1

Programming withmethods and classes

2

Methods Instance (or member) method

Operates on a object (i.e., and instance of the class)

String s = new String("Help every cow reach its "+ "potential!");

int n = s.length();

Class (i.e. static) method Service provided by a class and it is not associated with a

particular object

String t = String.valueOf(n);

Instance method

Class method

3

Variables Instance variable and instance constants

Attribute of a particular object Usually a variable

Point p = new Point(5, 5);

int px = p.x;

Class variables and constants Collective information that is not specific to individual

objects of the class Usually a constant

Color favoriteColor = Color.MAGENTA;double favoriteNumber = Math.PI - Math.E;

Instance variable

Class constants

4

static and non-static rules Member/instance (i.e. non-static) fields and methods can

ONLY be accessed by the object name

Class (i.e. static) fields and methods can be accessed by Either the class name or the object name

Non-static methods can refer to BOTH class (i.e. static) variables and member/instance (i.e. non-static) variables

Class (i.e. static) methods can ONLY access class (i.e. static) variables

5

Task – Conversion.java Support conversion between English and metric values

d degrees Fahrenheit = (d – 32)/1.8 degrees Celsius 1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers 1 gallon = 3.785411784 liters 1 ounce (avdp) = 28.349523125 grams 1 acre = 0.0015625 square miles = 0.40468564 hectares

6

Conversion Implementationpublic class Conversion {

// conversion equivalenciesprivate static final double

KILOMETERS_PER_MILE = 1.609344;private static final double

LITERS_PER_GALLON = 3.785411784;private static final double

GRAMS_PER_OUNCE = 28.349523125;private static final double

HECTARES_PER_ACRE = 0.40468564;

7

Conversion implementation

public static double fahrenheitToCelsius (double f) {return (f - 32) / 1.8;

} }

Modifier public indicates other classes can use the method

Modifier static indicates the method is a class method

No use of member/instance variables!!!

8

Conversion Implementation// temperature conversions methodspublic static double fahrenheitToCelsius(double f) {

return (f - 32) / 1.8;}

public static double celsiusToFahrenheit(double c) {return 1.8 * c + 32;

}

// length conversions methodspublic static double kilometersToMiles(double km) {

return km / KILOMETERS_PER_MILE;}

9

Conversion Implementation// mass conversions methodspublic static double litersToGallons(double liters) {

return liters / LITERS_PER_GALLON;}

public static double gallonsToLiters(double gallons) {

return gallons * LITERS_PER_GALLON;}

public static double gramsToOunces(double grams) {return grams / GRAMS_PER_OUNCE;

}

public static double ouncesToGrams(double ounces) {return ounces * GRAMS_PER_OUNCE;

}

10

Conversion Implementation// area conversions methodspublic static double hectaresToAcres(double hectares) {

return hectares / HECTARES_PER_ACRE;}

public static double acresToHectares(double acres) {return acres * HECTARES_PER_ACRE;

}

11

Conversion useScanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a length in kilometers: ");double kilometers = stdin.nextDouble();double miles = Conversion.kilometersToMiles(kilometers);

System.out.print("Enter a mass in liters: ");double liters = stdin.nextDouble();double gallons = Conversion.litersToGallons(liters);

System.out.print("Enter a mass in grams: ");double grams = stdin.nextDouble();double ounces = Conversion.gramsToOunces(grams);

System.out.print("Enter an area in hectares: ");double hectares = stdin.nextDouble();double acres = Conversion.hectaresToAcres(hectares);

12

A Conversion use

System.out.println(kilometers + " kilometers = "+ miles + " miles ");

System.out.println(liters + " liters = "+ gallons + " gallons");

System.out.println(grams + " grams = "+ ounces + " ounces");

System.out.println(hectares + " hectares = " + acres + " acres");

2.0 kilometers = 1.242742384474668 miles3.0 liters = 0.7925161570744452 gallons4.0 grams = 0.14109584779832166 ounces5.0 hectares = 12.355269141746666 acres

13

A preferred Conversion useNumberFormat style = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance();style.setMaximumFractionDigits(2);style.setMinimumFractionDigits(2);

System.out.println(kilometers + " kilometers = "+ style.format(miles) + " miles ");

System.out.println(liters + " liters = "+ style.format(gallons) + " gallons");

System.out.println(grams + " grams = "+ style.format(ounces) + " ounces");

System.out.println(hectares + " hectares = " + style.format(acres) + " acres");

2.0 kilometers = 1.24 miles3.0 liters = 0.79 gallons4.0 grams = 0.14 ounces5.0 hectares = 12.36 acres

Part of java.text

1414

A solution to commenting your A solution to commenting your codecode

The commentator: The commentator: http://www.cenqua.com/commentatohttp://www.cenqua.com/commentator/r/

15

Method invocations Actual parameters provide information that is otherwise

unavailable to a method

When a method is invoked Java sets aside memory for that particular invocation

Called the activation record Activation record stores, among other things, the

values of the formal parameters

Formal parameters initialized with values of the actual parameters After initialization, the actual parameters and formal

parameters are independent of each other

Flow of control is transferred temporarily to that method

16

Value parameter passing demonstrationpublic class Demo {

public static double add(double x, double y) {double result = x + y;return result;

}

public static double multiply(double x, double y) {x = x * y;return x;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {double a = 8, b = 11;

double sum = add(a, b);System.out.println(a + " + " + b + " = " + sum);

double product = multiply(a, b);System.out.println(a + " * " + b + " = " + product);

}}

17

Value parameter passing demonstration

multiply() does not change the actual parameter a

18

8.0x

add()

11.0y

-result

8.0x

add()

11.0y

19.0result

Demo.java walkthrough

8.0a

main()

11.0b

-sum

-product

8.0a

main()

11.0b

19.0sum

-product

double sum = add(a, b);

public static double add (double x, double y) { double result = x + y;return result;

}

Initial values of formal parameterscome from the actual parameters

19

8.0x

multiply()

11.0y

88.0x

multiply()

11.0y

8.0a

main()

11.0b

19.0sum

-product

8.0a

main()

11.0b

19.0sum

88.0product

Demo.java walkthrough

double multiply = multiply(a, b);

public static double multiply (double x, double y) { x = x * y;

return x;}

Initial values of formal parameterscome from the actual parameters

20

PassingReferences.javaimport java.awt.*;public class PassingReferences {

public static void f(Point v) {v = new Point(0, 0);

}

public static void g(Point v) {v.setLocation(0, 0);

}

public static void main(String[] args) {Point p = new Point(10, 10);System.out.println(p);

f(p);System.out.println(p);

g(p);System.out.println(p);

}}

21

PassingReferences.java run

g() can change the attributes of the object to which p refers

22

PassingReferences.javapublic static void main(String[] args) {

Point p = new Point(10, 10);System.out.println(p);

f(p);

p

main()Point

x: 10y: 10p

main()Point

x: 10y: 10

v

f()

Method main()'s variable pand method f()'s formal

parameter v have the samevalue, which is a reference to

an object representinglocation (10, 10)

java.awt.Point[x=10,y=10]

23

PassingReferences.javapublic static void f(Point v) {

v = new Point(0, 0);}

p

main()Point

x: 10y: 10p

main()Point

x: 10y: 10

v

f()Point

x: 0y: 0

24

PassingReferences.javapublic static void main(String[] args) {

Point p = new Point(10, 10);System.out.println(p);

f(p);

System.out.println(p);

g(p);

p

main()Point

x: 10y: 10

java.awt.Point[x=10,y=10]java.awt.Point[x=10,y=10]

p

main()Point

x: 10y: 10

v

g()

Method main()'s variable pand method g()'s formal

parameter v have the samevalue, which is a reference to

an object representinglocation (10, 10)

25

p

main()Point

x: 0y: 0p

main()Point

x: 0y: 0

v

g()

PassingReferences.javapublic static void g(Point v) {

v.setLocation(0, 0);}

p

main()Point

x: 10y: 10

v

g()

Method main()'s variable pand method g()'s formal

parameter v have the samevalue, which is a reference to

an object representinglocation (10, 10)

26

PassingReferences.javapublic static void main(String[] args) {

Point p = new Point(10, 10);System.out.println(p);

f(p);

System.out.println(p);

g(p);System.out.println(p);

p

main()Point

x: 0y: 0

java.awt.Point[x=10,y=10]java.awt.Point[x=10,y=10]java.awt.Point[x=0,y=0]

2727

This may be a bit disturbing…This may be a bit disturbing…

Lots of piercings…Lots of piercings…

29

Static vs. non-static Consider the following code:

public class Staticness {

private int a = 0;private static int b = 0;

public void increment() {a++;b++;

}

public String toString() {return "(a=" + a + ",b=" + b + ")";

}

}

30

Static vs. non-static And the code to run it:

public class StaticTest {

public static void main (String[] args) {Staticness s = new Staticness();Staticness t = new Staticness();

s.increment();t.increment();t.increment();

System.out.println (s);System.out.println (t);

}}

31

Static vs. non-static Execution of the code…

Output is:

(a=1,b=3)(a=2,b=3)

32

Staticness s = new Staticness();Staticness t = new Staticness();s.increment();t.increment();t.increment();System.out.println (s);System.out.println (t);

Staticness s = new Staticness();Staticness t = new Staticness();s.increment();t.increment();t.increment();System.out.println (s);System.out.println (t);

Static vs. non-static: memory diagram

Staticness

- a = 0

t

Staticness

- a = 0

s

0b

Staticness

- a = 1

Staticness

- a = 1

Staticness

- a = 2

123

33

Task – Triple.java Represent objects with three integer attributes

public Triple() Constructs a default Triple value representing three zeros

public Triple(int a, int b, int c) Constructs a representation of the values a, b, and c

public int getValue(int i) Returns the i-th element of the associated Triple

public void setValue(int i, int value) Sets the i-th element of the associated Triple to value

34

Task – Triple.java

Represent objects with three integer attributes

public String toString() Returns a textual representation of the associated Triple

public Object clone() Returns a new Triple whose representation is the same as

the associated Triple

public boolean equals(Object v) Returns whether v is equivalent to the associated Triple

35

Triple.java implementation

// Triple(): default constructorpublic Triple() {

this (0, 0, 0);} The new Triple object (the this object) is constructed

by invoking the Triple constructor expecting three intvalues as actual parameters

public Triple() {int a = 0;int b = 0;int c = 0;this (a, b, c);

}

Illegal this() invocation. A this() invocationmust begin its statement body

36

Triple.java implementation// Triple(): default constructorpublic Triple(int a, int b, int c) {

this (0,0,0);}

// Triple(): specific constructorpublic Triple(int a, int b, int c) {

setValue(1, a);setValue(2, b);setValue(3, c);

}

// Triple(): specific constructor - alternative definition

public Triple(int a, int b, int c) {this.setValue(1, a);this.setValue(2, b);this.setValue(3, c);

}

3737

Today’s demotivatorsToday’s demotivators

38

Triple.java implementation Class Triple like every other Java class

Automatically an extension of the standard class Object Class Object specifies some basic behaviors common to

all objects These behaviors are said to be inherited

Three of the inherited Object methods toString() clone() equals()

39

Recommendation Classes should override (i.e., provide a class-specific

implementation) toString() clone() equals()

By doing so, the programmer-expected behavior can be provided

System.out.println(p); // displays string version of // object referenced by p System.out.println(q); // displays string version of

// object referenced by q

40

Triple.java toString() implementationpublic String toString() {

int a = getValue(1);int b = getValue(2);int c = getValue(3);

return "Triple[" + a + ", " + b + ", " + c+ "]";}

Consider

Triple t1 = new Triple(10, 20, 30);System.out.println(t1);

Triple t2 = new Triple(8, 88, 888);System.out.println(t2);

Produces

Triple[10, 20, 30]Triple[8, 88, 888]

41

Triple.java clone() implementationpublic Object clone() {

int a = getValue(1);int b = getValue(2);int c = getValue(3);

return new Triple(a, b, c);}

Consider

Triple t1 = new Triple(9, 28, 29);Triple t2 = (Triple) t1.clone();

System.out.println("t1 = " + t1);System.out.println("t2 = " + t2);

Produces

Triple[9, 28, 29]Triple[9, 28, 29]

Must cast!

42

Triple.java equals() implementationpublic boolean equals(Object v) {

if (v instanceof Triple) {int a1 = getValue(1);int b1 = getValue(2);int c1 = getValue(3);

Triple t = (Triple) v;int a2 = t.getValue(1);int b2 = t.getValue(2);int c2 = t.getValue(3);

return (a1 == a2) && (b1 == b2) && (c1 == c2);}else {

return false;}

}

Can’t be equal unless it’s a Triple

Compare corresponding attributes

43

Triple.java equals()

Triple e = new Triple(4, 6, 10);Triple f = new Triple(4, 6, 11);,Triple g = new Triple(4, 6, 10); Triple h = new Triple(4, 5, 11); boolean flag1 = e.equals(f);

eTriple

x1: 4

f

g

h

x2: 6 x3: 10

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 6 x3: 11

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 6 x3: 10

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 5 x3: 11

44

Triple.java equals()

Triple e = new Triple(4, 6, 10);Triple f = new Triple(4, 6, 11);,Triple g = new Triple(4, 6, 10); Triple h = new Triple(4, 5, 11); boolean flag2 = e.equals(g);

eTriple

x1: 4

f

g

h

x2: 6 x3: 10

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 6 x3: 11

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 6 x3: 10

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 5 x3: 11

45

Triple.java equals()

Triple e = new Triple(4, 6, 10);Triple f = new Triple(4, 6, 11);,Triple g = new Triple(4, 6, 10); Triple h = new Triple(4, 5, 11); boolean flag3 = g.equals(h);

eTriple

x1: 4

f

g

h

x2: 6 x3: 10

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 6 x3: 11

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 6 x3: 10

Triple

x1: 4 x2: 5 x3: 11

46

What’s wrong with this code?class Scope {

public static void f(int a) {int b = 1; // local definitionSystem.out.println(a); // print 10a = b; // update aSystem.out.println(a); // print 1

}

public static void main(String[] args) {int i = 10; // local definitionf(i); // invoking f() with i as

parameterSystem.out.println(a); System.out.println(b);

}}

Variables a and b do not exist in the scope of method main()

47

Blocks and scope rules A block is a list of statements nested within braces

A method body is a block A block can be placed anywhere a statement would be legal

A block contained within another block is a nested block

A formal parameter is considered to be defined at the beginning of the method body

A local variable can be used only in a statement or nested blocks that occurs after its definition

An identifier name can be reused as long as the blocks containing the duplicate declarations are not nested one within the other

Name reuse within a method is permitted as long as the reuse occurs in distinct blocks

4848

BiologyBiology

PhysicsPhysics

InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary ChemistryChemistry MathematicsMathematics LiteratureLiterature

PeacePeace

HygieneHygiene EconomicsEconomics

MedicineMedicine

The 2002 Ig Nobel PrizesThe 2002 Ig Nobel Prizes““Courtship behavior of ostriches towards humans underCourtship behavior of ostriches towards humans under

farming conditions in Britain”farming conditions in Britain”

““Demonstration of the exponential decay law using beer Demonstration of the exponential decay law using beer

froth”froth”

A comprehensive study of human belly button lintA comprehensive study of human belly button lint

Creating a four-legged periodic tableCreating a four-legged periodic table

““Estimation of the surface area of African elephants”Estimation of the surface area of African elephants”

““The effects of pre-existing inappropriate highlighting on The effects of pre-existing inappropriate highlighting on

reading comprehension”reading comprehension”

For creating Bow-lingual, a computerized dog-to-human For creating Bow-lingual, a computerized dog-to-human

translation devicetranslation device

For creating a washing machine for cats and dogsFor creating a washing machine for cats and dogs

Enron et. al. for applying imaginary numbers to the Enron et. al. for applying imaginary numbers to the

business worldbusiness world

““*** asymmetry in man in ancient sculpture”*** asymmetry in man in ancient sculpture”

49

Legalclass Scope2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {int a = 10; f(a); System.out.println(a);

}

public static void f(int a) {System.out.println(a);a = 1; System.out.println(a);

}}

50

Legal but not recommendedpublic void g() {

{int j = 1; // define jSystem.out.println(j); // print 1

}{

int j = 10; // define a different j

System.out.println(j); // print 10}{

char j = '@'; // define a different j

System.out.println(j); // print '@'}

}

51

What’s the output?

for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {int j = 0;++j;System.out.println(j);

}

The scope of variable j is the body of the for loop j is not in scope when ++i j is not in scope when i < 3 are evaluated j is redefined and re-initialized with each loop iteration

52

Overloading Have seen it often before with operators

int i = 11 + 28;double x = 6.9 + 11.29;String s = "April " + "June";

Java also supports method overloading Several methods can have the same name Useful when we need to write methods that perform

similar tasks but different parameter lists Method name can be overloaded as long as its signature

is different from the other methods of its class Difference in the names, types, number, or order of

the parameters

53

Legal

public static int min(int a, int b, int c) {return Math.min(a, Math.min(b, c));

}

public static int min(int a, int b, int c, int d) {return Math.min(a, min(b, c, d));

}

54

Legalpublic static int power(int x, int n) {

int result = 1;for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {

result *= x;}return result;

}

public static double power(double x, int n) {double result = 1;for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {

result *= x;}return result;

}

55

What’s the output?public static void f(int a, int b) {

System.out.println(a + b);}

public static void f(double a, double b) {System.out.println(a - b);

}

public static void main(String[] args) {int i = 19;double x = 54.0;

f(i, x); }

56

Random numbers To generate random numbers, use the Random class

In java.util

Usage: Random random = new Random(); random.nextInt(7)

Generates a random number between 0 and 6 random.nextDouble()

Returns a number x where 0 ≤ x < 1

Technically, they are not true random numbers They are called ‘pseudo-random’ numbers But that’s close enough to random numbers for us

57

Using random number generatorspublic class RandomTest {

public static void main (String[] args) {

int foo[] = new int[10];double bar[] = new double[10];Random random = new Random();

for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { foo[i] = random.nextInt(100); bar[i] = random.nextDouble();}

for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { System.out.println (i + ": " + foo[i] + ", " +

bar[i]);}

}}

58

Output

0: 5, 0.0275801681392713331: 15, 0.56095496869018052: 67, 0.74667532510126573: 42, 0.80872782971275394: 55, 0.316677953697143475: 72, 0.50574974452290486: 32, 0.51378279036818767: 85, 0.143706513720959338: 1, 0.102707388788240379: 54, 0.9212840891576871

But it varies each time!

59

Summary of key points The this keyword

Can be used to call another constructor Must be the FIRST thing called

Can be used as a reference to the current object Static vs. non-static

A static variable means there is only one such variable regardless of how many objects have been declared

A static method does not care about the “state” of the object

Various methods we may want to override: clone() toString() equals()

Using random numbers

61

Quick surveyQuick survey

I felt I understood the material in this I felt I understood the material in this slide set…slide set…

a)a) Very wellVery well

b)b) With some review, I’ll be goodWith some review, I’ll be good

c)c) Not reallyNot really

d)d) Not at allNot at all

62

Quick surveyQuick survey

The pace of the lecture for this The pace of the lecture for this slide set was…slide set was…

a)a) FastFast

b)b) About rightAbout right

c)c) A little slowA little slow

d)d) Too slowToo slow

63

Quick surveyQuick survey

How interesting was the material in How interesting was the material in this slide set? Be honest!this slide set? Be honest!

a)a) Wow! That was SOOOOOOO cool!Wow! That was SOOOOOOO cool!

b)b) Somewhat interestingSomewhat interesting

c)c) Rather boringRather boring

d)d) ZzzzzzzzzzzZzzzzzzzzzz