1 Personal and Professional Growth and Development HANDOUT

8/22/2019 1 Personal and Professional Growth and Development HANDOUT

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES IN

NURSING

Pre-Nightingale Era

Nursing the sick was designatedto the woman of the tribes

Illnesses were attributed to evilspirits within the body of the

person who was illThe ancient practitioner used

both black and white magicto cure illnesses


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Early Civilization

Egyptian temples hadhousing for the sick

Deborah, the nursescompanion of a child, was thefirst nurse noted in history

India,was the first country to

record the use in the care ofthe sick


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300 AD

Women entered the nursing profession

1100-1200 AD

St. Anthonys Brothers Hospital was formed

Brothers of Misericordia, Italywas

formed Alexian Brotherswere formed

1633

Sisters of Charitywas founded

1809 Mother Elizabeth Seton, introduced the sisters of

Charity in America, later known astheDaughters of Charity


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1836 Deaconess Institute of

Kaiserwerth, Germany wasfounded

1860

The Nightingale TrainingSchool for Nurses at St. ThomasHospital in London, England wasestablished.

Florence Nightingale published the

Notes onNursing:What It Is andWhat It Is Not


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What is nursing?

The act of utilizing the environment ofthe patient to assist him in hisrecovery (Florence Nightingale)

The unique function of the nurse is toassist the individual, sick or well

in the performance of those activitiescontributing to health or its recovery(Virginia Henderson)


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Nursing is direct, goal

oriented and adoptable tothe needs of the individual,the family, and community

during health and illness(ANA)

The diagnosis and

treatment of humanresponse to actual orpotential health problems


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DEFINITION OFTERMS


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Profession

- an occupation that requires extensive education or acalling that requires special knowledge, skill andpreparation (Kozier, et. al, 2004)

Professionalism- Refers to professional character, spirit or methods. It is

a set of attributes, a way of life that impliesresponsibility and commitment

Professionalization

- Is the process of becoming professional, that is, of acquiringcharacteristics considered to be professional


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CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION

Distinct identity and Subculture

members of a profession have acommon identity andsubculture

Altruism

profession is motivated by altruism, with

members working is somesense for the good of the society


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Code of Ethics

nursing profession requires integrity of itsmembers; that is, a member is expected to do whatis considered right regardless of the personalcost

Autonomy

autonomous if it regulates itself and setsstandards for its members

Professional Organization

operates under a mother organization


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SCOPES OF NURSING

Involves four areas

1. Promoting health and wellness

Engaging in attitudes and behavior that enhances

the quality of life and maximize personal potentialsActs like

Enhancing healthy lifestyle

Preventing drugs

and alcohol misuse


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2. Preventing Illness

The goal is to maintainoptimal health bypreventing disease

Acts like Immunization

Prenatal and infant care

Prevention of Sexually

Transmitted Diseases(STDs)


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3. Restoring Health Focus is on the ill client and

extendsfrom early detection of disease throughhelping the client during the recovery period

Acts like Providing direct care to the ill

Performing diagnostic andassessment procedures

Consulting other healthprofessional about the clientsproblems


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4. Care of the Dying

Involves comfortingand caring for

people of all ageswho are dying


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LEVELS OF PREVENTION

Primary prevention

- The nurse identifies risk factors, attempts to eliminate

stressor and focuses on protecting health

- Elements

a. Health promotion

b. Specific protection


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Secondary prevention

- intervention or active treatmentafter symptoms have occurred

Elements:

a. Strengthening resistance also knownas health maintenance

b. Early diagnosis/detection

c. Health screening

d. Prompt treatment

Tertiary PreventionRehabilitation

- reestablishment of high levelwellness


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Theories that Focus on the Environment

To facilitate the bodysreparative process bymanipulating theenvironment

Florence Nightingale Environmental Theory


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Theories that Focus on the Client as anIndividual/Holistic Approach Faye Abdellah

- The typology of 21nursing problems

- Holistic delivery ofhealth care to meet thesocial, physical,intellectual, creative,

emotional and spiritualneeds of the family (21problems)


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Virginia Henderson

- 14 Basic/FundamentalNeeds- To work interdependentlywith other healthcaregivers. Focus is onthe independentsatisfaction of 14 humanneeds (complementary-supplementary)


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Ida Jean Orlando- Client is an individual with aneed that when metdiminishes distress, increasesadequacy and enhances well-being.

- Three elements comprises anursing situation;1) Client behavior, 2)NurseReaction and 3) NurseActions


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Dorothy Johnson

- Behavioral System Model- Focuses on how the client

adapts to illness and how actual or

potential stress can affect ability toadapt. The goal of nursing isto reduce stress. Clients

basic needs are categorizedaccording to behavioralsystems model


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Dorothea Orem

- Self-care Deficit model

-Nursing care is

necessary only if theclient is unstable tofulfill biological,

psychological,development or socialneeds


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Sister Callista Roy

- Adaptation model

- The client is an adaptive system

(adaptation), thus the goal ofnursing is to help the person adaptto this changes in physiologicalneeds, self-concept, role function

and interdependent relationsduring health and illness


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Lydia Hall- The client is composed ofoverlapping parts; person

(core), pathologic state andtreatment (cure) and body(care)


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Focus on interaction between Client

and environment

Myra Levine

- 4 conservation principles- Health is viewed in termsof conservation of clientsenergy, structural,

personal and socialintegrity


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Martha Rogers

- The Science of Unitary HumanBeing

- Believes that nursing

incorporates knowledge of basicsciences, physiology and nursingpractice. Views nursingprimarily as a sciences and is

committed to research. Thehumanistic science of nursing,man is changing and coexistingwith the environment


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Hildegard Peplau

- PyschodynamicNursing

- To develop interactionbetween the client

and the nurse


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Imogene King

- Goal Attainment Theory- To identify problems and toidentify goals focuses onthe dynamic interpersonalrelationship between theclient and the nurse.Communication is used tohelp client re-establishpositive adaptation to theenvironment


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Betty Neuman

- Based on the individualrelationship to stress, thereaction to it andreconstitution factors that

are dynamic in nature.- Views the client as an opensystem consisting of a basicstructure or central core of

energy resources, surroundedby two concentricboundaries, referred to aslines of resistance


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Jean Watson

- Human Caring Model

- Believes that caring iscentral to nursing


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The theories are common to these

definitions

NURSING IS

1. Caring

2. An art

3. A science

4. Client centered

5. Holistic

6. Adaptive7. Concerned with health promotion, maintenance,

restoration

8. A helping profession


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CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL

EDUCATION The term continuing education (CE) refers to

formalized experience designed to enlarge theknowledge or skills of practitioners (Kozier, et. al,

2004)

Continuing education is the responsibility of eachpracticing nurse. Constant updating and growth areessential to keep abreast of scientific andtechnological change and changes within the nursingprofession.


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The Nurse in Health Care

I. Eleven Key Areas of Responsibilities1. Nursing Process

2. Safe and Quality Nursing Care

3. Management of Resources and Environment

4. Health Education5. Legal Responsibilities

6. Personal and Professional Development

7. Quality Improvement

8. Research9. Record Management

10. Communication

11. Collaboration and Teamwork


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HOSPITAL OR

INSTITUTIONAL NURSING

Advantages

a. Nurses get rotated to different units and havethe chance to determine their special area of

choiceb. They have an eight hour day and forty hourweek duty which provides for two days of rest

away from duty. They have provisions for sick

leaves, holidays, and vacations with payaccording to personal policies of institution

c. They are considered an important member ofthe health team improving care to patients


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Disadvantages

a. There is a great possibility of understaffingwhich may require nurses to sacrifice some oftheir plans or put in overtime work. This isespecially true in hospitals where budget for

personnel is limitedb. Because of the bulk work of some staff nurses do

not find time anymore to improve their skillsthrough continuing education programs. Or, if

the hospitals are far flung, no continuing educationprograms are provided


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PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING OR

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

Advantages

a. Focus on nursing is on family and community health ratherthan individual basis. Here, the nurse will be able to see

the total picture of the family and the community healthb. It gives a nurse a better perspective of the health conditionof the community and health programs conceived andimplemented by the government and to appreciate thenurses role in nation building

c. Focus of care is more on educative and preventive aspects.Thus the nurse have the privilege of contributing to theprogram for healthy citizenry especially among the ruralpoor


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PRIVATE DUTY NURSING

- A private duty nurse is aregistered nurse who undertakes

to give comprehensive nursingcare to a client on a one to oneratio. He or she is an

independent contractor. Thepatient maybe provided care inthe hospital or in the home


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Disadvantages

a. There are no fixed hours of work. The nurse

may be called upon anytime of the day and nightb. Facilities for care of the sick are limited so that

practice or skills may also be limited

c. The public health nurse may not be immediatelyaware of changes nor trends in fields ofmedicine or nursing


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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

NURSING (also known as

company nurse)

Responsibilities

a. Attends to emergency cases

within the companyb. Custodian of employees health

records

c. Counselor

d. Adviser of workers

e. Health and safety teacher


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Nurses who would like to consider teaching as their fieldof choice should consider the following factors:

a. They must be academically inclined. The basic

educational requirement is a Bachelors Degree inNursing, with an upward trend to a Masters level

b. Teachers often work more than 40 hours per week.While this is not normally spent in classroom

teaching, much time is spent in planning lessonspreparing or correcting examinations, attendingfaculty meetings and serving in committees andcounseling students.


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c. Teachers in college of nursingshould have a sound experiencein the field they wish to teach.

If they teach any clinicalsubject they should have atleast a years experience as staffnurse in that particular area

MILITARY NURSING


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MILITARY NURSING

The Nurse Corps

Functions

a. To meet Nursing needs of todays patients in ArmedForces medical facilities

b. To prepare each nurse Corps Officer to meet futureassignments at higher level of responsibility in thedifferent stations and general hospitals in peace andwar

c. To teach, train enlisted personnel who performnursing function under supervision. Specialemphasis is on enlisted members who function insetting where there are no nurses


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Qualificationsa. Must be a Filipino citizen

b. Must be of good moral character and must possess apleasing personality

c. Must be a registered nurse with a board rating of at least80%

d. Female candidates must be single, never been marriednor positively found to have given birth to a living or still-born child

e. Must not be more than 32 years of age at the time ofcommission

f. Must satisfy the following height requirement: Male -62inches; Female 60 inches

g. Must have at least one year hospital experienceh. Must be mentally and physically fit for military service

and cleared by appropriate agencies


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III. ROLES AND FUNCTION OF A

NURSE

1. Caregiver

- the primary role of the nurse. The nurse combinesboth arty and science of nursing to promote wellnessthrough activities that prevent illness, restore health,and facilitate coping with disability or death.


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2. Communicator

- the use of effective interpersonal and therapeuticcommunication skills to establish and maintainhelping relationships with patients of all ages in awide variety of health setting.

3. Teacher/Educator

- the use of communication skills to assess,

implement, and evaluate individualized teachingplans to meet learning needs of patients and theirfamilies


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4. Counselor

- the use of therapeutic interpersonal communicationskills to provide information, makes appropriatereferrals, and facilitates the patients problem solvingand decision-making skills

5. Leader

- the assertive, self-confident practice of nursing when

providing care, effecting change, and functioning withgroups


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6. Researcher

- the participation in or conduct of research toincrease knowledge in nursing and improve patientcare

7. Advocate

- the protection based on the of human or legal rightsand the securing of care for all the patients based onthe belief that patients have their right to makeinformed decisions about their own health and lives.


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8. Change agent

- the nurse assist clients to make modifications oftheir behavior

9. Manager- the manages the nursing care of individuals,families, and communities. The nurse-manager alsodelegates nursing activities to ancillary workers and

other nurses, and supervises and evaluates theirperformance

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1 Personal and Professional Growth and Development HANDOUT