a graph of the Milky Way galaxy.

• Surface temperature is graphed on the x-axis.

• Absolute magnitude is graphed on the y-axis.

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Types of StarsTypes of Stars

• Blue super giants have a high brightness and high temperature.

• Red giants & super giants have a high brightness and low temperature.

• White dwarfs have a low brightness and high temperature.

• 90% of all stars appear on the Main Sequence going from the upper left to the lower right corner.

Life Cycle of Star Interactive Life Cycle of Star Interactive VideoVideo

• http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/educators/resources/astronomy/multimedia/module2/star_lifecycle/star_lifecycle.swf

Which characteristic of stars cause Which characteristic of stars cause them to be different colors?them to be different colors?

chem

ical

com

po...

dis

tanc

e s

ize

tem

perat

ure

I nee

d hel

p.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) chemical composition

b) distance

c) size

d) temperature

e) I need help.

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Which color would describe the Which color would describe the youngest and hottest star?youngest and hottest star?

blu

e re

d

ora

nge

yel

low

I nee

d hel

p!

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) blue

b) red

c) orange

d) yellow

e) I need help!

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Which star would be the brightest if Which star would be the brightest if all the stars are the same distance all the stars are the same distance

from Earth?from Earth?

Mai

n seq

uence

Red

gia

nts

Red

supe

r gia

nts

Whi

te d

war

f

I nee

d hel

p.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Main sequence

b) Red giants

c) Red super giants

d) White dwarf

e) I need help.

10

How would you classify our star, How would you classify our star, the sun, on the H-R diagram?the sun, on the H-R diagram?

Mai

n seq

uence

Red

gia

nt

Whi

te d

war

f

Red

supe

rgia

nt

I nee

d hel

p.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Main sequence

b) Red giant

c) White dwarf

d) Red supergiant

e) I need help.

10

Red Giant Main Sequence

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Birth of a StarBirth of a Star

• A star begins as a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula.

• Gravity pulls the gas and dust together into a protostar.

• A star is born when the contracting gas and dust becomes so hot that nuclear fusion begins.

3838

Length of Life of a StarLength of Life of a Star

• More massive stars live short lives of millions of years.

• Less massive stars live long lives of billions of years.

• The sun will live for 9-10 billion years.

We are learning to: Examine the life cycle of a star and predict the next likely stage .

We are looking for: progression of the stages of a star’s life

Nebulae- cloud of gas and dust

Protostar- fusion begins

Main sequence- average star

Giant/red-giant- more massive stars

Nova/supernova - exploding star

White dwarf- no nuclear process

Black dwarf- no heat or light

Black Hole (area of large gravitational attraction) or Neutron star (very dense star)

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During the Life Cycle of a StarDuring the Life Cycle of a Star

• Stars fuse hydrogen into helium during most of their lives.

• After all the hydrogen has been fused into helium, the star fuses helium into carbon, carbon into oxygen and then oxygen into iron.

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Death of a StarDeath of a Star

• Stars use up their hydrogen and expand their atmosphere.

• Stars that are less than 1.4 solar masses will shrink to a white dwarf.

• Stars between 1.4 -3.0 solar masses will produce a supernova and leave a neutron star.

• Stars more than 3.0 solar masses will produce a supernova and collapse into a black hole.

If given a protostar, what is the next If given a protostar, what is the next likely stage of the star?likely stage of the star?

Super G

iant N

ova

Main Se

quence

Neutro

n Star

I need so

me help

0%4%

0%

17%

78%a) Super Giant

b) Nova

c) Main Sequence

d) Neutron Star

e) I need some help

What is the first stage of the birth of What is the first stage of the birth of a star?a star?

Proto

star

Nebula

Giant

Dwarf

I need so

me help.

25%

75%

0%0%0%

a) Protostar

b) Nebula

c) Giant

d) Dwarf

e) I need some help.

What happens to the most massive What happens to the most massive stars as they near their death?stars as they near their death?

super n

ova to

a blac

k hole

super n

ova to

a re

d giant

becomes a

white

dwarf

nothing happens

I need so

me help.

75%

13%

0%0%

13%

a) super nova to a black hole

b) super nova to a red giant

c) becomes a white dwarf

d) nothing happens

e) I need some help.

What is the next likely stage of our What is the next likely stage of our sun?sun?

White

dwarf

Black dwarf

Red giant

Super n

ova

I need help

33%

4%0%

4%

58%a) White dwarf

b) Black dwarf

c) Red giant

d) Super nova

e) I need help

Focused Free Write (Pass the Focused Free Write (Pass the Pen)Pen)

• Describe what will happen to the Earth as the sun becomes a red giant?


Insert Text Here

Ppass the paper


Insert Text Here

Ppass the paper


Insert Text Here

Ppass the paper


Insert Text Here

Ptime is up

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Star SystemsStar Systems

• Most stars are members of groups of two or more stars called star systems.

• Star systems with two stars are called double stars or binary stars.

• Binary eclipsing stars are stars where one star blocks the light from another.

5656

GalaxiesGalaxies

• Galaxies are a group of billions of stars.

• Type of galaxies are 1. Elliptical

2. Spiral

3. Irregular

5757

Elliptical GalaxyElliptical Galaxy

• Old galaxy.• Contains red star that

are old.• No gas or dust.

5858

Spiral GalaxySpiral Galaxy

• Middle aged galaxy.• Contains blue stars.• Has some dust and

gas.• Our Milky Way is a

spiral galaxy.

5959

Irregular GalaxyIrregular Galaxy

• Unorganized collection of stars.

• Made of very young stars.

• Has a great deal of gas and dust.

6060

History of the UniverseHistory of the Universe

• Edwin Hubble discovered that the farther away a galaxy is from us, the faster it is moving away from us.

• Stars moving away from us shows a red shift.

6161

Big Bang TheoryBig Bang Theory

• Big Bang Theory suggest that billions of years ago, the universe was small, hot and dense and then the universe exploded.

• The universe formed in this enormous explosion about 10 to 15 billion years ago.

6262

Formation of the Solar SystemFormation of the Solar System

• The solar system formed 5 billion years ago.

• The solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust, or nebula.

6363

Future of the UniverseFuture of the Universe

• The universe may continue to expand.

• Gravity may pull the universe back together.

6464

By what are galaxies classified?By what are galaxies classified?

Colo

r

Tem

perat

ure S

ize

Shap

e

0% 0%0%0%

a) Color

b) Temperature

c) Size

d) Shape

10

6565

What type of galaxy is illustrated in What type of galaxy is illustrated in the following picture?the following picture?

Irre

gular

Spira

l

Elli

ptical

I hav

e no id

ea..

I nee

d...

0% 0%0%0%

a) Irregular

b) Spiral

c) Elliptical

d) I have no idea.. I need help!

10

6666

What type of galaxies contain older What type of galaxies contain older stars?stars?

Elli

ptical

Irre

gular

Bar

red s

hape

spira

l

0% 0%0%0%

a) Elliptical

b) Irregular

c) Barred shape

d) spiral

10

6767

Review QuestionsReview Questions

• What are the three types of galaxies?

• elliptical, spiral & irregular

• Distances between stars are measured in units called _______.

• light years

• Stars begin as a cloud of gas & dust known as a __________.

• nebula

6868


• What does the length of life of a star depends on?

• mass of the star• What is the name of our galaxy?• Milky Way• What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?• spiral• What is the name of the theory of the creation of

the universe?• Big Bang

6969


• What type of tools are used to study the universe?

• telescope

• Which type of telescope uses mirrors?

• reflecting

• Which type of telescope uses lenses?

• refracting

7070


• What indicates how hot a star is?

• color of the star

• During nuclear fusion, what does hydrogen fuse into?

• helium

• What is graphed on the H-R diagram?

• brightness & temperature

7171


• What is the brightness of a star as seen from earth?

• apparent brightness

• What is the brightness of a star that is seen at a standard distance of ten parsecs?

• absolute magnitude

7272


• What process is used to measure the distance of nearby stars?

• parallax

• What type of telescope collect electromagnetic waves other than light?

• radio telescope

• How long ago did the Big Bang occur?

• 10-15 billion years ago

7373


• What are patterns of stars in the sky called?• Constellations• What is the building called that has a telescope?• Observatory• Which type of galaxy has red stars and no gas

or dust?• elliptical

7474


• Which type of galaxy has blue stars and some gas & dust?

• spiral galaxy

• Galaxies are classified by their _______.

• shape

• Who proposed that the universe is expanding?

• Hubble

7575


• What evidence do we have that the universe is expanding?

• red shift

• What happens to a small star at its death?

• white dwarf

• What happens to a very large star at its death?

• Supernova to a black hole

7676

Practice Extended Answer Practice Extended Answer QuestionsQuestions

• Describe the life cycle of a star.• What are the three types of telescopes and how

are they different?• Explain the H-R diagram.• How does the mass of a star affect the length of

life of a star?• How do the different types of galaxies compare?• Explain the Big Bang Theory.

7777

One of the greatest advancements in astronomy One of the greatest advancements in astronomy was the telescope. Which is the correct order of was the telescope. Which is the correct order of

advancements?advancements?

0 000

A. Radio- refracting-reflecting

B. Reflecting – refracting –radio

C. Refracting-reflecting-radio

D. Radio- reflecting-refracting

7878

What is the next likely stage of a What is the next likely stage of a protostar?protostar?

Super

Gia

nt

Nova

Mai

n Seq

uence

Neu

tron S

tar

0% 0%0%0%

a) Super Giant

b) Nova

c) Main Sequence

d) Neutron Star

10

7979

Why do astronomers measure interstellar Why do astronomers measure interstellar distances in light years instead of kilometers or distances in light years instead of kilometers or

miles?miles?

Lig

ht yea

rs a

re a

mea

...

Mile

s an

d kilo

met

ers

a..

Mile

s an

d kilo

met

ers

a..

I don’t

have

a cl

ue . .

....

0 000

A. Light years are a measure of time.

B. Miles and kilometers are too small of a unit.

C. Miles and kilometers are too large of a unit.

D. I don’t have a clue . . . help me!

8080

Which of the following correctly shows the age Which of the following correctly shows the age progression of an average star?progression of an average star?

0 000

A. Main sequence→White Dwarf→Red Giant →Nebula

B. Red Giant →White Dwarf →Main Sequence →Nebula

C. Nebula →Main Sequence →Red Giant →White Dwarf

D. White Dwarf →Red Giant →Main Sequence →Nebula

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What type of galaxy is shown in the What type of galaxy is shown in the picture?picture?

0

0

0

0

A. Irregular

B. Spiral

C. Elliptical

D. I have no idea … I need help!!!

Documents

1 Stars, Galaxies & Universe Chapter 3. We are learning to: identify and describe telescopes, probes, satellites, and space crafts We are looking for: