1. PRINCIPLE OF SELF-STEERING• Pure Rolling - Radially aligned Axles• Flange steering - Axles held parallel

2. A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE• Using TFR’s 30 years experience with Self-

Steering Bogies

• Simulation - $avings• Converting this to Carbon Credit value

3. CONCLUSION

Shear Pads

“Steering Mechanism”Adaptor Sub-Frame & Cross-Anchors

Axles held rigidly parallel

“Pure Rolling – Steer”Axles Radially Aligned

“Flange – Steer”(Sliding/Grinding)

Axles Rigidly Paralell

Axles point towards centre of curve

Acknowledgement: Dr R D Fröhling “Strategies to control wheel profile wear”Transwerk Freight Rail, South Africa (TFR)

Acknowledgement: Dr R D Fröhling “Strategies to control wheel profile wear”

“Wear Rate Factor” compares rate of wear of a non-steering to a self-steering bogie over wheel tread.Over Taping Line regeon WRF=5.5 and at Flange WRF tends to infinity.

Wear Angle

Increased wheel life ( x 5.5)Increased rail life ( x 40)Higher stability and speeds (10%)Higher Derailment Stability - Flange

related derailments eliminated (100%)Reduced fuel consumption (4 - 5%)Higher availability of rolling stock

(lower maintenance) - (9%)

Applying to Ermelo – Richards Bay:

CAPEX OPEX

FLEET $35m

WHEELS $25m

RAILS $65m

FUEL $5m

DERAILMENTS $13m

TOTAL $35m (3%) $108m (39%)

PAYBACK MODELSHOWING FINANCIAL

ADVANTAGE OF SELF STEERING BOGIE

overSTANDARD 3-PIECE BOGIE

The Scheffel Self Steering Bogie has recently been acknowledged as being Carbon Credit – worthy.

Typical value on Ermelo – Richards Bay line is:

ANNUAL SAVING

STEEL (t/y)

DIESEL (litre)

CARBON CREDITS

WHEELS 17 744 - 17 744

RAIL 21 115 - 21 115

DERAILMENTS 1296 - 1296

FUEL - 8 497 059 22851

TOTAL 40155 8 497 059 63 012

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - - - - - - - -

30

CC x1000

42

63

63

63

63

63

63

- - - - - - - -

63

Had this been a registered Carbon Credit projectit would have yielded approximately

1 869 354 CC’s or $60 338 461

1. USA Energy Information Admin. (Fuel & Energy Source Codes & Emission Coefficients):

To produce 1 ton steel emits 1 ton of CO2; which = 1 CC Burning 1 litre diesel emits 2.69 kg CO2

2. Roger Emblom: - “Simulation of wheel & Rail wear profile evolution – wear modeling and validation”

Rail wear rate (vs tangent track)

3. Dr R D Fröhling “Strategies to control wheel profile wear”

4. Dr H Scheffel - various

5. R von Gericke - various

Curve Rad Wear Factor

800 m 20

300 m 120

AustraliaAustriaBrazilChinaGhanaIndiaMozambique

RussiaSouth AfricaSwedenUnited States of AmericaZambiaZimbabwe

With Carbon Credits ….

1. The concept of the Scheffel Self-Steering Bogie has matured

2. 30 years of experience in South Africa builds confidence

3. Savings are now proven

4. Carbon Credits are an exciting addition to value added

5. In the present economic downturn, the Scheffel Bogie can turn an uneconomical venture into a “cash-cow”