11

Plant Plant KingdomKingdom

22

Plant Adaptations to Plant Adaptations to LandLand

Problems:Problems: Need mineralsNeed minerals GravityGravity Increase in Increase in

Height for Height for LightLight

Adaptations Adaptations for Drier for Drier environmentenvironment

ReproductionReproduction

Solutions:Solutions: RootsRoots absorb H absorb H22O & O &

mineralsminerals Lignin & celluloseLignin & cellulose in in

cell wallscell walls Vascular Vascular Transport Transport

SystemSystem Waxy cuticleWaxy cuticle & &

stomatastomata with guard with guard cellscells

Pollen Pollen containing containing spermsperm

33

How Are Plants How Are Plants All Alike?All Alike?

44

Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics

MulticellularMulticellular AutotrophicAutotrophic (photosynthesis) (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls Chlorophylls aa and and bb in thylakoid in thylakoid

membranesmembranes Surrounded by Surrounded by cell wallscell walls

containing containing cellulose cellulose (polysaccharide)(polysaccharide)

Store reserve food as Store reserve food as amylose amylose (starch)(starch)

55

Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction

Alternation of generations Alternation of generations life life cyclecycle

Diploid (2n) Diploid (2n) sporophytesporophyte stage stage Haploid (1n) Haploid (1n) gametophytegametophyte

stagestage Produce Produce multicellular embryomulticellular embryo

protectedprotected inside multicellular inside multicellular haploid haploid (gametophyte egg sac)(gametophyte egg sac) tissuetissue

66

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations

2n 2n SporophyteSporophyte

2n 2n gametophytegametophyte

1n 1n pollenpollen

Ovary with Ovary with 1n ovules 1n ovules (eggs)(eggs)

2n seed 2n seed with plant with plant embryoembryo

SporophySporophytete

GametophyGametophytete

77

Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction Diploid (2n) Diploid (2n) sporophytesporophyte stage stage

produces produces haploid sporeshaploid spores by by meiosismeiosis

Haploid spores undergo Haploid spores undergo mitosismitosis to produce to produce gametophytegametophyte stage stage

Gametophyte makes Gametophyte makes gametes gametes (eggs and sperm) (eggs and sperm) by by meiosismeiosis

ZygoteZygote (2n) produces the new (2n) produces the new sporophytesporophyte

88

Plant Plant

DivisionsDivisions

99

TaxonomyTaxonomy Plants are divided Plants are divided

into into twotwo groupsgroups Based on the Based on the

presence or presence or absenceabsence of an of an internal transport internal transport systemsystem for water for water and dissolved and dissolved materialsmaterials

Called Called Vascular Vascular SystemSystem

VasculaVascular r BundleBundless

1010

Vascular SystemVascular System XylemXylem tissue carries tissue carries waterwater

and and mineralsminerals upward from the upward from the rootsroots

PhloemPhloem tissue carries tissue carries sugarssugars made by photosynthesis from made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will the leaves to where they will be stored or usedbe stored or used

SapSap is the fluid carried inside is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloemthe xylem or phloem

1111

Main Parts of Vascular Main Parts of Vascular PlantsPlants

ShootsShoots-Found above ground-Found above ground-Have leaves attached-Have leaves attached- Photosynthetic part - Photosynthetic part

of plantof plant RootsRoots

-Found below ground-Found below ground-Absorb water & minerals-Absorb water & minerals-Anchor the plant-Anchor the plant

1212

Vascular PlantsVascular Plants Also called Also called

TracheophytesTracheophytes Subdivided into Subdivided into

two groups -- two groups -- Seedless Seedless vascular plantsvascular plants and and Seed-Seed-bearing bearing vascular plantsvascular plants

Club MossClub Moss

1313

Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants

Includes club moss Includes club moss (Lycophyta)(Lycophyta), , horsetails horsetails (Sphenophyta)(Sphenophyta), whisk , whisk ferns ferns (Psilophyta)(Psilophyta), and ferns , and ferns (Pterophyta)(Pterophyta)

HorsetailsHorsetailsWhisk fernsWhisk ferns

1414

Seed-Producing Vascular Seed-Producing Vascular PlantsPlants

Includes two groups – Includes two groups – GymnospermsGymnosperms and and AngiospermsAngiosperms

GymnospermsGymnosperms have have naked naked seedsseeds in in conescones

AngiospermsAngiosperms have have flowers that flowers that produce seeds produce seeds to attract to attract pollinators and produce seedspollinators and produce seeds

1515

GymnospermsGymnosperms

ConiferophytaConiferophyta are are known as conifersknown as conifers

Includes pine, Includes pine, cedar, spruce, cedar, spruce, and firand fir

CycadophytaCycadophyta – – cycadscycads

GinkgophytaGinkgophyta - - ginkgoginkgo

GinkgGinkgoo

CycaCycadd

1616

GymnospermGymnospermss

Contains the Contains the oldest living oldest living plant – plant – Bristle Bristle cone pinecone pine

Contains the Contains the tallest living tallest living plant – plant – Sequoia or Sequoia or redwoodredwood

1717

AngiospermsAngiosperms Flowering plantsFlowering plants SeedsSeeds are formed when an are formed when an

egg or ovuleegg or ovule is fertilized by is fertilized by pollenpollen in the ovary in the ovary

OvaryOvary is within a flower is within a flower Flower contains the male Flower contains the male

(stamen)(stamen) and/or female and/or female (ovaries)(ovaries) parts of the plant parts of the plant

FruitsFruits are frequently are frequently produced from these produced from these ripened ovaries (ripened ovaries (help help disperse seeds)disperse seeds)

1818

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Division Division AnthophytaAnthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Subdivided into two groups –

Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots MonocotsMonocots have a single seed have a single seed

cotyledoncotyledon DicotsDicots have two seed have two seed

cotyledonscotyledons

1919

MonocotsMonocots ParallelParallel

venation in venation in leavesleaves

Flower parts in Flower parts in multiples of 3multiples of 3

Vascular tissue Vascular tissue scatteredscattered in in cross section cross section of stemof stem

2020

DicotsDicots Net venationNet venation

in leavesin leaves Flower parts Flower parts

in in multiples of multiples of 4 or 54 or 5

Vascular Vascular tissue tissue in ringsin rings in cross in cross section of section of stemstem

2121

Plant UsesPlant Uses

2222

Why We CanWhy We Can’’t do Without t do Without Plants!Plants!

Produce oxygen for the Produce oxygen for the atmosphereatmosphere

Produce lumber for buildingProduce lumber for building Provide homes and food for Provide homes and food for

many organismsmany organisms Prevent erosionPrevent erosion Used for foodUsed for food

2323

More Reasons We CanMore Reasons We Can’’t t do Without Plants!do Without Plants!

Produce wood pulp for paper Produce wood pulp for paper productsproducts

Source of many medicines such Source of many medicines such as asprinas asprin

Ornamental and shade for yardsOrnamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabricFibers such as cotton for fabric DyesDyes

7 Leaves are part of a plant7 Leaves are part of a plant’’s s shoot system. The xylem tissue shoot system. The xylem tissue in leaves transports —in leaves transports —

A the bacteria needed for nitrogen fixation in root A the bacteria needed for nitrogen fixation in root nodulesnodules

B the wax required to coat the surface of actively B the wax required to coat the surface of actively growing tissuegrowing tissue

C the water and minerals that are absorbed by the C the water and minerals that are absorbed by the rootsroots

D the oxygen that regulates the rate of carbohydrate D the oxygen that regulates the rate of carbohydrate productionproduction

copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale 2424

44 Copper is a micronutrient that can be found in soil. 44 Copper is a micronutrient that can be found in soil. Copper is important for reproductive growth in plants and Copper is important for reproductive growth in plants and plays an indirect role in chlorophyll production. Which plays an indirect role in chlorophyll production. Which statement correctly describes the interaction that occurs statement correctly describes the interaction that occurs between the root and the shoot systems of plants to allow between the root and the shoot systems of plants to allow reproduction to occur?reproduction to occur?

F Copper is produced in the roots when copper-containing F Copper is produced in the roots when copper-containing compounds are hydrolyzed.compounds are hydrolyzed.

G Copper that is absorbed by the roots is transported to G Copper that is absorbed by the roots is transported to reproductive tissues by the shoot system.reproductive tissues by the shoot system.

H The shoot system stores copper for later use by the roots and H The shoot system stores copper for later use by the roots and the reproductive structures.the reproductive structures.

J The shoot system transports copper to the roots after it is taken J The shoot system transports copper to the roots after it is taken in through stomata in the leaves.in through stomata in the leaves.

copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale 2525

51 Changes in water pressure within guard cells 51 Changes in water pressure within guard cells cause the cells to open or close the stoma. This cause the cells to open or close the stoma. This response helps the plant maintain homeostasis by —response helps the plant maintain homeostasis by —

A stabilizing the plantA stabilizing the plant’’s temperature through the s temperature through the evaporation of waterevaporation of water

B regulating the amount of water the plant loses during B regulating the amount of water the plant loses during transpirationtranspiration

C allowing oxygen needed for photosynthesis to enter the C allowing oxygen needed for photosynthesis to enter the plantplant

D enabling the plant to release more carbon dioxide at D enabling the plant to release more carbon dioxide at night for photosynthesisnight for photosynthesis

copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale 2626