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miftramEL:ni-zMoIRB, -,P7a0-)ITENew Environmental Perspectives for Japanese Erosion Control Engineering
FP ±*Futoshi NAKAMURA
Abstract
Environmental problems have been discussed recently in the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering(SABO), corresponding with increasing criticism of concrete structures by the general public. Most of thepresent discussions and SABO works, however, focus on static scenery rather than ecological dynamics. Theideas presented in this paper are oriented to processes which enable ecosystems to maintain connectionsamong a number of biotic and abiotic factors. I propose that SABO is defined as a science which developsthe theories and techniques to prevent the erosion disasters without interrupting the diverse processes innatural ecosystems. Maintaining diverse processes is a key issue to ensure productive and species-richecosystems. Many papers are reviewed in terms of interactions between geomorphic and biological processes,and summarized in a spatiotemporal framework.
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*OM Vol. 45 No. 3 (182) September 1992
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introducing coarse woody debris into a stream(All logs in this photo are anchored to thestreambed by cables.)
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# SC tdAkashi, Y. (1988): Riparian vegetation dynamicsalong the Bighorn River, Wyoming. M. S. thesis,Univ. of Wyoming, 167p.Anderson, B. W. and Ohmart, R. D. (1977): Vegetationstructure and bird use in the Lower Colorado River.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report,RIM-43, 23-34.Anderson, B. W. , Higgins, A. and Ohmart, R. D.(1977): Avian use of Saltcedar communities in theLower Colorado River Valley. USDA Forest ServiceGeneral Technical Report, RM —43, 128-136.iB a (1971):*iXii'lL47.15 6±.U4Vir.M-r
enelerA. 1LJCtAliffte, M 28 4, M 2 193-258.1 tr41 a (1990): iM0)AlfittL MtM#A1$1'•0)
*OM, 171, 1-2.fq 4- fik • M*COM • rt-#tjK± (1989): MA/ I IRVIN-f4MAIVIMMAN*S. 1(:iCEPORR, 29 p.
7) • ilffliEit *1114X (1984): FAMArtill5W.:6)R±IIIHML 1fAk1411. YrAt13 1.K.liFFPL.PhQ, 27-9' B- 2,341-353
Benda, L. (1990): The influence of debris flows onchannel and valley floors in the Oregon coast range,U. S. A. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 15,457-466.Beschta, R. L., Bilby, R. E., Brown, G. W., Holtby, L.B. and Hofstra, T. D. (1987): Stream temperature andaquatic habitat: fisheries and forestry interactions.In: Salo, E. A. and Cundy, T. W., eds. StreamsideManagement—Forestry and Fishery Interactions,Univ. of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources,Contribution No. 57, 191-232.Boeer, W. J. and Schmidly, D. J. (1977): Terrestrialmammals of the riparian corridor in Big BendNational Park. USDA Forest Service General Tech-nical Report, RM —43, 212-217.Brown, G. W. (1967): Predicting temperatures ofsmall stream. Water Resour. Res., 5, 68-75.Brown, G. W. and Krygier, J. T. (1970): Effects ofclear-cutting on stream temperature. Water Resour.Res., 6, 1133-1139.Bruner, K. L. (1989): Effects of beaver on streams,streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populationin two coastal Oregon streams. M. S. thesis, OregonState Univ.Bryant. M. D. (1982): Oraganic debris in salmonidhabitat in southeast Alaska: Measurment andeffects. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Acqui-sition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat InventoryInformation, 259-265.H*It1V4-Aft- (1991): 1tir4t — 1990 10tffr4-'it?-,v(*-miwo a. h3ii, M 12*, 69-84.Cline, S. P. and Phillips, C. A. (1983): Coarse woodydebris and debris-dependent wildlife in logged andnatural riparian zone forests—A western Oregonexample. USDA Forest Service General TechnicalReport, RM — 99, 33-39.Cummins, K. W., Petersen, R. C., Howard, F. 0.,Wuycheck, J. C. and Holt, V. I. (1973): The utilizationof leaf litter by stream detritivores. Ecology, 54, 336 —345.ilfflAiti • ATElfilffl (1981): !bit WM:1343 6 ±.00)titiA 7NLti8fMr-114--4- lify"?..24 B-2, 239 — 250.ill=11* • Ltint± • X* (1985): ArgAttfXhIL
on-10)53-0 — fArkta0)$19)11 — . M 34"4, 202- 204.Everest. F. H.. Beschta, R. L., Scrivener, J. C., Koski,K. V., Sedell, J. R. and Cederholm, C. J. (1987): Finesediment and Salmonid production: A paradox. In:Salo, E. A. and Cundy, T. W., eds. Streamside Man-agement—Forestry and Fishery Interactions, Univ. ofWashington, Institute of Forest Resources, Contribu-tion No. 57, 98-142.Forman, R. T. and Godron M. (1986): LandscapeEcology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 146-153.Frenzen, P. M., Krasny, M. E. and Rigney, L. P. (1988):Thirty - three years of plant succession on the KautzCreek mudflow, Mount Rainier National Park, Wa-shington. Can. J. Bot. 66, 130- 137.Gecy, J. L. (1988): Propagule source, disturbancecharacteristics and the initial establishment of ripa-rian vegetation after debris flows. M. S. thesis,Oregon State Univ., 135p.
24) Grant, G. E., Grozier, M. J. and Swanson, F. J. (1984):An approach to evaluating off-site effects of timberharvest activities on channel morphology. In: Pro-ceedings of the symposium on the effects of forest andland use on erosion and slope stability, Honolulu,
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*OM Vol. 45 No. 3 (182) September 1992
Hawaii, 177-186.Grant, G. E., Swanson, F. J. and Wolman M. G. (1990):Pattern and origin of stepped-bed morphology inhigh-gradient streams, Western Cascade, Oregon.Geological Society of America Bull., 102, 340-352.Geier, A. R. and Best L. B. (1980): Habitat selectionby small mammals of riparian communities: Evaluat-ing effects of habitat alterations. J. Wildl. Manage.,44(1), 16-24.Gregory, S. V. and Ashkenas, L. (1990): RiparianManagement Guide. Willamette National Forest,USDA Forest Service PNW Region.Gregory, S. V., Lamberti, G. A., Erman, D. C., Koski,K. V., Murphy, M. L. and Sedell, J. R. (1987): Influ-ence of forest practices on aquatic production. In:Salo, E. A. and Cundy, T. W., eds. Streamside Man-agement —Forestry and Fishery Interactions, Univ. ofWashington, Institute of Forest Resources, Contribu-tion No. 57, 191-232.Gregory, S. V., Lamberti, G. A. and Moore, K. M. S.(1989): Influence of valley floor landforms on streamecosystems. USDA Forest Service General TechnicalReport, PSW — 110, 3-8.Gregory, S. V., Swanson, F. J., McKee, W. A. andCummins, K. W. (1991): An ecosystem perspective ofriparian zones. Bioscience, 41 —8, 540-551.Grette, G. B. (1985): The abundance and role of largeorganic debris in juvenile salmonid habitat instreams in second growth and unlogged forests. M. S.thesis. Univ. of Washington, 105p.Hair, J. D., Hepp, G. T., Luckett, L. M., Reese, K. P.and Woodward, D. K. (1978): Beaver pond eco-systems and their relationship to multi-use naturalresource management. USDA Forest Service GeneralTechnical Report, WO-12, 80— 92.Hall, T. J. (1984): The effects of fine sediment onsalmonid spawning gravel and juvenile rearing hab-itat: A literature review. Stream lmprov. Tech. Bull.428. National Council of the Paper Industry for Airand Stream Improvement, New York, 66p.Hall, T. J., Haley, R. K., Gislason, J. C. and Ice, G. G.(1984): The relationship between fine sediment andmacroinvertebrate community characteristics: A lit-erature review and results from NCASI fine sedimentstudies. Tech. Bull. 428. National Council of thePaper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement,New York, 32p.Harman, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Swanson, F. J., Sollins,P., Gregory, S. V., Lattin, J. D., Anderson, N. H.,Cline, S. P., Aumen, N. G., Sedell, J. R., Lienkaemper,G. W., Cromack, Jr., K and Cummins, K. W. (1986):Ecology of Coarse Woody Debris in Temperate Eco-systems. Advances in Ecological Research, 15.A4)11filtt (1988): lbit0I1110) DSLIVt. *IT=/9-X, 88-A-8. 22 p.* HP.11(1979): 4MMEIVFRIff-k, 255-256.AMMINITEN • 1L3 M (1988): ALOMPIMII-Na.Jonsson, B. and Rudd-Hansen, J. (1985): Watertemperature as the primary influence on timing ofseaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar)smolts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42, 593 — 595.Kalliola, R. and Puhakka, M. (1988): River dynamicsand vegetation mosaicism: a case study of the RiverKamajohka, northernmost Finland. J. Biogeography,15, 703-719,
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