1-s2.0-S0378874104005112-main

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 199–206

A study of the larvicidal and molluscicidal activities ofsome medicinal plants from northeast Brazil

J. de S. Lunaa, A.F. dos Santosb, M.R.F. de Limab, M.C. de Omenab,F.A.C. de Mendonçab, L.W. Biebera, A.E.G. Sant’Anab,∗

a Departamento de Qu´ımica Fundamental-CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-901 Recife PE, Brazilb Departamento de Qu´ımica-CCEN, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-970 Maceio AL, Brazil

Received 9 August 2004; received in revised form 6 October 2004; accepted 7 October 2004Available online 4 January 2005

Abstract

In a search for natural products that could be used to control the vectors of tropical diseases, 23 extracts of medicinal plants from thenortheast of Brazil have been tested for molluscicidal activity against egg masses and adults of the snailBiomphalaria glabrata, for larvicidalat d 16 showedt xtracts thats©

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ctivity against the larvae of the mosquitoAedes aegypti, and for general toxicity against the larvae of the brine shrimpArtemia salina. Ofhese extracts, two were active against the adult snail, one against snail egg masses, eight against the larvae of the mosquito, anoxicity towards the brine shrimp. Chemical tests indicated that a wide variety of natural product classes were present in those ehowed significant activities in the bioassays.2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

eywords: Biomphalaria glabrata; Artemia salina; Aedes aegypti

. Introduction

Brazil possesses the largest genetic diversity of plantpecies in the world, but less than 10% have been evaluatedith respect to their biological characteristics, and fewer than% have been subjected to detailed phytochemical studies.espite a recent increase in research activity in this area,lants still constitute a relatively under-utilised, and poten-

ially very valuable, source for the further discovery of bio-ogically active substances.

Two of the most important health problems facing muchf tropical Latin America, including large parts of northernrazil, are the diseases of schistosomiasis and dengue fever.ince a large proportion of the population living in these ar-as suffer from varying degrees of poverty, the discovery oflant-derived compounds that could help with the control orradication of these diseases would of great value, particu-

arly if the plants concerned were readily available to those

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 82 214 1388; fax: +55 82 214 1700.E-mail address:[email protected] (A.E.G. Sant’Ana).

who most need to use them. In this context, our continproject has the aim of screening plants grown locally in noeast Brazil for biological activities that could be of valuethe fight against local diseases.

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a discaused by infestation of the host by the parasiteSchistosoma,a flatworm that lives in blood during one stage of its lifecle.Schistosoma mansoniis the most common human schtosome in Brazil, and the disease is transmitted to humaskin contact with fresh water containing cercariae. One psible method of attacking and breaking down the transmiscycle (worm-egg-miracidium-sporocyst-cercariae-wormSchistosoma mansoniis through control, using natural moluscicides, of the snail (Biomphalaria glabrata), the inter-mediate host in which the transformation from miracidto cercariae occurs.

The discovery of new methods for the control ofmosquitoAedes aegyptiis of paramount importance becauof its role as a vector for arboviruses responsible for defever and yellow fever, both of which are endemic to Cenand South America, Asia and Africa. Currently, the si

378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.oi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.004

200 J. de S. Luna et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 199–206

tion with respect to dengue is critical in all American coun-tries and particularly in Brazil (FUNASA, 2003): in manyendemic regions, contraction of the disease is considered al-most inevitable (Gibbons and Vaughn, 2002). However, thereare no specific therapeutic agents for dengue: steroids, anti-viral compounds and carbazochrome (which decrease capil-lary permeability) have no proven role (Gibbons and Vaughn,2002). The only way to prevent the occurrence of the denguearbovirus is through control of the proliferation ofAedes ae-gypti (Marcondes, 2001), but this is not an easy task becausethe mosquito shows large genetic plasticity. In order for in-secticides to remain efficient at killing the mosquito, it is nec-essary continuously to increase the dosage, but eventually thelevel of insecticide required will give rise to toxicity problemsfor man and his domesticated animals. Clearly new drugs andnovel methods, which can be employed with greater safety,for the control of the mosquito must be developed (Neves,2000). A number of studies have recently been concernedwith the larvicidal properties of plants, and interest in thisarea is now growing rapidly.

Artemia salina,commonly known as the brine shrimp, isa small crustacean, which has been the subject of many phys-iological studies. The brine shrimp lethality assay is consid-ered to be one of the most useful tools for the preliminaryassessment of general toxicity, and the bioassay has showng hu-me

am-i easto ailB em dsA

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2

lants eso (seeT rof.JD deAS ecifeP cteda tions(

2

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ground in a Nogueira (Itapira, SP, Brazil) laboratory millto a moderately-fine powder (mesh size 2.0 mm). Pow-dered material (500 g) was extracted with 95% ethanol(1.5 L) at room temperature (25–27◦C) for 3 days andfiltered: the residue was extracted twice more in a sim-ilar manner. The extracts were evaporated under reducedpressure in a rotary evaporator and bulked: if necessary,concentrated extracts were further dried in a freeze-drier.Crude extracts were stored in a freezer at−20◦C untilrequired.

A stock solution containing 2000�g mL−1 of each crudeextract was prepared by suspending 200 mg of extract in 1 mLof pure dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO: Aldrich, Milwaukee,WI, USA), mixing by sonication in a Cole Parmer (VernonHills, IL, USA) model 8892E-MT ultrasonic bath (47 kHz;120 W) for 20 min, and completing to volume (100 mL) withdechlorinated water. Stock solutions were diluted with anappropriate volume of dechlorinated water in order to pro-vide assay solutions containing 1000, 500 and 100 ppm asrequired.

2.3. Assay for molluscicidal activity

The molluscicidal activities of extracts against adultsand egg masses ofBiomphalaria glabratawere deter-m pre-v a,1n a-t riedo n-d lvingm sitivec

2

lar-v achs1 e( erec

2

h s 2ndi 24 h,wa achs e( rriedo yc

ood correlation with cytotoxic activity against somean solid tumours and with pesticidal activity (McLaughlint al., 1991).

The specific objective of the present study was to exne crude extracts of medicinal plants from the northf Brazil for their molluscicidal activities against the sniomphalaria glabrata, their larvicidal activities against thosquitoAedes aegypti, and their general toxicity towarrtemia salina.

. Material and methods

.1. Plant material

Fresh materials (at least 500 g) of each of the ppecies, shown inTable 1, were collected in the Statf Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas and Pernambuco in Brazilable 1), and the material classified systematically by Pose Elias de Paula (Universidade de Brasılia, Brasilia,F, Brazil), Prof. Rosario Rocha (Universidade Federallagoas, Maceio, AL, Brazil), and Prof. Suzene Izıdio dailva (Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RE, Brazil). Voucher specimens of all plant species collere deposited in the herbaria of the respective instituTable 1).

.2. Preparation of extracts and samples

Selected parts (seeTable 1) of freshly collected planaterial were separated, immediately air dried and fin

ined (four replicates for each sample) according toiously described techniques (dos Santos and Sant’An999). Both positive (cupric carbonate at 50�g mL−1 oriclosamide at 3�g mL−1) and negative (dechlorinated w

er containing 1% DMSO) control assays were carut in order to verify the susceptibility of the snails uer the assay conditions employed. For assays invoollusc eggs, pentachlorophenol was used as the po

ontrol.

.4. Assay for larvicidal activity

The larvicidal activities of extracts against 4th instarae ofAedes aegyptiwere assayed (four replicates for eample) according to a previously published method (WHO,975). Both positive (temephos at 3�g mL−1) and negativdistilled water containing 1% DMSO) control assays warried out.

.5. Assay for cytotoxic activity

Eggs of the brine shrimp (Artemia salinaLeach) wereatched in seawater and used after 48 h. Homogeneou

nstar larvae, obtained by two successive incubations forere employed in the assay using the method ofLima etl. (2002), which was carried out in quadruplicate for eample. Both positive (thymol at 10�g mL−1) and negativsea water containing 1% DMSO) control assays were caut in order to verify the susceptibility ofArtemiaunder assaonditions employed.

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Table 1Plants employed in this study and the activities of their extracts againstAedes aegypti, Biomphalaria glabrataandArtemia salina

Family Common name Ethnobotanical use Reference Plant partextracted

Activity (expressed as % mortality) against

Species [locality: date of collect],voucher number

Aedesaegyptia

Biomphalaria glabratab Artemia salinac

Adults Eggs

AnacardiaceaeSpondias mombinL.[Penedo-AL: 03/98] 17578

Caja Used to treat erysipelas andwounds; showsanti-spasmodic,anti-diarrhoeal, anti-bacterial,anti-viral, oxytocic,abortifacient, molluscicidaland astringent properties

Offiah and Anyanwu (1989),Corthout et al. (1991, 1992,1994), Abo et al. (1999),Mello (2000)

Seeds 85 – 0 96

AnnonaceaeAnnona muricataL.[Maceio-AL: 08/00] 8530

Graviola, Cruaça, Araticumdo Grande, Jaca do Para

Used to treat diabetes andloss of weight; showsanti-diarrhoeal, anti-viral,anti-leishmania, sedative,tranquillising, ansiolitic,insecticidal, molluscicidaland parasiticidal properties

Martins (1989), Bories et al.(1991), Hasrat et al. (1997),Padma et al. (1998), Jaramilloet al. (2000), dos Santos andSant’Ana (2001)

Leaves 100 100 0 100

AsclepiadaceaeMarsdenia altissima(Jacq.)Dugand [Barra de SaoMiguel-AL: 09/00] JEP 3652(UB)

Cipo-Seda Some species of this genusare used to treat gonorrhoeaand show anti-asthmatic,anti-fertility, and anti-cancerproperties

Chowdhury et al. (1994), Maet al. (1997), Kumar et al.(1999)

Wood bark 40 80 – 62

05)199–206

201

BurseraceaeBauhinia cheilantha(Bong.)Steud. [Maceio-AL: 04/99]23567

Mororo Used to treat hypoglycaemiaand as a tonic

da Silva and Cechinel Filho(2002)

Wood 100 – 0 50Leaves 0 – 0 61Roots 0 – 24 100

Bursera leptophloeosMart.[Santa Luzia-AL: 12/99]00789

Imburana-de-Cambao Used to treat chest andbladder diseases

Balbach (1966) Wood 10 – 9 57

202J.d

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Table 1 (Continued)




Aedesaegyptia


Adults Eggs

CaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpinia echinataLam.[Maceio-AL: 12/98] 20045

Pau-Brasil Used as a tonic, astringentand for toothache. Manyspecies of this genus showanti-bacterial, anti-fungal,anti-viral and anti-tubercularactivities

Correa (1978), Ragasa et al.(2002, 2003), Chiang et al.(2003), Promsawan et al.(2003)

LeavesWood

8050

––

7100

7857

Caesalpinia ferreaMart.[Maceio-AL: 02/99] 43256

Pau-Ferro Used to treat diabetes, andbronchial and lung diseases

Balbach (1966) Leaves

Leaves

10

10

–

–

0

3

68

0Caesalpinia pyramidalisTul.[Marechal Deodoro-AL:11/97] 21754

Catingueira Used to treat catarrh,diarrhoea and dysentery

Braga (1960)

Wood 20 – 14 100

ConvolvulaceaeOperculina macrocarpa(Linn)Urb. [Rio Largo-AL: 09/96]16876

Batata-de-Purga Used in utero stimulation;shows low level molluscicidalactivity

Barros et al. (1970), Sousa andRouquayrol (1974)

Tubers 100 – 7 100

FabaceaeAnadenanthera macrocarpa(Benth.) Brenan [Betania-PE:11/01]

Angico preto Shows anti-inflammatoryproperties

Desmarchelier et al. (1999) Wood bark 0 – – 80

Dioclea virgata(Rich.) Cipo-pixuma Some species of this genus Braga (1960), Milliken (1997) Leaves 5 0 – 88

2005)199–206

Amshoff [Camaçari-BA:09/00] JEP 3654 (UB)

used to treat fever andmalaria; some show toxicproperties

LauraceaeOcotea glomerata(Nees.) Mez[Murici-AL: 09/00] JEP 3635(UB)

Louro-pinho Some species of this genusused to treat pain,rheumatism, fever, dyspepsia,dermatitis and tumours

Van den Berg (1982), Vieira(1992)

Wood bark 15 0 – 29Wood 0 0 – 0Leaves 35 0 – 0

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Table 1 (Continued)




Aedesaegyptia


Adults Eggs

MirtaceaeEugenia unifloraL.[Maceio-AL: 05/97] 29879

Pitanga Used to treat fever and diarrhoea;shows anti-oxidant, anti-fungal,anti-microbial, hypotensive,trypanocidal and diureticproperties

Simoes (1989), Lima et al.(1993), Almeida et al. (1995),Consolini et al. (1999),Adewunmi et al. (2001),Consolini and Sarubbio(2002), Holetz et al. (2002),Souza et al. (2002),Velazquez et al. (2003)

LeavesWood

6510

--

05

450

OlacaceaeXimenia americanaL.[Juazeiro do Piauı-PI: 04/02}14580

Ameixa, Ameixa de Espinho,Ameixa do Brasil

Used to treat ulcers and malariaand as an astringent

Braga (1960), Benoit et al.(1996)

Wood bark 0 – – 0

PiperaceaePiper arboreumAublet. [SaoSebastiao-AL: 09/00] JEP3647 (UB)

Alecrim de Angola, Pau deAngola

Used to treat rheumatism and as acarminative and an emollient

Van den Berg (1982) Leaves 15 0 – 83

RhamnaceaeZiziphus joazeiroMart.[Propria-SE: 09/00] JEP 3637(UB)

Jua Used to treat stomach problemsand intermittent fevers and as asoap and tonic

Braga (1960), Delorme andMiolla (1979), Matos (1994)

Wood 15 0 – 83

Control samplesAssay for molluscicidalactivity

Cupric carbonate (50�g mL−1) – 100 – –

NiclosamDechlori1% DMS

Assay for cytotoxic activityAssay for mollusc eggs massAssay for larvicidal activity

TemephDistilledDMSOThymol (Sea watePentach(LD90 = 0

a Extract tested at a concentration of 500 ppm.b Extract tested at a concentration of 100 ppm.c Extract tested at a concentration of 1000 ppm.

05)199–206

203

ide (3�g mL−1) – 100 – –nated water containingO

– 0 0 0

os (3�g mL−1) 100 – – –water containing 1% 0 – – –

10�g mL−1) 100 – – –r containing 1% DMSO – – – 0

lorophenol.49�g mL−1)

– – 90 –


2.6. Chemical tests of the plant extracts

The chemical tests were performed following the proto-cols described byMatos (1988).

3. Results

A total of 23 ethanolic extracts (Table 1) of various partsof 16 medicinal plants were assayed for biological activity.The assays were carried out using concentrations of extractsselected according to the susceptibility of the test organismemployed in the assay. The concentrations of extracts usedwere 1000 ppm for the toxicity test againstArtemia salina,500 ppm for the larvicidal assay againstAedes aegypti, and100 ppm for the molluscicidal assay againstBiomphalariaglabrata.

Eight of the samples assayed showed significant activity(≥40% mortality) againstAedes aegypti. The most activeextracts, showing 100% mortality at 500 ppm, were from theleaves ofAnnonamuricata, the wood ofBauhinia cheilantha,and the tubers ofOperculinamacrocarpa: extracts from seedsof Spondias mombin, leaves ofCaesalpinia echinataand ofEugenia uniflora, wood ofCaesalpinia echinata, and woodbark ofMarsdenia altissimaexhibited, in the order shown,d

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4

mm eryp rme-

diates or carriers of human diseases.Table 2presents a sum-mary of the classes of compounds that we have shown bychemical tests to be present in the plants used in this survey.

Among the 23 plant extracts that were tested in this study,two showed significant activity against adult snails, one wasactive against the snail egg mass, and eight were active againstmosquito larvae. The activities detected did not appear to belimited to any morphologically distinct part of the plant or toany particular class of secondary metabolite. There was, how-ever, a correlation between larvicidal activity againstAedesaegyptiand toxicity toArtemia salina, and this may indicate ageneral toxicity of the active components, which will requirefurther investigation.

The activities of the extracts described inTable 1againstmosquito larvae are comparable with those previously de-termined (Ciccia et al., 2000) for extracts fromXanthiumspinosum, Eupatorium hecatanthum, Baccharis coridifoliaand Aristolochia triangularis, all of which caused 50%mortality to mosquitoes at concentrations in the region of300 ppm. Although extracts from the leaves ofAnnonamuri-catawere by far the most active (90% mortality at 73 ppm)and could have direct application, extracts from the otherplants studied in the present work will certainly be of valuein the search for new lead compounds with larvicidal activity.

With respect to molluscicidal activity, extracts from the

i,for

-

a,

-tract

x-di-actswith

ex-inasep-

id-ofeeds,azil,al of-ieveTheol-

ecreasing levels of mortality against the mosquito.Only two of the extracts screened in the present s

hose from leaves ofAnnona muricata and from wood barf Marsdenia altissima, showed activity at 100 ppm againdult snails, whilst an extract from the wood ofCaesalpiniachinatawas unique in showing very strong activity aga

he egg masses ofBiomphalaria glabrata.Sixteen of the extracts assayed in our study showed s

cant toxicity (≥40% mortality) at 100 ppm against the larvf the brine shrimp. The strongest activities (ca. 100% m

ality) were observed with seed extracts ofSpondiasmombi,eaf extracts ofAnnona muricata, root extracts ofBauhiniaheilantha, wood extracts ofCaesalpinia pyramidalisanduber extracts ofOperculina macrocarpa.

The only extract (from wood ofCaesalpinia echinata)hat showed 100% mortality (at 100 ppm) against theasses of the snail was also partially active (ca. 50% mo

ty) against mosquito larvae and the brine shrimp. Onther hand, of the two extracts that showed strong a

ty (≥80% mortality at 100 ppm) against adult snails,from leaves ofAnnona muricata) was very toxic to both thosquito larvae and the brine shrimp, whilst the other (food bark ofMarsdenia altissima) was only partially activ

n the mosquito and brine shrimp bioassays.

. Discussion and conclusions

The data, shown inTable 1, indicate that extracts froedicinal plants from the northeast of Brazil show vromising activities against organisms that act as inte

leaves ofKigelia africana(Adewunmi and Sofowora, 1980)and Dysoxylum lenticellare(Aladesanmi and Adewunm1995) possess activities similar to that reported herethe wood bark extract fromMarsdenia altissima. On theother hand, extracts from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (LC90 35 ppm;Adewunmi and Adesogen, 1986) andAn-nona squamosa(LC90 8.6 ppm;dos Santos and Sant’An2001) and from the latex ofEuphorbia milii(LC50 0.12 ppm;Oliveira-Filho and Paumgartten, 2000) have reported activities that are much higher than that of the most active exdescribed in the present study (i.e. leaves ofAnnona muri-cata; LC90 50 ppm).WHO, 1993recommends that plant etracts showing LC50values <40 ppm may be employedrectly against mollusc populations, whilst less active extrmay very well provide sources of new lead compoundsmolluscicidal activities.

Any consideration, however, of the future commercialploration of the plants found to show significant activitiesthis study must take into account the growing habits, eof cultivation and availability of the plants to the local poulation. Some of the species of interest, e.g.Annona muri-cata, Spondias mombinandEugenia uniflora, are alreadycultivated in Brazil as sources of edible fruits, thus proving a good possibility for the commercial exploitationthe other readily-available plant parts such as stems, sleaves, etc. It is of interest to note that, in northeast Brfarmers already use a slurry prepared from plant materiAnnona muricataandAnnona squamosato control nematodes, bacteria and fungi in the soil, and they also belthat such treatment protects plants from insect attack.chromatographic fractionation, guided by larvicidal and m

J. de S. Luna et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 199–206 205

Table 2Classes of compounds detected in the plant extracts employed in this study

Species (part ex-tracted)

Phenols Flavonones Flavonoids,flavanonols,flavanonois, freexanthones,heterosides

Flavones,flavonoids,xanthones

FreeSteroids

Pentacyclictriterpenes

Leucoantho-cyanidins

Anthra-quinones Anthrones Alkaloids

Spondias mombin(seeds)

+a −a − + + − − + − +

Annona muricata(leaves)

− − − + + − − − − −

Marsdeniaaltissima(wood bark)

− + − + − + + − − −

Bauhiniacheilantha(wood)

+ + − + + − − + + +

Bauhinia cheilan-tha(leaves)

+ − − + + − − + − +

Bauhinia cheilan-tha(roots)

− + − + + − − + − +

Caesalpiniaechinata(leaves)

+ + − + + + − + + −

Caesalpiniaechinata(wood)

+ − + + − + − + + −

Operculinamacrocarpa(tubers)

− − − + + − − − + −

Anadenantheramacro-carpa(woodbark)

+ + + − + − + − − −

Eugenia uniflora(leaves)

+ − − + + − − + − −

Eugeniauniflora(wood)

+ − − + + − − + + −

a +: detected;−: not detected.

luscicidal activity, of extracts of these plants is currently inprogress.

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