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PAR
T I
II T
he C
ore
of M
acro
econ
omic
The
ory
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Prepared by: Fernando Quijano & Shelly Tefft
CASE FAIR OSTER
P R I N C I P L E S O F
MACROECONOMICST E N T H E D I T I O N
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PAR
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
12Aggregate Demand in the
Goods and Money Markets
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate Other Determinants of Planned InvestmentPlanned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate
Equilibrium in Both the Goods and Money Markets: The IS-LM Model
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money MarketsExpansionary Policy EffectsContractionary Policy EffectsThe Macroeconomic Policy Mix
The Aggregate Demand (AD) CurveThe Aggregate Demand Curve: A WarningOther Reasons for a Downward-Sloping Aggregate Demand CurveShifts of the Aggregate Demand Curve from Policy Variables
Looking Ahead: Determining the Price Level
Appendix: The IS-LM Model
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goods market The market in which goods and services are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of aggregate output is determined.
money market The market in which financial instruments are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of the interest rate is determined.
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Planned investment spending is a negative function of the interest rate.
An increase in the interest rate from 3 percent to 6 percent reduces planned investment from I0 to I1.
FIGURE 12.1 Planned Investment Schedule
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
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The assumption that planned investment depends only on the interest rate is obviously a simplification, just as is the assumption that consumption depends only on income.
In practice, the decision of a firm on how much to invest depends on, among other things, its expectation of future sales.
The optimism or pessimism of entrepreneurs about the future course of the economy can have an important effect on current planned investment.
Keynes used the phrase animal spirits to describe the feelings of entrepreneurs, and he argued that these feelings affect investment decisions.
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Other Determinants of Planned Investment
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We know how a firm’s investment decisions depend on the interest rate.
In the recession of 2008–2009 some firms—especially small ones—were discouraged from investing, not by high interest rates, but by the general unwillingness of banks to lend them money at all.
Small Business and the Credit Crunch
E C O N O M I C S I N P R A C T I C E
Bailout Missed Main Street, New Report Says
The Wall Street Journal
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We can use the fact that planned investment depends on the interest rate to consider how planned aggregate expenditure (AE) depends on the interest rate.
Recall that planned aggregate expenditure is the sum of consumption, planned investment, and government purchases.
That is,
AE ≡ C + I + G
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Planned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate
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An increase in the interest rate from 3 percent to 6 percent lowers planned aggregate expenditure and thus reduces equilibrium income from Y0 to Y1.
FIGURE 12.2 The Effect of an Interest Rate Increase on Planned Aggregate Expenditure
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Planned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate
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The effects of a change in the interest rate include:
A high interest rate (r) discourages planned investment (I).
Planned investment is a part of planned aggregate expenditure (AE).
Thus, when the interest rate rises, planned aggregate expenditure (AE) at every level of income falls.
Finally, a decrease in planned aggregate expenditure lowers equilibrium output (income) (Y) by a multiple of the initial decrease in planned investment.
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Planned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate
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Using a convenient shorthand:
r I AE Y
r I AE Y
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Planned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate
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An increase in the interest rate (r) decreases output (Y) in the goods market because an increase in r lowers planned investment.
When income (Y) increases, this shifts the money demand curve to the right, which increases the interest rate (r) with a fixed money supply.
We can thus write:
rMY
rMYd
d
Equilibrium in Both the Goods and Money Markets: The IS-LM Model
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Planned investment depends on the interest rate, and money demand depends on aggregate output.
FIGURE 12.3 Links between the Goods Market and the Money Market
Equilibrium in Both the Goods and Money Markets: The IS-LM Model
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expansionary fiscal policy An increase in government spending or a reduction in net taxes aimed at increasing aggregate output (income) (Y).
expansionary monetary policy An increase in the money supply aimed at increasing aggregate output (income) (Y).
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Expansionary Policy Effects
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crowding-out effect The tendency for increases in government spending to cause reductions in private investment spending.
Expansionary Fiscal Policy: An Increase in Government Purchases (G) or a Decrease in Net Taxes (T)
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Expansionary Policy Effects
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An increase in government spending G from G0 to G1 shifts the planned aggregate expenditure schedule from 1 to 2.
The crowding-out effect of the decrease in planned investment (brought about by the increased interest rate) then shifts the planned aggregate expenditure schedule from 2 to 3.
FIGURE 12.4 The Crowding-Out Effect
Expansionary Fiscal Policy: An Increase in Government Purchases (G) or a Decrease in Net Taxes (T)
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Expansionary Policy Effects
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interest sensitivity or insensitivity of planned investment The responsiveness of planned investment spending to changes in the interest rate. Interest sensitivity means that planned investment spending changes a great deal in response to changes in the interest rate; interest insensitivity means little or no change in planned investment as a result of changes in the interest rate.
Effects of an expansionary fiscal policy:
increase not did if than less increases rY
IrMYG d
Expansionary Fiscal Policy: An Increase in Government Purchases (G) or a Decrease in Net Taxes (T)
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Expansionary Policy Effects
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Effects of an expansionary monetary policy:
increase not did if than less decreases d
Mr
ds MYIrM
Expansionary Monetary Policy: An Increase in the Money Supply
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Expansionary Policy Effects
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contractionary fiscal policy A decrease in government spending or an increase in net taxes aimed at decreasing aggregate output (income) (Y).
Effects of a contractionary fiscal policy:
decrease not did if than less decreases
or
rY
IrMYTG d
Contractionary Fiscal Policy: A Decrease in Government Spending (G) or an Increase in Net Taxes (T)
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Contractionary Policy Effects
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contractionary monetary policy A decrease in the money supply aimed at decreasing aggregate output (income) (Y).
Effects of a contractionary monetary policy:
decrease not did if than less increases d
Mr
ds MYIrM
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Contractionary Policy Effects
Contractionary Monetary Policy: A Decrease in the Money Supply
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policy mix The combination of monetary and fiscal policies in use at a given time.
TABLE 12.1 The Effects of the Macroeconomic Policy Mix
Fiscal Policy
MonetaryPolicy
)or (
ryExpansiona
TG )or (
naryContractio
TG
)(
ryExpansionasM
)(
naryContractiosM
CIrY ?,?,, ?,,?, CIrY
?,,?, CIrY CIrY ?,?,,
moves. variable the way which specify
cannot we n,informatio additional Without .directions different in variable the push Forces :?
decreases. Variable :
increases. Variable
:Key
:
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
The Macroeconomic Policy Mix
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aggregate demand (AD) curve A curve that shows the negative relationship between aggregate output (income) and the price level. Each point on the AD curve is a point at which both the goods market and the money market are in equilibrium.
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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This figure shows that when P increases, Y decreases.
FIGURE 12.5 The Impact of an Increase in the Price Level on the Economy—Assuming No Changes in G, T, and Ms
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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At all points along the AD curve, both the goods market and the money market are in equilibrium.
The policy variables G, T, and Ms are fixed.
FIGURE 12.6 The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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It is important that you realize what the aggregate demand curve represents.
The aggregate demand curve is more complex than a simple individual or market demand curve.
The AD curve is not a market demand curve, and it is not the sum of all market demand curves in the economy.
To understand what the aggregate demand curve represents, you must understand the interaction between the goods market and the money markets.
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
The Aggregate Demand Curve: A Warning
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The consumption link provides another reason for the AD curve’s downward slope.
An increase in the price level increases the demand for money, which leads to an increase in the interest rate, which leads to a decrease in consumption (as well as planned investment), which leads to a decrease in aggregate output (income).
The initial decrease in consumption (brought about by the increase in the interest rate) contributes to the overall decrease in output.
Other Reasons for a Downward-Sloping Aggregate Demand Curve
The Consumption Link
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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real wealth, or real balance, effect The change in consumption brought about by a change in real wealth that results from a change in the price level.
Other Reasons for a Downward-Sloping Aggregate Demand Curve
The Real Wealth Effect
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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An increase in the money supply (Ms) causes the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right, from AD0 to AD1.
This shift occurs because the increase in Ms lowers the interest rate, which increases planned investment (and thus planned aggregate expenditure).
The final result is an increase in output at each possible price level.
FIGURE 12.7 The Effect of an Increase in Money Supply on the AD Curve
Shifts of the Aggregate Demand Curve from Policy Variables
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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An increase in government purchases (G) or a decrease in net taxes (T) causes the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right, from AD0 to AD1.
The increase in G increases planned aggregate expenditure, which leads to an increase in output at each possible price level.
A decrease in T causes consumption to rise.
The higher consumption then increases planned aggregate expenditure, which leads to an increase in output at each possible price level.
FIGURE 12.8 The Effect of an Increase in Government Purchases or a Decrease in Net Taxes on the AD Curve
Shifts of the Aggregate Demand Curve from Policy Variables
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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FIGURE 12.9 Factors That Shift the Aggregate Demand Curve
Shifts of the Aggregate Demand Curve from Policy Variables
The Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve
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Looking Ahead: Determining the Price Level
Our discussion of aggregate output (income) and the interest rate in the goods and money markets is now complete. You should have a good understanding of how the two markets work together.
The AD curve is a useful summary of this analysis in that every point on the curve corresponds to equilibrium in both the goods and money markets for the given value of the price level.
We have not yet, however, determined the price level. This is the task of the next chapter.
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aggregate demand (AD) curve
contractionary fiscal policy
contractionary monetary policy
crowding-out effect
expansionary fiscal policy
expansionary monetary policy
goods market
interest sensitivity or insensitivity of planned investment
money market
policy mix
real wealth, or real balance, effect
R E V I E W T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S
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Each point on the IS curve corresponds to the equilibrium point in the goods market for the given interest rate.
When government spending (G) increases, the IS curve shifts to the right, from IS0 to IS1.
FIGURE 12A.1 The IS Curve
CHAPTER 12 APPENDIX
The IS-LM Model
The IS Curve
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Each point on the LM curve corresponds to the equilibrium point in the money market for the given value of aggregate output (income).
Money supply (Ms) increases shift the LM curve to the right, from LM0 to LM1.
FIGURE 12A.2 The LM Curve
CHAPTER 12 APPENDIX
The IS-LM Model
The LM Curve
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The point at which the IS and LM curves intersect corresponds to the point at which both the goods market and the money market are in equilibrium.
The equilibrium values of aggregate output and the interest rate are Y0 and r0.
FIGURE 12A.3 The IS-LM Diagram
CHAPTER 12 APPENDIX
The IS-LM Model
The IS-LM Diagram
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When G increases, the IS curve shifts to the right.
This increases the equilibrium value of both Y and r.
FIGURE 12A.4 An Increase in Government Purchases (G)
CHAPTER 12 APPENDIX
The IS-LM Model
The IS-LM Diagram
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When Ms increases, the LM curve shifts to the right.
This increases the equilibrium value of Y and decreases the equilibrium value of r.
FIGURE 12A.5 An Increase in the Money Supply (Ms)
CHAPTER 12 APPENDIX
The IS-LM Model
The IS-LM Diagram
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CHAPTER 12 APPENDIX
The IS-LM Model
The IS-LM Diagram
The IS-LM diagram is a useful way of seeing the effects of changes in monetary and fiscal policies on equilibrium aggregate output (income) and the interest rate through shifts in the two curves.
Always keep in mind the economic theory that lies behind the two curves.
Do not memorize what curve shifts when; be able to understand and explain why the curves shift.
This means going back to the behavior of households and firms in the goods and money markets.
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A P P E N D I X R E V I E W T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S
IS curve A curve illustrating the negative relationship between the equilibrium value of aggregate output (income) (Y) and the interest rate in the goods market.
LM curve A curve illustrating the positive relationship between the equilibrium value of the interest rate and aggregate output (income) (Y) in the money market.