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Namaste!!!Namaste!!!Naba Raj Adhikari

NEPAL

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HydroMeteorological Activities in Nepal

HydroMeteorological Activities in Nepal

Dept. of Hydrology Meteorology

NEPAL

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0 200 400100 Kilometers

India

China

IranPakistan

Myanmar

Thailand

Afghanistan

Laos

Nepal

Cambodia

Bangladesh

Oman

Bhutan

Sri Lanka

Turkmenistan

Malaysia

¶0 130 26065 Kilometers

Nepal: LocationNepal: Location

Area: 147,181 km2 Length: ~850 km EWWidth: ~200 km NSAltitude:~ 60-8848 m

Area: 147,181 km2 Length: ~850 km EWWidth: ~200 km NSAltitude:~ 60-8848 m

26º 22' N - 30º 27' N Lat. 80º 4'E - 88º 12'E Long.

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Nepal: TopographicNepal: TopographicTITLE HERE

0 190 38095 Kilometers

¶

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Nepal: PhysiographicNepal: Physiographic

¶Physiographic Division

Terai Region

Siwalik Region

Mahabharat Region

High Mountain Region

Higher Himalayas Region

0 120 24060 Kilometers

N E P A LN E P A LP H I S I O G R A P H I C D I V I S I O NP H I S I O G R A P H I C D I V I S I O N

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Nepal: PhysiographicNepal: Physiographic

Terai Region (Gangetic Plain)

Siwaliks Region

Middle Mountain Region

High Mountain Region

Higher Himalayas

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Nepal: ClimateNepal: Climate Tropical Climate Terai Cool temperate and alpine climateHimalayan

ranges Teraihottest part, summer temp. may rise as

high as 40oc and is hot and humid, winter temp. 7o-23oc

Mountainsmild summer with temp. around 25-27oc, sub-zero to 12oc in winter

Himalayas frigid climate Kathmandu valleypleasant climate with avg.

summer temp. of 19-27oc & 2-12oc winter temp.

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Nepal: Climate (contd.)Nepal: Climate (contd.)

Rainfall is extensive (~80% of the annual) during the south-west monsoon period (June to August) with eastern part receiving max.

In the winter, the western part receives a larger portion of rainfall

Annual PrecipitationPlain area 1500 mm or lessFoot of the Siwaliks >2000 mmNorthern side of Mahabharat 1000 mmMiddle/High Mountainfew PTN zones exceeds 5000 mmHimalayasdecreases up to 300 mm

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DHM (Dept. of Hydrology & Meteorology)DHM (Dept. of Hydrology & Meteorology)

Government Organization under Ministry of Science and Technology

Has mandate from HMG/N to monitor all hydrological and meteorological activities in Nepal

No agency is entitled to carry out such activities without a proper liaison with DHM

Member of WMO

Actively participates in the program relevant international organizations such as

UNESCO’s IHP and WMO’s OHP etc…

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DHM: ActivitiesDHM: Activities Hydrological and Meteorological activities were started in an organized manner in 1962 DHM has been upgraded to department status in 1988 Current Projects under DHM

– River Hydrology– Meteorology– Weather forecasting– Flood Forecasting– Snow & Glacier Hydrology– Tsho-Rolpa GLOF Risk Reduction Project

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DHM: Station NetworkDHM: Station Network

Station Type No.

Precipitation

Climate

Agro-met

Synoptic

Aero-Synoptic

177

68

22

9

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Total Met. 282

Hydrometric 154

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0 120 24060 Kilometers

S T A T I O N N E T W O R KS T A T I O N N E T W O R K

#* Hydrological Station

!( Meteorological Station

DHM: Station NetworkDHM: Station Network

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Disasters Scenario (1975-2001)Disasters Scenario (1975-2001)

4% 5%61% 30%

Drought/famines

Earthquakes

Epidemics

Floods

Source: http://www.southasianfloods.org

Disaster Events

Excluding Windstorm

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Top 10 Natural DisastersTop 10 Natural Disasters

Disaster Date Killed

Earthquake 15-Jan-1934 9,040Epidemic 15-Jun-1991 1,334Flood 23-Aug-1993 1,048Epidemic Nov-1963 1,000Flood 12-Jul-1996 768Earthquake 20-Aug-1988 709Flood 29-Sep-1981 650Epidemic Apr-1992 640Slide Jul-2002 472Flood 15-Aug-1970 350

Source: http://www.cred.be/emdat/profiles/natural/nepal.htm#chronological table

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Top 10 Natural Disasters (contd.)Top 10 Natural Disasters (contd.)

Disaster Date Affected

Drought 19-May-1980 3,500,000Drought 1973 900,000Flood 23-Aug-1993 553,268Flood Aug-1987 351,000Earthquake 20-Aug-1988 301,016Earthquake 29-Jul-1980 275,600Slide Jul-2002 265,865Flood Sep-1983 200,050Flood 12-Jul-1996 151,382Slide Aug-1975 75,000

Source: http://www.cred.be/emdat/profiles/natural/nepal.htm#chronological table

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Disasters: Facts & FiguresDisasters: Facts & Figures

Types of Hazards: Drought/famines, Earthquakes,

Epidemics, Floods and Wind Storms

Largest killer: Wind Storms (88.36%, as % of

people killed due to disasters)

Most occurring disaster: Wind Storms (48.02%, as

a % of all disasters)

Largest affecter: Floods (79.59%, as % of all

affected)

Annual frequency of all disasters: 6.56

Annual frequency of wind storms: 3.15

Annual frequency of floods: 1.78 Source: http://www.southasianfloods.org

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Nature of Floods in NepalNature of Floods in Nepal

Flash Flood

Inundation of Plain Area

Urban Flooding

Source: http://www.southasianfloods.org

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DHM towards Flood ForecastingDHM towards Flood Forecasting

Wireless Data Transmission

Data Sharing with neighboring countries-India &

Bangladesh

Tsho Rolpa Risk Reduction and Early Warning

System

Initiated to calibrate easily available R-R models

HFAM

TOP, Tank, Xinanjinag, ANN, ADM etc.

Results are not encouraging for flood peaks

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ProblemsProblems

No real time data transmission

system

Flood with landslides:

Difficult to predict landslide

Scouring and siltation of river beds:

difficult to operate automatic recorder

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Flood Forecasting SystemFlood Forecasting System

Long way to go !!!

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Thank You !!!Thank You !!!

Dhanyabad !!!

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A House almost under flood waterA House almost under flood water

23 July 2002

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Urban Flooding-23 July 2002Urban Flooding-23 July 2002

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Urban Flooding-23 July 2002Urban Flooding-23 July 2002

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Inundation in Plain AreaInundation in Plain Area

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Floods & Landslides-2002Floods & Landslides-2002

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Floods & Landslides-2003Floods & Landslides-2003

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Slope Failures: Sources of debrisSlope Failures: Sources of debris

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Landscape:High HimalayasLandscape:High Himalayas

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Landscape: High MountainsLandscape: High Mountains

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Tsho Rolpa Glacier LakeTsho Rolpa Glacier Lake

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Tsho Rolpa Glacier LakeTsho Rolpa Glacier Lake

Length: 3.3 kmWidth: 0.5 kmMax. Depth: 122 mAvg. Depth: 55mArea: 1.65 sqkmDam Height: 150 mVolume: 90-100 million cum

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Tsho Rolpa Early Warning System: Siren in 19 VillagesTsho Rolpa Early Warning

System: Siren in 19 Villages

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Station network for flood forecastingStation network for flood forecasting

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NepalRivers

# Rainfall Station# Hydro Station

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