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Presented by Tim Tawoda
2009 EGSA Fall Technical & Marketing Conference
www.preon.com
Technology Basics: Micro Turbine, Absorption Chiller & Smart Grid
Micro Turbine “Muni” Drivers: Environment, Economics & Security
City Implementation of CHP (Cogen)City-Specific IssuesCase Study: Chicago PoliceApplying CHP City-WideHow Do I get Started?Q & A
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Small, light, self-contained Power Plant: 100 – 250 kW per MT – depending on Vendor
Fueled (primarily) by Natural Gas
Reliable, quiet and clean-burning
Similar to jet engine Value Proposition:
improves Environment, Economics and Security/Reliability
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3’ Wide
10’ Long
7’ High
Weighs 4,000 lbs
Turbine assembly weighs 200 lbs
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68 k RPM
Generator and Starter
Heat for Absorption Chiller or Boilers
Compressor
Turbine
Intake Air
Fuel
InverterBattery
Combustor
Rectifier
RecuperatorElectric Output
Cooling Water
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Micro Turbine Exhaust is source of “free” energy for Absorption Chiller
Electric Utility Grid
Smart MetersDistributed Generation
Controls & Communications
Like Solar and Wind Power, Micro Turbines are a form of “Distributed Generation”
Reciprocating Micro Turbine
Electrical Efficiency 30% 30%; Increases to 37% with ORC (slide 26)
Thermal Efficiency 20% (50% total Efficiency)
45% (75% total Efficiency)
Air Quality 500 PPM NOx 20 PPM NOx
Noise 75 dB @ 15 M 59 @ 15 M
Maintainability 50 Moving Parts; engine re-build = 5 days
1 Moving Part; turbine replacement = 8 hours
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Reciprocating Engine Generators (also known as “Internal
Combustion” Engine Generators) vs Micro Turbine Generators
Traditional Power Plant Delivers 33% of Input Energy
MT CHP Delivers 45% + 30% = 75% of Input Energy
Traditional Power Plant Requires 2.27 X’s as much Energy: 2.72 X’s carbon footprint
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100%Fuel
45%Thermal
30%Electric
MT CHP = Micro Turbine Combined Heat & Power
67% Total Waste
33% Delivered Electricity
Generation:$890/kW4,800 GW worldwide$4.2 trillion
Transmission:$1,380/kW4,800 GW worldwide$6.6 trillion
T&D and Transformers (to End User):$2,495/kW4,368 GW worldwide$10.8 trillion
100%Fuel
Line Loses 9%
Normal City Application: Utility Natural Gas (NOT “Renewable” Gas) as fuel source
*However, MT CAN Operate on “Renewable” Gas:
Bio Gas Digester Gas Landfill Gas Bio Diesel
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MT operating on coal bed methane @ 4,000 feet and -40 def F.
Why Natural Gas vs “Renewable” Gas for Cities? Natural Gas is readily available and consistent via Utility Gas Grids – HOWEVER, Technology Advances is changing this!
Bio Gas can be produced from Solid Waste via a.) Cellulosic or b.) Pyrolization gasification processes
Digester Gas can be produced from natural gassing at Waste Water Treatment Plants
Landfill Gas can be produced from natural decomposing of garbage at Landfills
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MT operating on landfill gas
Municipal Pyrolization Plants may be around the corner: solid waste converted to free energy
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Micro Turbines
Smart Grids allows City to aggregate all base load (“green” coal gasification plant) and supplemental Renewable Energies. Micro Turbines run on “syn” gas and methanol created by coal gasification plant; gas is blended with utility gas for redundancy/reliability
Coal Gasification Plant
Natural Gas From Utility Grid
ARA: 10% of cost –Up to $200 per kW NYSERDA: 10-50% of capital cost ICAP: $66,000 per 1,000 kW (annually) State of New Jersey: $1000 per kW State of Oregon: $1000 per kW State of California: considering 2010 Fed Solicitations: NETL $500M Grants 13 States + DC consider Waste Heat as
“Renewable”
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ARA: Micro Turbines Operating on “Renewable” Gas or Bio Diesel qualify for 30% vs 10% ARA Grants
ARA = American Recovery Act = Federal Stimulus
http://www.dsireusa.org/ This Link Provides an Update on Grants, Credits and Subsidies State-by-State
NYC CHICAGOData Criteria
$6.0 $/MM BTU: Cost of Natural Gas Utility
$0.110 $/kWh: Cost of Electric Utility
$0 Accelerated Depreciation
($80,000) Fed, State & Utility Subsidy
$71,161 Annual Net Energy Cash Flow
6% IRR
$35,115 NPV
8.72 Payback
$800,000 Budget
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Data Criteria
$6.5 $/MM BTU: Cost of Natural Gas Utility
$0.220 $/kWh: Cost of Electric Utility
$0 Accelerated Depreciation
($500,000) Fed, State & Utility Subsidy
$232,982 Annual Net Energy Savings
130% IRR
$1,721,394 NPV
1.75 Payback
$1,000,000 Budget
Example: 200 kW CHP Plant: 2 x 100 kW Micro Turbines + 60 Tons of AC; Average Electrical Consumption: 150 kW
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Electric Utility Consumption decreased by 2.8% in 2009: USDOE
Electric Utility Cost INCREASED by 4.2 in 2009: USDOE
The Key to MT CHP Economics: Micro Turbines produce 2.72 X’s as much output energy as traditional power plants
Ideal MT CHP Cost Metrics: Expensive Electric Utility & Cheap Natural Gas Utility
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“US Estimated Gas Reserves have surged by 35%; US holds far larger reserves than previously thought. The jump is the largest increase in the 44-year history of reports from the committee”: Potential Gas Committee – Wall Street Journal 6-18-9
US Reserves increased due to Shale Gas deposits: technological advances make gas @ 4,500’ depth viable
If Cities used Landfill, WWTP and Bio Gas: cost of energy is Zero $
TRADITIONAL POLICE STATION
Single Primary Power: Electric
Secondary Power: Diesel Genset
CHICAGO POLICE STATION
Dual Primary Power: Electric AND Natural Gas
Secondary Power: Diesel Genset
Potential Enhancements: a.) Secondary Power via Micro Turbine with LP (Eliminate Diesel Genset); b.) Redundant AC with Absorption Chillers
Lowers Stress on Local Electric Utility Grid
On a NATIONAL LEVEL, United States becomes less dependent (more SECURE) when utilizing renewable fuels (bio gas, digester gas, landfill gas and bio diesel ) OR CBM, Shale gas and domestic natural gas. CBM, Shale gas and domestic natural gas and LP, unlike oil and diesel fuel, are very plentiful.
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Micro Turbine CHP PlantsMT CHP Plants + Smart Grid provides the ultimate City Power Infrastructure
Security or Environ Criteria Met; Funding Alternative Made; City Consensus for MT CHP
City instructs Architect to embrace MT CHP; Architect allocates footprint and complies with LEED criteria
Architects instructs Spec Engineer to integrate MT CHP into Electrical and HVAC infrastructure
Spec Engineer works with vendors on equipment sizing and selection; Contract award based on “bid-spec” or “Performance Contract”.
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Mayors embrace CHP for Environment & Security merits
Energy Czar may be weak link; transient (political) position: gets promoted to different Department - by the Mayor
Mayor must transcend Czar disruption (promotion)
Energy Integrator: keeps the focus of Mayor/City agenda, Architect & Engineer - also facilitates the design
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Continuity of Energy Czar office/tenure varies greatly City-to-City. Many smaller Cities have no Energy Czar.
A forceful Mayor is Key Ingredient for CHP Implementation
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Expense Cultural Barriers Resource Constraints Short-term thinking Lack of collaborative spirit Lack of coordinated R&D b/w utilities and
vendors Lack of standards, definitions,
interoperability Unwillingness to deconstruct the paradigm Scope of Technology Change
Bottom Line: Comprehensive Smart Grids could take decades to perfect. However, CHP can accomplish key objectives of Smart Grids today: demand reduction, improved reliability/security and better economics. CHP can be integrated with the Smart Grid as it evolves
Issue MT CHP Response
High Utility Density: source of overloads and failures
MTCHP off-loads electric utility demand: improves reliability
High Citizen Density: impacted by environmental noise and pollution
MTCHP has no audible noise at property line and clean burning
High PC/Internet and Electric Vehicle Density: greater electric density
MTCHP off-loads electric utility demand: improves reliability
Utilizing CHP when there is no use for turbine waste heat?
Waste Heat can be converted to “free” additional Electricity via ORC
MT CHP must be Seamless to City Operations
Disruption to MTCHP output has no impact: parallels to electric grid
MT CHP can not be Administrative burden
MTCHP is automatically monitored by Energy Integrator
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Density of City Electric Loads Increasing. PC’s and Internet account for 2.5% of total U.S. power consumption but that number is doubling every 5 years. concentration is much greater in cities. Electric Plug-in Vehicles require 8 kWh electric re-charge per 40 miles. 100 cars recharging in the building garage could increase the demand by 800 kW. 10-30% increase in demand.
East Coast Blackout on August 14th 2003: Problem could have been averted with less stress on the grid.
During electric outage, buildings can operate if gas grid is up.
LP (Liquid Propane) can power MTCHP if gas grid is also failed.
Hurricane Katrina August 29th 2005: MT CHP could have provided electric power and cooling at time of crisis.
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East Coast Blackout
TIME LINE MT OPERATING ON ROOF
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Each new Chicago Police Station will have a 100 kW Micro Turbine on the roof: total of 12 new Stations
Qty (1) 100 kW Micro Turbine – expandable to 2 MT: MT in parallel with Electric Grid; MT provides 90% of Electric Power Needs
Smart Controls 350 kW Diesel Genset Commissioning 5-Year Service Agreement Utilization of Waste Heat: Boiler &
future absorption chiller Continuous Monitoring and Control of
Micro Turbine via Internet by Energy Integrator
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Electric Grid
Building Electric Load
Smart Controls
Diesel Genset MT Genset
Natural Gas GridMT Turbine Exhaust to Boilers
Standby-Backup
Internet
Future export of Diesel Genset Power via GPC, Internet and Smart Grid
Future Export Power
Engine Control/Monitor
Utility Relays PLC Logic & Network
Communications Local/Remote
Communications Interface
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Traditional ControlsSmart Controls
Smart Controls replace numerous mechanical relays with a single solid state controller; accommodate export of aggregate diesel gensets/buildings in the future via “smart grid”.
CHP requires viable use of waste heat: Often heating/cooling of building space
Typically requires 7 x 24 habitation such as Police Stations
How do we utilize the waste heat for other buildings – such as High Schools?
Micro Turbines manufacture Organic Rankin Cycle (ORC)
ORC converts waste heat from (4) micro turbines to 100 kW additional “free” electricity
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ORC
Expansion Module
Access to MT CHP Technologies Post-Factory Upgrades to Micro Turbines Application Engineering Project Management Commissioning Capabilities Continuous Maintenance and Monitoring of MT
CHP Plant
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A. Start with New Construction vs Rehabs: Easier to Move Lines on Paper vs Knocking Down Walls
B. Consider Police Stations: Smaller CHP Plants, Easy Use of Waste Heat due to 7 x 24 Habitation; Police Stations have need for Higher Security Benefit
C.Engage your Local Energy Integrator:
