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Psychology 320: Gender Psychology

Lecture 61

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Exam: April 24, 3:30-6:30, SRC A

• In addition to questions associated with the lecture slides, the exam will include questions related to chapters 11 (317-322), 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the textbook.

• The exam will include 30-35 multiple choice questions (1 point each), 5 definitions (2 points each), and several short answer questions (2-10 points each).

• The exam is worth 20% of your final grade.

• The exam will be scored out of 75 points.

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• Please bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam.

• All electronic devices must be put away before the start of the exam.

• All backpacks/bags should be placed at the front, back, or sides of the examination room.

• Hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam.

Office Hours

• Prior to the exam, I will have additional office hours. If you require assistance, please feel free to see me at any of the following times:

Friday, April 16, 3:00-5:00.

Monday, April 19, 1:00-3:00.

Friday, April 23, 2:30-4:30.

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Exploitation, Violence, Oppression,Equity and Social Change:

1. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders?

2. What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements?

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• In 2004, 512,200 Canadians aged 15 and older were the victims of a sexual assault in the past 12 months (1,977 per 100,000).

Physical and Sexual Assault Among Adults (Statistics Canada, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009; continued)

What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

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• Sexual victimization rates are 5-6 times higher among females than males; for more egregious sexual offences, rates are 3 times higher among females than males.

• 91% of these victims did not report the crime against them to police—a proportion significantly higher than other crimes.

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• 12% of all police-reported violent crime involves spousal abuse.

• Police-reported rates of spousal abuse are 5 times higher among females (83% of victims) than males (17% of victims; Statistics Canada, 2009)

Spousal Assault (Statistics Canada, 2009)

• Females are 4 times more likely than males to be killed by a spouse.

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Police-Reported Spousal Violence, 1998 to 2007 (Statistics Canada, 2009)

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Spousal Homicide, 1979 to 2007 (Statistics Canada, 2009)

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• Females and males are equally likely to be charged with prostitution. However, females are more likely than males to be convicted and receive a prison sentence.

Prostitution (Statistics Canada, 2003, 2008)

• With respect to crimes other than prostitution and attempted murder, males are more likely than females to be convicted and receive a prison sentence.

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• RCMP estimates suggest that 600-800 individuals are trafficked into Canada each year (Arthur, 2009).

• Foreign sex trafficking is estimated to generate $400 million per year in Canada (McClelland, 2001).

Human Trafficking

• Domestic trafficking is an increasing problem for aboriginal girls and women (Arthur, 2009).

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Bangladesh: Each year, hundreds of Banladeshi females, most between 11 and 20 years of age, are the victims of acid attacks (Anwar, 1997).

China: The sex ratio is “abnormal”: Among children aged 0-4, there are 120 boys for every 100 girls. The high male-to-female ratio is the result of sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and neglect of young girls (Banister, 2004).

Internationally:

14Acid Attacks

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Ethiopia: For every 100 boys who are enrolled in primary or secondary education, only 69 girls are (World Bank, 2002).

Estonia: 29% of women aged 18-24 and 52% of women aged 65 or older fear domestic violence (UN Children’s Fund, 2000).

Egypt: A 1995 survey revealed that 97% of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 had undergone female genital cutting (Lancaster, 1996).

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Japan: 59% of women surveyed reported being physically abused by a partner (UN Children’s Fund, 2000).

Iran: A woman’s testimony carries half the weight of a man’s in court; family law places the bulk of authority for divorce and child custody with husbands (Moore, 2001).

India: Each year, approximately 5000 “dowry-deaths” of women occur (UN Children’s Emergency Fund, 2002).

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Saudi Arabia: Females are not permitted to travel without the permission of their husbands or fathers and are not permitted to drive (Slavin, 2001).

Switzerland: 20% of girls and 5% of boys in grade 9 have experienced at least one incident of sexual abuse (UN, 2000).

Nigeria: A court in a northern Nigerian state sentenced a woman to death by stoning for engaging in premarital sex (Lips, 2006).

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United States: Women are not permitted to serve in direct ground combat positions with the Army or Marines (McSally, 2007; Wood, 2002).

Ukraine: More than 70% of unemployed individuals are female. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed females have been smuggled into the West; one-fifth have been forced into the sex trade (Kutova, 2000).

Turkey: Each year, at least 200 females are the victims of honour killings (Moore, 2001).

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What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements?

• Three primary goals characterize contemporary equality movements:

1. Greater flexibility in the social construction of gender.

“It is not the biological nature of females and males that serves as the major foundation for people’s view of gender or gender-related activities and preferences, but their conception of what it means to be female or male in our society” (Etaugh & Bridges, 2010).

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2. Gender equality in relationship power.

Movement from patriarchal relationships to egalitarian relationships.

Educational and economic equity among males and females.

Enactment of laws and services to protect and aid victims of violence, harassment, and stalking.

Examples:

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• Mandatory arrest policies for spousal assault.

• Marital rape laws.

• Residential shelters for victims of family violence.

• Women’s courts, rape courts.

• Women’s police stations.

• Government-operated hotlines.

• “Protective” laws for individuals who have fled from abuse.

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3. Gender equality in organizational power.

Implementation and enforcement of antidiscrimination legislation in the workplace.

Balanced representation of the sexes in top management positions.

Balanced representation of the sexes in political office and the legal system.

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• In relation to these goals, Canada has performed well in comparison to other countries:

Gender Development Index (GDI), 2007 = .956 (maximum = 1), ranking 4th out of 157 countries.

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), 2007 = .820, (maximum = 1), ranking 10th out of 93 countries.

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Exploitation, Violence, Oppression,Equity and Social Change:

1. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders?

2. What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements?