1. Reform

• The improvement or amendment of what is wrong or corrupt

2. Retro

• to do again

3. Revolution

• rapid change

4. Empire

• an extended area under central control

5. Civilization

• A complex culture in which large numbers of people share basic elements, such as a social structure, religion, and art.

6. Morals

• Concerned with the principles and rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong.

7. Ethical

• Being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice. This is similar to morals.

8. Analyze

• To examine critically, so as to bring out the essential elements or give the essence of.

9. Rule of Law

• A state of order in which events conform to the law. All are equal under the law.

10. Principles

• A fundamental, primary, or general law or truth from which others are derived.

11. Philosophy

• An organized system of thought. The term comes from the Greek word meaning “love of wisdom.”

12. Human Nature

• The psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind. Is man essentially good or bad?

13. Constitution

• The system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, corporation, or the like, is governed.

14. Aristotle

• One of the great Greek philosophers, Aristotle focused on analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation. He was a student of Plato.

15.Relate

• To bring into or establish association, connection, or relation

16. Political System

• The arrangement, organization of a nation, city, or institution into levels, practices, and power structure, e.g. democracy, republic, monarchy, totalitarianism, and etc.

17. Plato

• Student of Socrates, he felt the ideal state should have an upper class of philosophers and kings, and second of warriors, and last the common people. He wrote the Republic.

18. System

• a coordinated body of methods or a scheme or plan of procedure; organizational scheme:

19. Judeo-Christian

• of or pertaining to the religious writings, beliefs, values, or traditions held in common by Judaism and Christianity.

20. illegitimate

• unlawful; illegal

21. Liberty

• freedom from control, interference, obligation, restriction, hampering conditions, etc.; power or right of doing, thinking, speaking, etc., according to choice.

22. Contrast

• to compare in order to show unlikeness or differences; note the opposite natures, purposes, etc.,

23. Montesquieu

• He used the scientific method to make a close study of governments. In a way, he was the first political scientist. Separation of powers into different branches

24. Ideology

• the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group, e.g. liberal, conservative

25. Individual

• a single human being, as distinguished from a group.

26. Rousseau

• He thought up the idea so a social contract, which was an agreement among the whole society that would be governed by the general will.

27. Enduring

• lasting; permanent

28. Machiavelli

• 1469-1527, he wrote the Prince. It was a practical handbook on how a ruler stays in power.

29. Nation-State

• a sovereign state inhabited by a relatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality.

30. Madison

• The 4th president of the United States. One of the influential leaders along with Thomas Jefferson.

31. Expectation

• the act or state of looking forward or anticipating.

32. Citizen

• a native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection

33. Monarchy

• supreme power or sovereignty held by a single person. e.g. king

34. Bolivar

• He and Jose de San Martin were members of the Creole elite and were hailed as the “Liberators of South America”.

35. Jefferson

• The 3rd President of the United States. Drafted the Declaration of Independence.

36.Bison

• Mistakenly called buffalo. They once roamed the Great Plains in the millions. They were killed by European settlers to eliminate the Native Americans.

37. English Bill of Rights

• It set forth Parliaments right to make laws and levy taxes. The Bill of rights helped create a system of government based on law and a freely elected Parliament.

38. Magna Carta

• In 1215, it was the British document stating that the king must obey and respect the law.

39. Declaration of Independence

• 1776 document written by Thomas Jefferson. It was influenced by John Locke. It explains the break between the colonial government and England.

40. Constitutional Monarchy

• A monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution.

41. Congress of Vienna

• They met to undo the changes during the French Revolution. They believed that the French Revolution was too liberal.

42. Patriarchal

• A society, including Mesopotamia, which was dominated by men.

43. King Solomon

• He ruled from about 970 B.C. This great king expanded the government and army and encouraged trade.

44. Israel

• After King Solomon's death, the empire split into two kingdoms, _____ and Judah.

45. Judah

• After King Solomon's death, the empire split into two kingdoms, Israel and _________.

46. Judaism

• Monotheistic religion developed among the Israelites

47. Monotheistic

• They believe in one God, not many.

48. Prophets

• God used religious teachers as a voice to speak to his people.

49. Confucius

• A philosopher who lived in the sixth century B.C. He traveled the length of China, observing society and seeking employment as a political counselor. He never received a political appointment, but became a teacher to hundreds of students.

50. Tyrants

• Ruler who seizes power by force and not objects to the law.

51. Democracy

• "The rule of many", government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives.

52. Oligarchy

• "The rule of the few", a form of government in which a small group of people exercises control.

53. Socratic Method

• Teaching method which uses a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves.

54. Republic

• A form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote.

55. Christianity

• It became the official religion of the Roman Empire along with the Catholic Church which was organized to reflect Roman institutions. It began in Palestine about 32 AD.

56. Jesus

• A Jewish prophet that traveled and preached throughout Judea and neighboring Galilee.

57. Nero

• Emperor who reigned from A.D. 54 to 68, that persecuted Christians blaming them for the fire that destroyed a great part of Rome.

58. Islam

• Religion in the Arabian Peninsula which means "submission to Allah“ founded by the prophet Muhammad in 610

59. Muhammad

• Often called the prophet, born on 570 in Mecca founded Islam

60. Feudalism

• Economic system based on land, tribute, and protection in the Middle Ages in Europe

61. Reaction

• Response to any stimulus

62. Renaissance

• Based on the rebirth of the culture of the Greeks and Romans, which began in Italy in 1350

63. Protestant Reformation

• In the sixteenth century, a religious movement that broke away from the Catholic. They tried to reform Christianity. They were lead by Martin Luther

64. Martin Luther

• His refusal to renounce his ideas on the basis of his conscience began the Protestant Reformation 1520

65. Divine Rights of Kings

• Belief that the authority of monarchs comes from God

66. Elizabeth I

• She is the daughter of Henry VIII and she reigned from 1558-1603. Bad Ass

67. Puritans

• They were Calvinist who wanted to purify the Anglican church. They thought that individual worshippers should focus on spiritual things at church, rather than indulge in their senses with organ music, stained glass, and incense.

68. Charles I

• He is the son of James I. they believed they should be able to operate without any restrain from Parliament to spend money as they wanted, to build fine buildings, or make alliances abroad if they felt like it.

69. Oliver Cromwell

• A military genius who knew how to use new tactics and discipline. He helped Parliament win during the English Revolution. He was part of the Roundheads.

70. John Locke

• He believed that before society was organized, human beings lived in a state of equality and freedom. In this state of nature, humans have certain natural rights.

71. Natural Rights

• Rights that people are born with.

72. Isaac Newton

• His discoveries in math (calculus) and astronomy showed evidence that physical universe followed regular laws

73. Legislature

• Law making body of government.

74. Separation of Powers

• The executive, legislative, and judiciary placed limits and controls on each other. By preventing one group from having too much power, and by crating a system of checks and balances, the English had created the most freedom and security to the nation.

75. Laissez-faire

• Meaning “to let (people) do (what they want).” It is an economic system based on the free market (capitalism) and little government intervention.

76. Adam Smith

• laissez-faire, 1776 in his famous work “The Wealth of Nations”. He argued that the government had only three basic roles: protecting society from invasion (the army); keeping up certain publics works, such as road and canals, that private individuals could not afford; and defending citizens from injustice (the police)

77. Colonies

• These are distant settlements outside the homeland that are part on an empire, example Spain and New Spain (Mexico)

78. Stamp Act

• . In 1765, this act required that certain printed materials, such as legal documents and newspapers, carry a stamp showing that a tax had been paid to Britain. Opposition was widespread and often violent and the act was repealed in 1776.

79. King George III

• When he heard about the Boston Tea Party, he ordered Parliament to pass Coercive Acts to punish Massachusetts. He was king of England during the American Revolution. Some claim he was crazy.

80. Yorktown

• In 1781, the British decided to end the war with the colonies in this town.

81. Articles of Confederation

• The nation’s first constitution. It was replaced by the Constitution.

82. Federal System

• A system in which power would be shared between the national government and the state governments.

83. Bill of Rights

• The first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

84. Bourgeoisie

• The middle class

85. Declaration of the Rights of a Man and the Citizen

• In 1789, this French document stated that all men were free and equal under the law, that appointment to public office is based on talent, and that no group is exempt from taxation.

86. San-culottes

• Ordinary patriots without fine clothes. They wore long trousers, not the knee-length breeches of the nobles.

87. Factions

• groups

88. Jacobins

• A network of national politic clubs They were radicals. They wanted the king executed.

89. Maximilien Robespierre

• He dominated the Committee of Public Safety. He was a radical who wanted the king dead. He was later executed himself.

90. Reign of Terror

• France was threatened from external and domestic. France was paranoid because they thought the other monarchs would invade France. Between 1793-1794

91. Coup d'etat

• A sudden overthrow of the government

92. Napoleon Bonaparte

• He dominated French and European history from 1799 to 1815. His great military exploits, rapid rise to fame, and tragic end have made him a legend

93. Corsica

• The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.

94. Nationalism

• The sense of pride in a people’s language, culture, or country.

95. Moscow

• When the Grand Army finally reached this city, they found that it had been set on fire. It is the capital of Russia.

96. Elba

• Napoleon was sent into exile on this island

97. Waterloo

• On June 18, 1815, Napoleon suffered a bloody defeat at this place in Belgium. It was the end for Napoleon

98. Duke of Wellington

• Leader of English Army on June 18, 1815 that defeated the French Army and Napoleon at Waterloo.

99. Enclosure Movement

• Land that was previously opened was fenced in the IR

100. Capital

• new industrial machines and factories

101. Entrepreneurs

• They sought new business opportunities and new ways of making profit.

102. James Watt

• He improved the steam engine in the 1760s. Then in 1782, he made changes that allowed the steam engine to drive machinery.

103. Robert Fulton

• He built the first paddle-wheeled steamboat, the Clermont, in 1897.

104. Industrial Capitalism

• An economic system based on manufacturing

105. Socialism

• An economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls parts of the economy, such as factories and utilities.

106. Fredrick Engels

• Coauthor of the Communist Manifesto in 1848.

107. Klemens von Metternich

• Haughty foreign minister of Austria who led the Congress of Vienna.

108. Conservatism

• A philosophy based on tradition and social stability. It is the opposite of liberal.

109. Principle of Intervention

• It said that the Great Powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to keep monarchs in power.

110. Liberalism

• It held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint. Yes to change. Life is getting better. People are born good.

111. Universal Male Suffrage

• All adult men can vote.

112. Louis-Napoleon

• He was elected president by a huge margin in France, 1848

113. Alsace and Lorraine

• France had to pay 5 billion francs and give up these two provinces. This loss left the French burning for revenge. It is an area between France and Germany.

114. Kaiser

• German (Prussian) Emperor

115. Plebiscite

• An election in which people can vote only yes or no to a proposition.

116. Czar Alexander II

• He realized that Russia was falling hopelessly behind the western European powers and decided to make serious reforms in 1856

117. Emancipation

• The act of setting free.

118. Abolitionism

• A movement to end slavery.

119. Secede

• To withdraw

120. Romanticism

• This movement emerged at the end of the eighteenth century as a reaction against the Enlightenment. During this period, art and literature followed classicism. The emphasis was emotions and nature.

121. Ludwig van Beethoven

• One of the most famous composers in the era of Romanticism of the 19th century

122. Louis Pasteur

• The Frenchman proposed the germ theory of disease, which was crucial to the development of modern scientific medical practices.

123. Secularization

• Indifference to or rejection of religion in the affairs of the world.

124. Charles Darwin

• He created the concept of humans as beings who were part of the natural world. In 1859, he published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

125. Natural Selection

• Those that are able to survive (“survival of the fittest”) reproduce and thrive, while the unfit do not.

126. Realism

• The people of this era rejected Romanticism. They wanted to write about ordinary characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings.

127. Charles Dickens

• In Great Britain, he became a huge success with novels that showed the realities of life for the poor in the early Industrial Age.

128. Thomas Edison

• The person who created the light bulb.

129. Alexander Graham Bell

• A revolution in communication began when this person invented the telephone in 1876.

130. Guglielmo Marconi

• This Italian person sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901. He sent the 1st wireless message.

131. Assembly Line

• A new manufacturing method pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913. Each person is responsible for one operation.

132. Mass Production

• To produce (to make) a large amount of a good or service.

133. Karl Marx

• One of the most influential theorist of the century. His socialist theory first came to light when The Communist Manifesto was published during the revolution of 1848.

134. Proletariat

• working class.

135. dictatorship

• A government of which a person or a small group has absolute power.

136. Feminism

• The movement for women’s rights.

137. Florence Nightingale

• A British nurse. Her efforts during the Crimean war (1853-1856), combined with those of Clara Barton in the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865), transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class “women in white”.

138. Literacy

• The Ability to read.

139. Otto Von Bismarck

• He was appointed by William I. He was a pragmatic and militaristic prime minister of Germany.

140. William II

• Emperor from 1888 to 1918. By his reign, Germany had become the strongest power in Europe.

141. Nicholas II

• He came to the throne in Russia in 1894. His grandfather was Alexander II. He was the czar during WWI.

142. Queen Liliuokalani

• Queen of the Hawaiian islands during the U.S. annexation.

143. Marie Curie

• She discovered that an element called radium gave off energy, or radiation, that apparently came from within the atom itself.

144. Albert Einstein

• He published his theory of relativity in 1905. According to his theory, neither space nor time has an existence independent of human experience.

145. Sigmund Freud

• This doctor for Vienna argued that human behavior is strongly determined by past experiences and mental forces of which people are largely unaware.

146. Psychoanalysis

• A method by which a therapist and a patient could probe deeply into the patient’s memory.

147. Social Darwinism

• Late nineteen century belief that evolution not only works in the physical world but also the human world w/ respect to races.

148. Modernism

• The period between 1870 and 1914 in which many writers and artists rebelled against the traditional literacy and artistic stiles that had dominated European culture life since the Renaissance.

149. New Imperialism

• The imperialism in the nineteenth century in which Europeans sought nothing less than direct control over vast territories, mainly in Africa because of the search for raw material and new markets.

150. Protectorate

• A political unit that depends on another government for its protection.

151. Commodore George Dewey

• United states naval forces were under his command and defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in 1898.

152. Emilio Aguinaldo

• He was the leader of a movement for independence in the Philippines. Against Spanish then the Americans.

153. Indirect Rule

• Local rulers were allowed to maintain their authority and status.

154. Direct Rule

• This is a colonial type of gov’t in which the imperialist rather than the local gov’t makes key decisions

155. Muhammad Ali

• He is an officer of the Ottoman army. In 1805, he seized power and established a separate Egyptian state.

156. Annexed

• Incorporate a country within a state; to add

157. David Livingstone

• One of the first explorers who trekked through the uncharted regions of Africa.

158. Henry Stanley

• The New York Herald hired this journalist to find the missing Livingstone in Africa.

159. Indigenous

• Native to a region.

160. Zulu

• The Boers battled this indigenous group in South Africa in the late 1800’s

161. Sepoys

• Indian soldiers in the British Army.

162. Viceroy

• . A governor who ruled as a representative for the monarch.

163. Mohandas Gandhi

• An Indian who was very active in the independence movement for India from colonial Britain.

164. Creoles

• Descendants of Europeans born in Latin America and lived there permanently.

165. Peninsulares

• Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to their mother countries.

166. Mestizos

• People of European and Native American descent.

167. Jose de San Martin

• He and Simon Bolivar were members of the creole elite and were hailed as the “Liberators of South America” of the U.S.

168. Pancho Villa

• Mexican revolutionary in northern Mexico. Was he villain or a true revolutionary?

169. Monroe Doctrine

• It declared that the American continents were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers” in 1823.

170. Caudillos

• Soon after Independence, this group gained control. They ruled chiefly by military force and were usually supported by the landed elites.

171. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

• He was often in power in Mexico between 1833 to 1855. He misused state funds, halted reforms, created chaos, and lost half of Mexico’s land.

172. Benito Juarez

• Santa Anna’s disastrous rule was followed by his era of reform from 1855 to 1876. He dominated the era and instituted many reforms that helped Mexico’s poorest citizens.

173. Puerto Rico

• This island was annexed into the United States after the Spanish American War of 1898.

174. Panama Canal

• It was built along a strip of land 10 miles wide running from coast to coast in Panama,

175. Hong Kong

• It was given to the British, along with 5 open coastal ports to British trade, limited taxes on imported British goods, and pay for the costs of war as part of the Treaty of Nanjing. It was returned to China in 1997.

176. Hong Xiuquan

• He was a Christian convert who viewed himself as a younger brother of Jesus Christ.

177. "self-strengthening"

• Where the Qing court wanted China to adopt Western technology, but to keep its Confucian values.

178. Spheres of Influence

• Areas in China that foreign nations had exclusive trading rights in early 1900s.

179. Open Door Policy

• This was a proposal which ensured equal access to the Chinese market for all nations and preserved the unity of the Chinese.

180. Indemnity

• This was the payments for damages done. It is also known as reparations.

181. Provincial

• Or local.

182. Sun Yat-sen

• Formed the Revive China Society, “father” of modern China

183. Commodities

• Marketable products such as oil, copper, salt, tea, and porcelain.

184. Matthew Perry

• After the United States succeeded with Japan, this Commodore arrived in Edo Bay to “bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations.”

185. Concessions

• Political compromises.

186. Triple Alliance

• This alliance, formed in 1882, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Central Powers)

187. Triple Entente

• The WWI alliance of France, Great Britain, and Russia in 1907. It becomes the Allies during WWl

188. Conscription

• A military draft.

189. Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. He was assasinated by Princip on June 28, 1914.

190. Gavrilo Princip

• A 19-year old Bosnian Serb, succeeded in fatally shooting both the archduke and his wife.

191. Emperor William II

• Emperor of Germany during WWl

192. Czar Nicholas II

• He ordered partial mobilization of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary.

193. Mobilization

• The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war.

194. General Alfred von Schlieffen

• The German WWI strategy of attacking France through neutral Belgium.

195. Propaganda

• Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

196. Trench Warfare

• A type of warfare that involves ditches protected by barbed wire.

197. War of Attrition

• A conflict based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses.

198. Lawrence of Arabia

• A British officer who urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords in 1917

199. Admiral Holtzedorf

• This German admiral assured the emperor that “not one American will land on the continent.”

200. Total War

• This involves a complete mobilization of resources and people.

201. Planned Economies

• These systems are directed by government agencies.

202. Woodrow Wilson

• United States president during WWI

203. Alexandra

• Czar Nicholas II’s German-born wife.

204. Grigori Rasputin

• He was an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man.

205. Alexander Kerensky

• He and the provisional government decided to remain in the war to preserve Russia’s honor

206. Soviets

• They were councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

207. Bolsheviks

• They began as a small faction of a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats

208. V.I. Lenin

• The Bolsheviks were under his leadership.

209. Leon Trotsky

• Thanks to him, the Red Army was a well- disciplined fighting force and he reinstated the draft and emphasized a rigid discipline he lost a power struggle with Stalin after Lenin’s death.

210. War Communism

• This meant government control of banks and most of the industries.

211. Erich von Ludendorff

• He guided the German military operations and decided a grand offensive in the west to break the military stalemate

212. Armistice

• This is a truce or an agreement to stop the fighting.

213. David Lloyd George

• He was the prime minister of Great Britain who won a decisive victory in the elections of December of 1918.

214. Georges Clemenceau

• He was the premier of France.

215. Reparations

• To cover the cost of a war during WWI.

216. Mandates

• This gave a nation the right to govern another nation on behalf of the League of Nations.