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STAGES of READING STAGES of READING DEVELOPMENT`DEVELOPMENT`
The Major Qualitative The Major Qualitative Characteristics and How They Are Characteristics and How They Are
AcquiredAcquired
22
Stage 0: Stage 0: “Pseudo Reading”“Pseudo Reading”
PreschoolPreschool
(ages 6 months to 6 years)(ages 6 months to 6 years)
33
Stage 0Stage 0
Major Qualitative Major Qualitative Characteristics Characteristics and Masteries by and Masteries by End of StageEnd of Stage
Pretend readingPretend reading Retells story from Retells story from
picturespictures Names alphabet Names alphabet
lettersletters Prints own namePrints own name Plays with books, Plays with books,
pencils, paperpencils, paper
44
Stage 0Stage 0
• • How How AcquiredAcquired
Being read to by Being read to by someone who someone who responds to child’s responds to child’s interestinterest
Being provided with Being provided with books, paper, pencils, books, paper, pencils, letters, timeletters, time
55
Stage 0Stage 0
••Relationship Relationship of Reading of Reading to Listeningto Listening
Most can understand Most can understand children’s picture children’s picture books and stories books and stories read to themread to them
Can understand Can understand thousands of the thousands of the words they hear by words they hear by age 6, but can read age 6, but can read few if any of themfew if any of them
66
Stage 1:Stage 1:Initial reading and Initial reading and
decodingdecoding
Grade 1 and beginning Grade 2 Grade 1 and beginning Grade 2 (ages 6 and 7)(ages 6 and 7)
77
Stage 1Stage 1
Major Major Qualitative Qualitative Characteristics Characteristics and Masteries and Masteries by End of by End of StageStage
Learns relation between Learns relation between letters and sounds and letters and sounds and between printed and between printed and spoken wordsspoken words
Able to read simple text Able to read simple text containing high-frequency containing high-frequency words and phonically words and phonically regular wordsregular words
Sounds out new one-Sounds out new one-syllable wordssyllable words
88
Stage 1Stage 1
••How How acquiredacquired
Direct instruction and Direct instruction and practice in letter-sound practice in letter-sound relationshipsrelationships
Reading of simple stories Reading of simple stories using simple phonic using simple phonic patterns and high patterns and high frequency wordsfrequency words
Being read to at a higher Being read to at a higher level to develop level to develop advanced language advanced language patterns, new words, and patterns, new words, and ideasideas
99
Stage 1Stage 1
••Relationship of Relationship of Reading to Reading to ListeningListening
Child’s reading level Child’s reading level is much below the is much below the language that is language that is understood when understood when heardheard
At end of stage, most At end of stage, most children understand children understand 6,000 or more words 6,000 or more words but can read only but can read only about 600.about 600.
1010
Stage 2:Stage 2: Confirmation and Confirmation and
FluencyFluency
Grades 2 and 3Grades 2 and 3
(ages 7 and 8)(ages 7 and 8)
1111
Stage 2Stage 2
Major Qualitative Major Qualitative Characteristics Characteristics and Masteries by and Masteries by End of StageEnd of Stage
Reads simple stories Reads simple stories with increasing with increasing fluencyfluency
Learns to consolidate Learns to consolidate decoding, sight decoding, sight vocabulary, & vocabulary, & meaning context to meaning context to read stories and read stories and selectionsselections
1212
Stage 2Stage 2
How acquiredHow acquired
Direct instruction in Direct instruction in advanced decoding advanced decoding skillsskills
Wide reading w/ Wide reading w/ instructional and instructional and independent materialsindependent materials
Being read to at Being read to at levels above their levels above their own to develop own to develop language, vocabulary language, vocabulary and conceptsand concepts
1313
Stage 2Stage 2
Relationship of Relationship of Reading to Reading to ListeningListening
About 3,000 words About 3,000 words can be readcan be read
9,000 or more words 9,000 or more words in listening vocabularyin listening vocabulary
Listening is still more Listening is still more effective than readingeffective than reading
1414
Stage 3:Stage 3: Reading for Learning the Reading for Learning the
NewNew
Grades 4-8Grades 4-8
(ages 9-13)(ages 9-13)
1515
Stage 3:Stage 3:Phase A & BPhase A & B
A. Intermediate, grades 4-6A. Intermediate, grades 4-6
B. Junior high school, grades 7-9B. Junior high school, grades 7-9
1616
Stage 3Stage 3
Major Major Qualitative Qualitative Characteristics Characteristics and Masteries and Masteries by End of by End of StageStage
For the first time, may be For the first time, may be responsible for reading responsible for reading independently toindependently to-learn new ideas, -learn new ideas,
-gain new knowledge,-gain new knowledge, -experience new feelings -experience new feelings
and attitudesand attitudes
Generally from one Generally from one viewpoint viewpoint
1717
Stage 3Stage 3
How AcquiredHow Acquired
Reading/studying Reading/studying textbooks, reference textbooks, reference works, trade books, works, trade books, newspapers, magazinesnewspapers, magazines
Being exposed to Being exposed to unfamiliar vocabulary and unfamiliar vocabulary and syntax syntax
Systematic study of Systematic study of words words
Reacting to text through Reacting to text through discussions and writingdiscussions and writing
Reading of more complex Reading of more complex fiction, non-fiction, etc.fiction, non-fiction, etc.
1818
Stage 3Stage 3
Relationship of Relationship of Reading to Reading to ListeningListening
At beginning, listening At beginning, listening comprehension is still comprehension is still more effective than more effective than readingreading
By the end, reading By the end, reading and listening are and listening are about equal about equal
For good readers, For good readers, reading is more reading is more efficientefficient
1919
Stage 4:Stage 4: Multiple Viewpoints Multiple Viewpoints
High school, grades 10-12High school, grades 10-12
(ages 15-17)(ages 15-17)
2020
Stage 4Stage 4
Major Major Qualitative Qualitative Characteristics Characteristics and Masteries and Masteries by End of by End of StageStage
Reading widely from Reading widely from a broad range of a broad range of complex materials--complex materials--expository and expository and narrativenarrative
Able to deal with Able to deal with multiple viewpointsmultiple viewpoints
2121
Stage 4Stage 4
How How AcquiredAcquired
Wide reading and study Wide reading and study of science and of science and humanities as well as humanities as well as newspapers and newspapers and magazinesmagazines
Systematic study of Systematic study of words and word partswords and word parts
Formal and creative Formal and creative writingwriting
2222
Stage 4Stage 4
Relationship of Relationship of Reading to Reading to ListeningListening
Reading Reading comprehension is comprehension is better than listening better than listening comprehension of comprehension of difficult materialdifficult material
For poorer readers, For poorer readers, listening listening comprehension may comprehension may be equal to readingbe equal to reading
2323
Stage 5:Stage 5: Construction and Construction and
ReconstructionReconstruction
College and beyondCollege and beyond
(age 18+)(age 18+)
2424
Stage 5Stage 5
Major Major Qualitative Qualitative Characteristics Characteristics and Masteries and Masteries by End of by End of StageStage
Reading is used for Reading is used for one’s own needs and one’s own needs and purposespurposes
Serves to integrate Serves to integrate one’s knowledge with one’s knowledge with that of others to that of others to synthesize and create synthesize and create new knowledgenew knowledge
It is rapid and efficientIt is rapid and efficient
2525
Stage 5Stage 5
How How AcquiredAcquired
Wide reading of ever Wide reading of ever more difficult more difficult materialsmaterials
Writing papers, tests, Writing papers, tests, essays that call for essays that call for integration of varied integration of varied knowledge and points knowledge and points of viewof view
2626
Stage 5Stage 5
Relationship Relationship of Reading to of Reading to ListeningListening
Reading is more Reading is more efficient than listeningefficient than listening
2727
Implications:Implications:
Stage 3 is necessary for the industrial workplaceStage 3 is necessary for the industrial workplace Stage 4 is an absolute for the informational ageStage 4 is an absolute for the informational age Many readers never get beyond Stage 3 and Many readers never get beyond Stage 3 and
most reading instruction ends before students most reading instruction ends before students are adept at Stage 3 skillsare adept at Stage 3 skills
Most remediation is done in Stage 1 and Stage 2 Most remediation is done in Stage 1 and Stage 2 as well as Stage 3Aas well as Stage 3A
However, Stage 3A depends so heavily on However, Stage 3A depends so heavily on adequate Stage 1 & 2 skills that decoding and adequate Stage 1 & 2 skills that decoding and fluency may be more important for older fluency may be more important for older students whose comprehension seems lowstudents whose comprehension seems low