11

Socio-Cultural Influences Socio-Cultural Influences and the Development of the and the Development of the

Welfare StateWelfare State

The SCEWS ModelThe SCEWS ModelS = SocioS = SocioC = CulturalC = CulturalE = EvolutionE = EvolutionW = WelfareW = WelfareS = StateS = State

22

Problem StatementsProblem StatementsWelfare State AnalysisWelfare State Analysis

Cross-national welfare state analysis rarely accounts for the socio-Cross-national welfare state analysis rarely accounts for the socio-cultural foundations of each nation which have a unique influence cultural foundations of each nation which have a unique influence on the way that poverty is interpreted and addressed as a social on the way that poverty is interpreted and addressed as a social problem.problem.

Discipline-specific research (political, economic, sociological etc.) Discipline-specific research (political, economic, sociological etc.) of welfare states using discipline favored theories that analyze of welfare states using discipline favored theories that analyze only particular welfare state attributes results in a lack of only particular welfare state attributes results in a lack of conceptual analysis of the welfare state in its entirety.conceptual analysis of the welfare state in its entirety.

The macro conceptualization of the welfare state incorporating The macro conceptualization of the welfare state incorporating social rights, equality and eradication of social exclusion versus social rights, equality and eradication of social exclusion versus the micro level of individual services, in which these goals are put the micro level of individual services, in which these goals are put into practice, results in ambiguity in the analysis within and into practice, results in ambiguity in the analysis within and between nations.between nations.

33

Problem StatementsProblem StatementsSocial Work DisciplineSocial Work Discipline

The social work discipline lacks the requisite grounding in The social work discipline lacks the requisite grounding in history, social philosophy, political theory and political history, social philosophy, political theory and political economy to proactively influence social policy relative to economy to proactively influence social policy relative to poverty reduction.poverty reduction.

Social work’s legacy of remedial intervention at the Social work’s legacy of remedial intervention at the individual level has hindered consideration for the broader individual level has hindered consideration for the broader systemic problems of poverty and involvement in welfare systemic problems of poverty and involvement in welfare state analysis.state analysis.

Social workers have a poor understanding of how Social workers have a poor understanding of how globalization influences domestic practice.globalization influences domestic practice.

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Rationale for the ModelRationale for the Model

Facilitate interdisciplinary research to develop a Facilitate interdisciplinary research to develop a comprehensive perspective of cross-national welfare state comprehensive perspective of cross-national welfare state and poverty state analysis.and poverty state analysis.

Provide a common model for international comparative Provide a common model for international comparative analysis of social policy.analysis of social policy.

Enhance the intellectual rigor of social sciences.Enhance the intellectual rigor of social sciences.

Incorporate social science principles into economic and Incorporate social science principles into economic and political realms of welfare state influence.political realms of welfare state influence.

Enhance the social work role in domestic and global arenas.Enhance the social work role in domestic and global arenas.

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SCEWS SCEWS ModelModel Rationale Rationale

Account for the pervasive influence of history, ideology and Account for the pervasive influence of history, ideology and culture in all dimensions of welfare state analysis, within culture in all dimensions of welfare state analysis, within and between nations.and between nations.

Explain the evolution of welfare states by virtue of socio-Explain the evolution of welfare states by virtue of socio-cultural interactions with political institutions.cultural interactions with political institutions.

Identify the circular interaction between economics, politics Identify the circular interaction between economics, politics and culture in the social policy process.and culture in the social policy process.

Enhance socio-economic and political interpretations of Enhance socio-economic and political interpretations of welfare state poverty differences.welfare state poverty differences.

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Questions that Underlie the ModelQuestions that Underlie the Model

What is the unifying social history of poverty?What is the unifying social history of poverty?

How is poverty defined as a social problem?How is poverty defined as a social problem?

How have societies dealt with poverty?How have societies dealt with poverty?

What are the different types of welfare states?What are the different types of welfare states?

What are the similarities between them?What are the similarities between them?

How have historical, cultural, economic and political How have historical, cultural, economic and political experiences influenced welfare state emergence?experiences influenced welfare state emergence?

What are the ramifications of the model for the social work What are the ramifications of the model for the social work profession?profession?

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The History of Poverty in Western The History of Poverty in Western CultureCulture

The Evolution of Civil SocietyThe Evolution of Civil Society

Greek Political and Moral PhilosophyGreek Political and Moral Philosophy

Roman Law and the Justinian CodeRoman Law and the Justinian Code

The Church and Early Poor Relief EndeavorsThe Church and Early Poor Relief Endeavors

The Elizabethan Poor LawThe Elizabethan Poor Law

88

Philosophical Underpinnings of the Philosophical Underpinnings of the Welfare StateWelfare State

Politics and Social Contract Theory – Politics and Social Contract Theory – Hobbes, Locke, RosseauHobbes, Locke, Rosseau

Moral Philosophy – Hume, KantMoral Philosophy – Hume, Kant

The Political Economy Paradigm – Smith, The Political Economy Paradigm – Smith, Malthus, Owen, Mill Malthus, Owen, Mill

History and Perceptions of the Poor – History and Perceptions of the Poor – Hegel, MarxHegel, Marx

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SCEWS Model AssumptionsSCEWS Model Assumptions The desire for a balanced society is instinctive to all The desire for a balanced society is instinctive to all

cultures, but nations do not interpret social justice in the cultures, but nations do not interpret social justice in the same way due to unique historical experiences.same way due to unique historical experiences.

The ideologies on which each nation was founded and have The ideologies on which each nation was founded and have developed over time have formed for that particular nation developed over time have formed for that particular nation a unique culturally defined basis for that nation’s political a unique culturally defined basis for that nation’s political action.action.

In time, friction between the emerging market economy In time, friction between the emerging market economy and the well-being of the impoverished became a universal and the well-being of the impoverished became a universal problem presenting a catalyst for the appearance of the problem presenting a catalyst for the appearance of the welfare state.welfare state.

The recognition that poverty resulted from systemic socio-The recognition that poverty resulted from systemic socio-economic reasons coincided with the refinement of political economic reasons coincided with the refinement of political systems based on democratic principles.systems based on democratic principles.

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SCEWS Model Assumptions (2)SCEWS Model Assumptions (2)

The political system cannot be considered separate from The political system cannot be considered separate from the power of the market economy in welfare state the power of the market economy in welfare state comparisons.comparisons.

Nonetheless, economic influences are subordinate to Nonetheless, economic influences are subordinate to political systems in defining variances between welfare political systems in defining variances between welfare states.states.

History, ideology and culture represent pervasive History, ideology and culture represent pervasive influences in all dimensions of welfare state analysis.influences in all dimensions of welfare state analysis.

Ideology is a precursor to, and a reflection of, the political Ideology is a precursor to, and a reflection of, the political extremes which determine differences in the way that extremes which determine differences in the way that welfare states define and respond to poverty.welfare states define and respond to poverty.

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SCEWS Model Assumptions (3)SCEWS Model Assumptions (3)

At the macro level of social insurance which includes At the macro level of social insurance which includes unemployment, pension and healthcare benefits, the unemployment, pension and healthcare benefits, the welfare state is balanced by the relationship between welfare state is balanced by the relationship between capitalist and socialist ideologies.capitalist and socialist ideologies.

At the micro level of individual services ideologies of social At the micro level of individual services ideologies of social justice represent the foundation of the process that defines justice represent the foundation of the process that defines social welfare policy, and the welfare state culture. This social welfare policy, and the welfare state culture. This occurs within the framework of the political system as occurs within the framework of the political system as influenced by socio-economic factors.influenced by socio-economic factors.

The economic, political and ideological results of The economic, political and ideological results of globalization are overarching influences relative to future globalization are overarching influences relative to future constructs of welfare states and the social work discipline.constructs of welfare states and the social work discipline.

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SCEWS Model ElementsSCEWS Model Elements

Civil Society and GlobalizationCivil Society and Globalization

History, Ideology and CultureHistory, Ideology and Culture

The Economic Sphere of InfluenceThe Economic Sphere of Influence

The Governance Sphere of InfluenceThe Governance Sphere of Influence

Welfare State Defined QuadrantWelfare State Defined Quadrant

Social Policy Process and Welfare State CultureSocial Policy Process and Welfare State Culture

Future Challenges and Social WorkFuture Challenges and Social Work

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1414

Globalization and Civil Society Ring Rotates in Clockwise Direction

Civil Society.. America ..Individual exercises rights above state (God given) Europe..exercise rights with state provided by law

Ring started with Greeks slow movement over time much faster now blurs civil society in world relationship

1515

History, Culture, ideology .. Moves in Counter Clockwise Direction..Foundational Aspects of the Welfare States.

Pervasive Effect in All Parts of Model

Found in economics, political and social spheres of any country

Counter to globalization

1616

Globalizations Relationship to Socio-Cultural Globalizations Relationship to Socio-Cultural History History

Hungary 900-1400 (Not welfare States)Hungary 900-1400 (Not welfare States)

Globalization

Hungary

China

Byzantium

Poland

Holy Roman Empire

Dalmatia

1717

GlobalizationsGlobalizations Relationship to History Relationship to HistoryHungary 1400-1700 (not welfare states)Hungary 1400-1700 (not welfare states)

Globalization

HungaryOttoman Empire

China

Transylvania

Hapsburg Empire

1818

Globalizations Relationship to Socio-Cultural Globalizations Relationship to Socio-Cultural History Hungary 1700-1900History Hungary 1700-1900

GlobalizationChina

Prussia

Austria

Bavaria

Hungary

Russia

1919

Globalizations Relationship to Social-Cultural Globalizations Relationship to Social-Cultural History Hungary 1900’s (emerging welfare states)History Hungary 1900’s (emerging welfare states)

Globalization

China

Russia

Hungary

Germany

2020

Globalizations Relationship to Socio-Cultural Globalizations Relationship to Socio-Cultural History Hungary 2000’sHistory Hungary 2000’s

Globalization

ChinaEU

Hungary

Russia

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Wave the Flag! Each nation state has been influenced differently as depicted by different colors in the flag.. A unique multi-hued socio-cultural foundation established for each nation.

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2323

Economy SphereEconomy Sphere RotationsRotations

Longitude =political aspects of economy

Latitude = differences between surplus of rich and scarcity of the poor in welfare states

2424

Governance SphereGovernance Sphere

RotationsRotations

Like a planet the governance sphere has gravitational pull on each welfare state

2525

2626

Orbit of Economy and Governance Orbit of Economy and Governance SpheresSpheres

These spheres orbit around the These spheres orbit around the Welfare State DefinedWelfare State Defined

They pull the Welfare state toward They pull the Welfare state toward either a Liberal Democracy or either a Liberal Democracy or Democratic SocialismDemocratic Socialism

There is a vacillation between SELF There is a vacillation between SELF INTEREST AND ALTRUISM that is INTEREST AND ALTRUISM that is based upon economic and political based upon economic and political influencesinfluences

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Orbits of Governance and Orbits of Governance and Economy Cont.Economy Cont.

Liberal Democracy is a belief in economy Liberal Democracy is a belief in economy based on commercial activity of free based on commercial activity of free individuals and strong central government individuals and strong central government and a paternalistic political systemand a paternalistic political system

Democratic Socialism is based on Democratic Socialism is based on utilitarian principles of individual utilitarian principles of individual happiness and happiness of society. happiness and happiness of society. Private control is seem as oppression and Private control is seem as oppression and governance is more aligned with social governance is more aligned with social engineering to make society more socially engineering to make society more socially oriented and less individually oriented. oriented and less individually oriented.

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Welfare State DefinedWelfare State Defined

The Welfare State Defined is a quadrant The Welfare State Defined is a quadrant that had multiple influencesthat had multiple influences

As shown the governance and economy As shown the governance and economy spheres are influenced by the rotation of spheres are influenced by the rotation of the globalization and ideology discsthe globalization and ideology discs

In turn these spheres create pull that can In turn these spheres create pull that can be visualized as political regimes on a be visualized as political regimes on a continuum from liberal to social continuum from liberal to social democraticdemocratic

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3030

Ideology Fluctuations in USIdeology Fluctuations in US

1800 rugged individualism, liberal democracy 1800 rugged individualism, liberal democracy robber baronsrobber barons

1900-1920 Progressive Era more socialistic1900-1920 Progressive Era more socialistic

1930 Depression – Democratic Socialism1930 Depression – Democratic Socialism

1980 Reganomics – political and economic to liberal 1980 Reganomics – political and economic to liberal democracydemocracy

2009 Recession – Obama moves to more 2009 Recession – Obama moves to more democratic socialism reversing Reganomicsdemocratic socialism reversing Reganomics

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MACRO MACRO

MICRO MICRO

3232

Macro ConceptualizationMacro Conceptualization

The upper part of the model presents the The upper part of the model presents the Macro conceptualization and influences of Macro conceptualization and influences of the political and economic spheres on the the political and economic spheres on the welfare state from capitalism to socialism.welfare state from capitalism to socialism.

Thus, various regimes vary over time Thus, various regimes vary over time within a nation state resulting in within a nation state resulting in movement along the continuum and movement along the continuum and subsequent changes in how the welfare subsequent changes in how the welfare state is definedstate is defined

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Welfare Regime Continuum

Social Welfare Policy

WELFARE STATE DEFINED

Capitalism Socialism

Universal

Individual

Liberal Regime

Conservative Regime

Social Democratic Regime

Mixed Government and Individual With

Requirements

3434

Welfare State Defined by “Social Welfare State Defined by “Social Welfare Policy”Welfare Policy”

The Welfare State is not only defined The Welfare State is not only defined by how larger systems influence its by how larger systems influence its definition and its overarching welfare definition and its overarching welfare state construct, but also by how the state construct, but also by how the nation state implements ideological nation state implements ideological paradigms into actual services at the paradigms into actual services at the personal level.personal level.

Thus the bottom half of the model Thus the bottom half of the model refers to the realization of servicesrefers to the realization of services

3535

MACRO MACRO

MICRO MICRO

3636

Policy ProcessPolicy Process

The process of moving ideology from the The process of moving ideology from the economic and political spheres through economic and political spheres through the welfare continuum into the “real the welfare continuum into the “real world” rests upon the different policy world” rests upon the different policy processes employed in each welfare state. processes employed in each welfare state.

Each welfare state has different policy Each welfare state has different policy processes and as one can see from the processes and as one can see from the model policy is also informed by model policy is also informed by globalization, history, culture and ideology globalization, history, culture and ideology both indirectly from the definition of the both indirectly from the definition of the welfare state and from them directlywelfare state and from them directly

3737

3838

Welfare CultureWelfare Culture

Another result of the interactions of Another result of the interactions of the model is a viewpoint of the the model is a viewpoint of the welfare culturewelfare culture

The welfare culture is what the The welfare culture is what the people residing in the welfare state people residing in the welfare state perceive as “welfare services” and perceive as “welfare services” and those individuals who receive those individuals who receive welfare. welfare.

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4040

Future ChallengesFuture Challenges

As we have seen in the recent past there As we have seen in the recent past there are many challenges to what is a welfare are many challenges to what is a welfare state and how it will be defined. state and how it will be defined.

Demographics and environment are some Demographics and environment are some of the major challenges to the welfare of the major challenges to the welfare state as populations are aging and state as populations are aging and environmental situations are creating environmental situations are creating different views of what constitutes the different views of what constitutes the common welfare. common welfare.

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4242

Social WorkSocial Work One of the dilemmas for social work is to see how One of the dilemmas for social work is to see how

the profession fits into the model.the profession fits into the model. Social work has vacillated back and forth from the Social work has vacillated back and forth from the

macro to micro delivery of services without ever macro to micro delivery of services without ever being fully engaged in the overall process of being fully engaged in the overall process of developing the “welfare state”developing the “welfare state”

Thus, for social work there are 2 challenges: (1) Thus, for social work there are 2 challenges: (1) to be able to navigate within this complex system to be able to navigate within this complex system with understanding and (2) to be able to with understanding and (2) to be able to successfully provide services based upon both successfully provide services based upon both the macro and micro levels of intervention. the macro and micro levels of intervention.

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4444

SCEWS Model ImplicationsSCEWS Model Implications

The manner in which the common analytic elements of The manner in which the common analytic elements of SCEWS are incorporated into an overarching, inclusive SCEWS are incorporated into an overarching, inclusive analytic tool establishes a unique methodology for cross-analytic tool establishes a unique methodology for cross-national welfare state poverty analysis.national welfare state poverty analysis.

SCEWS is applicable to a) both domestic and international SCEWS is applicable to a) both domestic and international analysis, b) non Western nations who are transitioning into analysis, b) non Western nations who are transitioning into capitalist economies, and c) social policy analysis of capitalist economies, and c) social policy analysis of countries not typically considered welfare states.countries not typically considered welfare states.

The model is adaptable to various types of analysis ranging The model is adaptable to various types of analysis ranging from poverty research to the development of enhanced from poverty research to the development of enhanced curriculums for the social sciences.curriculums for the social sciences.

SCEWS can assist in the development of a global service SCEWS can assist in the development of a global service role for the social work profession.role for the social work profession.

4545

SCEWS Model PotentialSCEWS Model Potential

Can physical science paradigms be incorporated into Can physical science paradigms be incorporated into analysis of social science phenomena?analysis of social science phenomena?

Is there a means to calculate the “force” of SCEWS Is there a means to calculate the “force” of SCEWS elements to predict their respective influence in welfare elements to predict their respective influence in welfare state poverty analysis?state poverty analysis?

How can research contributions of respective disciplines be How can research contributions of respective disciplines be integrated within the SCEWS model construct?integrated within the SCEWS model construct?

Can SCEWS facilitate development of an overarching Can SCEWS facilitate development of an overarching welfare state theory?welfare state theory?

Can SCEWS facilitate development of an overarching theory Can SCEWS facilitate development of an overarching theory of international social work?of international social work?