1 SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS Optoprime Conceptual Designs, Inc. “Next Generation DC-3” Team 2 AJ Berger Colby Darlage Joshua Dias Ahmad Kamaruddin

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SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS

OptoprimeConceptual Designs, Inc.

“Next Generation DC-3”

Team 2AJ Berger

Colby DarlageJoshua Dias

Ahmad KamaruddinPete KrupskiJosh Mason

Camrand Tucker

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SRR Outline

• Mission Statement• Market/Customers• Competitors• Use Case Scenarios• Design Requirements• Conclusion

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Mission Statement

To satisfy our customers through the design of an advanced mid-range aircraft capable of relieving congestion at major hubs throughout the world. The aircraft will:

• Operate from lesser-equipped airports throughout the world.

• Maintain a high cruise speed while limiting negative impact on the environment.

• Satisfy customer needs without sacrificing safety.

• This “next-generation DC-3” will revolutionize the future market with its high reliability, exceptional comfort, and high profitability – three difficult aspects to master

• “The Douglas DC-3 … is universally recognized as the greatest airplane of its time. Some would argue that it is the greatest of all time.” (www.boeing.com)

• “The DC-3 was not only comfortable and reliable, it also made air transportation profitable.” (www.boeing.com)

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Targeting Customer Needs• Airlines

– Operate from a short runway – Reduced environmental impact– Sufficient range to meet market needs– Low cost – Appealing to passengers– Safe to operate

• Passengers– Comfortable– Safe– Low cost ticket– Quick and Easy– Reduce Stress– Confidence in Newest Aircraft

• Maintenance/Ground Crew– Easy to service– Easy to load– Low failure rate

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Benefits to Customers

• Extremely Short Takeoff or Landing (ESTOL) Capability• Offer passengers an alternative to congestion and delays

at major hubs• Opens up new airports to significant commercial

transportation• Cost effective by:

– Avoiding landing fees at major hubs– Reducing delays caused by congestion– Opening up a new market segment– COTS Avionics– More efficient engines

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Target: Asia-Pacific Regional Market• Market forecast done using Boeing Current Market Outlook 2007• RPK regional growth rates over the next 20 years:

– Growth of Emerging Markets• Southwest Asia (largely India) = 6.9% (390 billion RPKs added)• China = 8.0% (1,280 billion RPKs added)

– Established Markets Continue to Grow• Europe = 4.2% (2,380 billion RPKs added)• North America (largely USA) = 4.0% (2,390 billion RPKs added)

– where RPKs = revenue passenger-kilometers = [(# of pax)x(fare)x(distance travelled)]

(BCMO 2007)

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More flights within Asia-Pacific• Tremendous potential for the Asia-Pacific region by 2026• ~½ of 1.1 billion people in India are below the age of 25 years• Mumbai, Delhi, Tokyo, Seoul, etc. are at or above capacity limits• Travel within Asia-Pacific region will surpass travel within North

American region

(BCMO 2007)

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Current and Future Market

• Single Aisle, 90-175 seat– Current (2006): 9,370 aircraft– Future (2058): 25,100 aircraft (including retirements)

• Projected Delivery Rate of ~500 deliveries per year

• Expected Market Share of 33% with 3-4 major airframers

• Projected Sales (2008 USD)– Present Value of Future Operating Revenues: $500B

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Potential for Cargo Market• 25% of international trading is done through the air (by value)

• “Asia-Pacific will account for the largest share of both future freight

capacity and of the large freighters added.” • Potential to fly PAX by day, cargo by night

– similar to 737-200QC

– Converted in less than one hour

• Ability to deliver to more remote destinations

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Competition• “Road, rail, or marine transportation are fundamental components of the

infrastructure of growing economies, but they demand high investment, primarily from government funds and are not practical for rapidly traversing long distances or extreme terrain.” BCMO 2007

• Ground Transportation– Potential Asian High Speed Highway (similar to German Autobahn)

• Low cost / pax

• Very mountainous and remote

– Bullet Trains• Low cost / pax

• Short Travel Time

• Ships– Readily Available– Only Access to some islands

• Other aircraft– Successors to A320 Gen3, B737 Gen3, C1000

• Established knowledge base

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Use Case Scenario 1

• Hong Kong to Madras, India (2000NM)– ESTO from Hong Kong (3,000 ft, upwind section of runway)– Extended Range Cruise – ESL at Madras (6,000 ft runway)

Takeoff & Climb

Cruise Climb

ADS-B Continuous Descent Approach & Full

Stop Landing

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Use Case Scenario 2

• Sydney (at least 8,000ft) to Perth ( 11,200ft max) (1769NM) – refueling/reload

• Perth to Coober Pedy (4,685ft max) (985NM) – w/out refueling• Coober Pedy to Sydney(893NM)

Climb

Cruise

Descent

Climb

Cruise

Descent

Reload without Refuel

Climb

Cruise

Descent to Full Stop

Reconfigure to Cargo, Reload

with Refuel

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Use Case Scenario 3

Climb

Cruise Climb

Climb

Cruise Climb

Descent Descent

Loiter

Full Stop Landing

• Gary (at least 3000ft) to Boulder(4100ft) (793NM)• Rerouted to Durango(9200ft) (218NM)• Rerouted back to Boulder (Lands and refuels)

Climb

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System Design

• Operate from a short runway – takeoff distance < 3000 ft

• Reduced environmental impact – improved emissions/advanced tech

• Sufficient range to meet market needs – 2000NM

• Low cost – $40 Million (2007 dollars)

• Appealing to passengers – 106 PAX with ample room

• Safe to operate – low IFSD rate (CFM56 0.003 as of 7/2006)

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Public US Airports (Paved Runways)

1500' - 2000'1%

2000' - 2500'3%

2500' - 3000'9%

3000' - 6000'64%

0' - 1500'4%

>6000'19%

Runway LengthsAsia-Pacific, Australia, and Middle East Public

Airport Runway Lengths

3000' - 6000'40%

>10000'16%

6000' - 10000'37%

0' - 1500'0%

1500' - 2000'1%

2500' - 3000'5%

2000' - 2500'1%

• Large number of runways in 2500’ – 3000’ group

• Neglecting necessary buffer zone for now, this shows availability of runways for simultaneous landing/takeoff use

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Advanced Concepts

• Composite Integral Structure• Low-emission/alternative fuels• Advanced Engine Tech.

– Geared Turbofans– Hybrid Engines– Unducted Fans

• In-flight Refueling• Solar cells• Advanced Avionics

– Modular/COTS

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Benchmarking

Benchmarking Current Best Alternative Reference

TOGW (lb) 89485 79344 EMB 170

Number of PAX 106 120 A318

Runway Length (ft) 4533 4200 A318

Range (NM) 2000 3365 B737-600

SFC (lb/lb*hr) 0.5955 0.655-.780 -

Thrust Available (lbf) 30650 27000-54000 -

Current D

esign

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What’s Next?

• Conceptual Design Generation– Functional Decomposition– Preliminary Sketches– Concept Selection

• System Definitions– Fuselage Design– Detailed Sizing Study– Constraint Analysis

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Conclusion

• Mission Statement– ESTOL <3000ft– 106 PAX– 2000NM Range

• Market/Customers– Primary: Asia-Pacific– Secondary: North America– Tertiary: Europe

• Use case Scenarios– Demonstrate Possible Missions

• Design Requirements

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References• “Now That’s a Reliable Engine…” July 17,2006. http://www.cfm56.com/index.php?level2=blog_viewpost&t=75• Boeing Current Market Outlook 2007• “The Airplane that Never Sleeps” July 15, 2002. http://www.boeing.com/commercial/news/feature/737qc.html • “DC-3 Commercial Transport” http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dc-3.htm• “Aerospace Sourcebook”, AviationWeek & Space Technology, Jan 2007• “Aerospace Sourcebook”, AviationWeek & Space Technology, Jan 2008• Raymer, D.P. “Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach” AIAA 2006• Roskam, J., “Airplane Design Parts I-VIII”, DARcorporation, KS, 1994-2007• Bureau of Transportation Statistics, http://www.bts.gov• Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov

Documents

1 SCHOOL OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS Optoprime Conceptual Designs, Inc. “Next Generation DC-3” Team 2 AJ Berger Colby Darlage Joshua Dias Ahmad Kamaruddin