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PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPY:An Introduction

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Pharmacology

The knowledge of :History, source, Physical & chemicalProperties, compounding, biochemical& physicalogical effects, mechanism

of actions, absorption, distribution,biotransformation & excretion,therapeutic & other uses of drugs

(Benet, 1997)

the science of substances used to

prevent, diagnose and treat disease

( = medical pharmacology)

(Katzung, 1997)

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Pharmacognosy :The branch of pharmacology that studyabout sources of drugs.

Pharmacy :

The scientific study about preparing,compounding and dispensing of drugs

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Pharmacokinetics

The study of absorption, distributions,

biotransformation and excretion of drugs What the body do to the drugs

Fate of the drug in the body

Involved in how the concentration of

drug in the body varies with time

Pharmacodynamics

The study of biochemical and

physiological effects of drugs and theirmechanism of action

What the drug do to the body

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Clinical pharmacology

The scientific study of drugs in man(WHO, 1970)

Justified, because drugs effect :

Often have significant interspecies

variation

May be modified by disease

Adequately studies only in

human beings

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Technical, legal & ethical considerations

Limit pharmacplogical evaluation inhuman subjects

Evaluation of drugs must be based in

part on animals evaluation

Consequently needs some

knowledge of :

Animal pharmacology & Comparative pharmacology

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Animal pharmacology :the study of drugs in experimentalanimal

Comparative pharmacology :

the study that comparepharmacology of drugs in animal

and man

to claims that animal drugsstudies can be reasonably

extrapolated to patients

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Pharmacotherapeutics

The study of the drugs use in the

prevention & treatment of disease

Some mechanism of actions of drugs :

Stimulate / depress biochemical orphysiological functions reliefof symptons

Alter the course of disease

Eliminate the pathogenic cells / organisms

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Pharmacogenetics

Study relationship of genetics factors tovariations in drug response (Brody, 1998)

Concerned with drugs responses that are

governed by heredity(Laurence & Bennet, 1987)

Inherited causal factors are : Biochemical genes govern the

production enzymes Anatomical mydriatics induced

glaucoma in patients witha shallow anterior eyechamber

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Toxicology The aspect of pharmacology that

deals with the adverse effect of drugs

(Benet, 1997)

The study of effect, antidotes anddetection of poison and desription of

effects of drugs overdose (Brody, 1998)

Concerned with :

Drugsused in therapy

Chemical that responsible for household,enviromental or industrial intoxication

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Drugs

Chemical agent that affects living process(Benet, 1997)

Any substance / product that is used /

intended to be used to modify / explore

physiological systems / pathological

states for the benefit of the recipient(WHO, 1966)

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Essential drugs : Drugs that meet the health needs of the

majority of the populations

Should be available in the appropriatedosage forms and strengths at all times

Genericdrugs :Drugs marketed by any producers undernonproprietary ( = INN) / approved names

Patent drugs (brandeddrugs):pharmaceutical products marketed underbrand names

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Class. of drugs in market

Non-ethical drugs sold without prescription Unlimited drugs (B-class) = OTC drugs

Without cautionary labellings

Green dot in package

Limited drugs (W-class) = semi OTC drugs

With cautionary labellings

Blue dot in package Through Apothics/licenced drugs

stores

Ethical drugs sold base on prescription red dot in package

Potensial drugs (G-class)

Narcotics drugs (O-class)Under strict supervision

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Develop. of clin. Pharmacology(related factors)

1. The increasing number of new drugs

(drugs explossions)

2. The realization that the choice, safe &effective use of drugs depend on

knowledge that can best be obtained

by systematic scientific study

3. The occurrence of several therapeutic

disasters

4. Information explossions in medicine

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