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Office of the DirectorDefense Research and Engineering
National Security Workforce Challenges: National Security Workforce Challenges: Current InitiativesCurrent Initiatives
National Security Workforce Challenges: National Security Workforce Challenges: Current InitiativesCurrent Initiatives
Presented by
Dr. Bill BerryDr. Bill BerryActing Deputy Under Secretary of Defense
(Laboratories and Basic Sciences)
15 January 2005
2
A National Issue
• “An Emerging and Critical Problem of the Science and Engineering Workforce”1
– 12 Major studies (1999-2004) make essentially the same point – A few studies did not consider security clearance needs and rely on
relaxation of immigration rules
• Growing need for U.S. citizens in national security activities
1. National Science Board Companion Paper to “National Science and Engineering Indicators 2004”, National Science Foundation, April 2004
3
U.S. College and University Graduates, 1966-2001
Degrees, all fields
S&E Degrees (excluding Engr Tech and Health/Med Sci)
U.S. Production of S&E Graduates*
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Bac
cala
ure
ates
(M
illio
ns)
1994 2001
*Source: Data provided by the NSF, September 2003
Academic year ending in . . .
4
U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related S&E Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001)
-2000
3000
8000
13000
18000
23000Science Disciplines
Aliens with Temporary Visas
U.S. Citizens + Permanent Resident Aliens
U.S. Citizen + Perm8 Yr. Delta
-27.2%-9.9%
-25.3%
+14.1%
Ph
ysic
s
Ch
emis
try
Mat
h/A
pp
lied
Co
mp
ute
r S
ci.
Physics
Chemistry
Math/Applied
Computer Sciences
Physics
Chemistry
Math/Applied
Computer Sciences
1994 / 2001
Ph
ysic
s
Ch
emis
try
Mat
h/A
pp
lied
Co
mp
ute
r S
ci.
Table I-2
*Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001
5
U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related S&E Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001)
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000Engineering Disciplines
U.S. Citizens + Perm.Resident Aliens
U.S. Citizen + Perm8 Yr. Delta
Aliens with Temporary Visas
-26.2%
-18.9%
-21.7%
-33.0%
-32.1%
-29.7%
-24.7%
-49.1%Aer
osp
ace
Ch
emic
al
Ele
ctri
cal
En
gin
eeri
ng
Sci
ence
s
Ind
ust
rial
/M
fg.
Mec
han
ical
Met
allu
rgy/
Mat
eria
ls
Nu
clea
r
Aer
osp
ace
Ch
emic
al
Ele
ctri
cal
En
gin
eeri
ng
Sci
ence
sIn
du
stri
al/
Mfg
.
Mec
han
ical
Met
allu
rgy/
Mat
eria
ls
Nu
clea
r
Aerospace
Chemical
Electrical
Engineering Science
Industrial/Manufacturing
Mechanical
Metallurgical/Materials
Nuclear
Aerospace
Chemical
Electrical
Engineering Science
Industrial/Manufacturing
Mechanical
Metallurgical/Materials
Nuclear
1994 / 2001
Table III
*Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001
6
DoD Scientists & Engineers (S&E)
• “Attrition” in DoD labs: ~13,000 Science, Math, Engineering and Technology (SMET) departures projected within 10 years
• The number of clearable students pursuing defense-related critical skills degrees is small and declining
• Projected U.S. demand for S&E’s will be up 10% by 2010 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2001)– DoD will have tough competition for best S&Es– Linguist needs in Science & Technology (S&T) also beneficial
7
Source: Pre-release - OPM data for NSF pub, Table B-14. Federal scientists and engineers, by agency and major occupational group: 1999-2002
1999 2000 2001 2002 Total S&Es 44.2% 43.5% 43.1% 43.4% All sci 26.1% 25.4% 25.6% 26.9% Comp/Math sci 45.5% 43.9% 44.0% 45.3% Life sci 11.4% 11.2% 11.0% 10.9% Physical sci 26.7% 26.2% 26.1% 26.2% Social sci 20.4% 20.4% 19.7% 19.6% All eng 66.7% 66.4% 66.2% 66.7% Aerospace 44.7% 43.6% 43.0% 42.8% Chemical 62.3% 63.6% 65.7% 67.6% Civil 61.8% 61.3% 60.6% 60.1% EE&Comp 79.3% 79.1% 78.5% 79.1% Industrial 81.1% 80.2% 79.4% 79.4% Mechanical 88.2% 88.2% 88.4% 89.2% Other eng 54.6% 55.1% 55.5% 55.9%
DoD S&Es as % of Total Fed S&Es
8
DoD Civilian S&E’s
Current 50+ % ≥ 50
< BS 7586 2449 32.3%
BS 54673 15390 28.1%
MS 22515 9701 43.1%
Ph.D. 5777 3262 56.5%
Total 90551 30802 34.0%
All DoD Civilians in S&E Occupational Series
Source: DMDC Data for April, 2004
9
S&E Workforce Current Efforts Across DoD
Pre-college (K-12)
• Materials World Modules (Ray Pawlicki – Army)
• STARBASE – (Ernie Gonzales – OSD-RA)
• eCybermission – ( Kelly Stratchko – Army)
Undergraduate
─ Awards to Stimulate & Support Undergraduate Research Education (ASSURE) (with NSF; Koto White – AFOSR)
─ Research Assistantships in microelectronics (with Semiconductor Industries Association) (Dan Radack – DARPA)
─ Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation (SMART)
(K. Thompson – DoD/Koto White - AFOSR)
10
Current S&E Workforce Efforts Across DoD
Graduate
• National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowships (NDSEG)
• Naval Research – Science and Technology for Americas Readiness (N-STAR – with NSF, Bob Kavetsky – Navy)
• SMART (Keith Thompson/Koto White – AFOSR)
11
SMART Program Components
Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation
Congress Appropriated -- $2.5M FY 05• Undergraduate/Graduate – US Citizens• Critical Skills areas• Institution independent• 2 years support – to achieve degree
– Tuition, fees, books, lab expenses, room & board
• Satisfactory academic performance• Work payback required
12
DoD Outreach Initiatives
•‘Taking the Pentagon to the People’ Outreach Initiative•Technical Assistance Workshops•Leadership Symposiums•Student Expositions & Luncheons•Exhibitions
•Other DoD Sponsored events at Science & Engineer related conferences (WoC, Black Engineer, MAES, LULAC)
•Partnerships & Task Forces •Student Luncheons & Orientations•Symposiums•H.S. & College Student Information & Recruitment Booths
•DoD Laboratories & Centers of Excellence in Research
13
DoD Outreach Initiatives
•Student & Faculty Employment Programs•Student & Faculty Internships & Fellowships
•Paid & Volunteer •External Appointing Authorities/Programs (i.e. Outstanding Scholar, PMF)•Student Temporary Experience Program (STEP)•Student Career Experience Program (SCEP)•Summer Employment Programs•Workforce Recruitment Program for Students with Disabilities (WRP)•Disabled Veteran Employment Program•On-Site Campus Visits
14
Diversity in Context
US employment population in 2003
• Total Workforce 137,736 (K)
• 10.1% of total are SME Workforce (approx)
• 46.8% of total are Women• 17.1% of total are Minority
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat9.pdf
http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat10.pdf
Information and Technology for Better Decision MakingMD DC
15 January 2005
Army34%
Navy45%
AirForce17%
Other DoD4%
What Were Sep 2004 Civilian S&T End Strengths?
Distribution* by DoD Component
Army 25,745 33.4%
Navy 34,868 45.2%
Air Force 13,420 17.4%
Other DoD 3,033 3.9%
77,066 S&T CIVILIANS ASSIGNED TO DoD
* May not add to 100.0% due to rounding
S&T WORKFORCE REPRESENTS 12% OF ALL DoD CIVILIANS
Information and Technology for Better Decision MakingMD DC
16 January 2005
39.734.1 34.2
54.8
39.5 36.5
53.6
32.330.236.9
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Army Navy Air Force Other DoD Total
Females Make Up Two-Fifths of S&T Workforce
S&T Civilians
Total DoD Civilians
PERCENT FEMALE
Sep 2004 Distributionof DoD Civilian S&T Workforce
Information and Technology for Better Decision MakingMD DC
17 January 2005
19.5 20.3 18.123.8
19.827.3
31.7
23.328.127.4
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Army Navy Air Force Other DoD Total
One-Fifth of S&T Workforce is Non-White
PERCENT NON-WHITE
Sep 2004 Distributionof DoD Civilian S&T Workforce
S&T Civilians
Total DoD Civilians
18
Critical Issues Remain
Keeping students on the Path
Capture them in the DoD and National Security Workforce
Attracting the “Underrepresented Majority” (women, minorities) to S&E careers
20
Awards to Stimulate & Support Undergraduate Research Education (ASSURE)
• Joint DoD/NSF undergraduate research program based on National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site program
• Support ~20 summer research sites in DoD relevant science and engineering (~10 students/site; avg. award 3 years; 8-10 weeks)
• Army, Air Force, & Navy representatives select sites for DoD funding
• Participants must be US citizens or permanent residents
• Encourages participation of women, underrepresented minorities, & students from institutions where research opportunities are limited
• Air Force is lead service for administering this program
• FY04 ASSURE budget: $4.5M
21
• Supports Army’s intent “to give back to the Nation”• Attracts an audience of children beyond math/science “stars”• Web-based adventure: team competition activities, games, puzzles with
solid learning points • Overview
• Web Based Competition – Team Effort• 6-9th Grade, 3-4 Student Teams + 1 Advisor• $500K in Prizes, ($2K-$5K/Team Member) Regional and National
eCYBERMISSIONShows Students that Math, Science and Technology can be
interesting and exciting
22
STARBASE
• Primarily At-Risk kids• 20 Classroom Hour experience
at DoD bases • 45+ sites in
28 states• Engaging
Scienceand Mathematics
• Grades 5-8
23
Secondary School Curriculum
Students complete a series of hands-on, inquiry-based activities in each module
Each module culminates in design challenges
Students simulate the work of scientists (through activities that foster inquiry) and engineers (through activities that emphasize design)
• Identify problem.• Propose design. • Build and test
prototype • Based on results,
redesignproduct.
• Identify question.• Propose explanation. • Create and perform
experiment • Based on results,
refine explanation
Goal: Functional productGoal: Working explanation
Design cycleInquiry cycle
EngineeringScience
MS&E: National Security and the MS&E: National Security and the WorkforceWorkforce
Northwestern University Materials World Modules (MWM)
Pedagogy integrates Inquiry and Design
24
Troops to TeachersBackground
Began in 1994 as transition assistance program Financial aid for 2 years (FY 94 & 95) Provided placement assistance from FY 96 - 01 Defense Authorization Bill of 2000 moved
responsibility to Dept of Education “No Child Left Behind Act of 2001” provides financial assistance, extends program thru FY 06
25
• Recruit quality teachers for schools serving low-income families
• Help relieve teacher shortages, primarily in Math, Science, & Special Ed
• Assist military personnel in moving to second careers in K-12, public school teaching
Troops to Teachers
Program Purpose
"America’s school "America’s school children need children need you’’you’’Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States
27
Minority Hires Compared to All Teachers
0
20
40
60
80
100
Public SchoolTeachers
Troops toTeachers
Minority
Majority
10%
90%
58%
42%
*NEA Report - Status of the American Public School Teacher 2000-2001
28
Gender Hires Compared to All Teachers
0
20
40
60
80
100
Public SchoolTeachers
Troops toTeachers
Male
Female
21%
79%
81%
19%
*NEA Report - Status of the American Public School Teacher 2000-2001