11

Master of Business Administration

Module Module Culture & Politics

International PoliticsInternational Politics

Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZProf. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ 2010, November 19-20 2010, November 19-20

Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-SiegHochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg / / University of University of Applied Applied SciencesSciences

22

Ursula Mogg – Lecture on Peace and Security Policy (19 Nov., 17.00 h)

Leftovers: Charcoal/Firewood, Power-shift in the IMF, Marshall Plan + start of foreign assistance

International Relations in the 21st Century > Millennium Declaration + MDGs

Development Cooperation

A) Germany B) EU

Stefan Jahn – Lecture on “Deutsche Welthungerhilfe” (20 Nov., 11.00 h)

Relationship between Democracy, Good Governance and Development

Factors responsible for (mal-)development – role of elitesCross-cutting: NGOs, civil society

Structure for this week-endStructure for this week-end

33

IInternational nternational PPoliticsolitics

It deals with some of the central issues that affect It deals with some of the central issues that affect our lives.our lives.

The academic discipline of IP traditionally The academic discipline of IP traditionally focuses on questions of focuses on questions of peacepeace and and war.war.

In recent years this agenda has broadened to In recent years this agenda has broadened to include issues such as include issues such as developmentdevelopment, , human human rights,rights, climate/environmentclimate/environment, and , and culture/religionculture/religion..

44

Lecture of Ursula MoggLecture of Ursula Mogg (*1953, Koblenz)(*1953, Koblenz)

on on Peace and Security PolicyPeace and Security Policy She holds a Master of Arts in Political Science, She holds a Master of Arts in Political Science,

English Philology and International LawEnglish Philology and International Law from the from the University of BonnUniversity of Bonn

Professional experiences in an office of an MP and Professional experiences in an office of an MP and in the State administrationin the State administration of of Rhineland-Rhineland-PalatinatePalatinate

Member of the German Bundestag, 1994-2009 Member of the German Bundestag, 1994-2009 (deputy speaker for defense of the SPD (deputy speaker for defense of the SPD parliamentary group; member of the NATO parliamentary group; member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly)Parliamentary Assembly)

Lecturer at the Federal Armed Forces Academy in Lecturer at the Federal Armed Forces Academy in Koblenz Koblenz

55

I. Leftovers: 1. Charcoal / Firewood

2. Power-shift in the IMF

3. Marshall Plan + Start of development aid

66

Source: Source: www.energyandminerals.go.ug/pdf/gtz/brochure_ee_rsdom.pdf (13.11.10)www.energyandminerals.go.ug/pdf/gtz/brochure_ee_rsdom.pdf (13.11.10)

HOUSEHOLD ROCKET STOVE: Less firewood, more efficient, cheaper, ecologically sound

77Germany‘s interests?

88

Areas in dark blue represent the member countries in the G-20; light blue represent members of the European Union not individually represented. (Wikipedia)

The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (G-20, G20, Group of Twenty) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 economies: 19 countries plus the European Union, which is represented by the President of the European Council and by the European Central Bank. Their heads of government or heads of state have also periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008. Collectively, the G-20 economies comprise 85% of global gross national product, 80% of world trade (including EU intra-trade) and two-thirds of the world population.

G 20

*1999

99

IMF – more power for emerging economies and IMF – more power for emerging economies and developing countries (< 42,3 % share)developing countries (< 42,3 % share)

FAZ, 8.11.10, S. 14

USA >

During the G 20 heads of state and government meeting in Seoul, 12 Nov. 2010,During the G 20 heads of state and government meeting in Seoul, 12 Nov. 2010,China was elevated to No 3 on IMF BoardChina was elevated to No 3 on IMF Board

1010

Source: www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2010/pdfs/pr10418_table.pdf - 13.11.10

1111

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan

Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan aid ( “European Recovery Program”/ERP). aid ( “European Recovery Program”/ERP).

The blue columns show the relative amount of total aid per nation.The blue columns show the relative amount of total aid per nation.

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Of the some $13 billion Of the some $13 billion allotted (= 1,2 % of the allotted (= 1,2 % of the US GDP) US GDP)

-$3.4 billion had been $3.4 billion had been spent on imports of raw spent on imports of raw materials and semi-materials and semi-manufactured products; manufactured products;

-$3.2 billion on food, $3.2 billion on food, feed, and fertilizer; feed, and fertilizer;

-$1.9 billion on machines, $1.9 billion on machines, vehicles, and equipment; vehicles, and equipment;

- $1.6 billion on fuel.$1.6 billion on fuel.

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More than $11 billion of the ERP were a grant/gift – but for W. More than $11 billion of the ERP were a grant/gift – but for W. Germany it was a loan. Germany it was a loan.

In 1953, the “London Agreement on German External Debts” reduced In 1953, the “London Agreement on German External Debts” reduced the loan to 1 billion to be paid back within 30 years including an the loan to 1 billion to be paid back within 30 years including an interest rate of 2.5 %. interest rate of 2.5 %. (Already in 1966 the total debt was repaid)(Already in 1966 the total debt was repaid)

Also established were counterpart funds, which used Marshall Plan aid Also established were counterpart funds, which used Marshall Plan aid to establish funds in the local currency. to establish funds in the local currency.

This was prominent in Germany, where these government-administered This was prominent in Germany, where these government-administered funds played a crucial role in lending money to private enterprises. funds played a crucial role in lending money to private enterprises. The companies were obligated to repay the loans to the government, The companies were obligated to repay the loans to the government, and the money would then be lent out to another group of and the money would then be lent out to another group of businesses. businesses.

A far less expensive, but also quite effective, was the Technical A far less expensive, but also quite effective, was the Technical Assistance Program. This program funded groups of European Assistance Program. This program funded groups of European engineers and industrialists to visit the United States and tour mines, engineers and industrialists to visit the United States and tour mines, factories, and smelters so that they could then copy the American factories, and smelters so that they could then copy the American advances at home. At the same time several hundred American advances at home. At the same time several hundred American technical advisors were sent to Europe.technical advisors were sent to Europe.

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Help for self-helpHelp for self-helpIn most countries, the counterpart fund money was absorbed into general In most countries, the counterpart fund money was absorbed into general

government revenues – in Germany it was recycled. government revenues – in Germany it was recycled.

The German ERP Special Fund was established by law in 1953 in the form The German ERP Special Fund was established by law in 1953 in the form of a revolving fund. > “internal Marshall Plan” – the self-help began.* of a revolving fund. > “internal Marshall Plan” – the self-help began.* This process has continued to this day in the guise of the state owned KfW This process has continued to this day in the guise of the state owned KfW bank. bank.

In 2010:In 2010:

€ € 533 million – normally used for lowering the interest rates and channeled by 533 million – normally used for lowering the interest rates and channeled by the KfW. the KfW.

Private enterprises, in particular SMEs, get soft loans up to € 4,5 billion – Private enterprises, in particular SMEs, get soft loans up to € 4,5 billion – half of it foreseen for environmental protection and the increase of energy half of it foreseen for environmental protection and the increase of energy efficiency. efficiency.

Other financial means: for business start-ups or the promotion of German Other financial means: for business start-ups or the promotion of German development areas (since 1990 – after unification – East Germany was development areas (since 1990 – after unification – East Germany was helped in the process of economic modernization)helped in the process of economic modernization)

The Marshall Plan – a model for ODA and other continents?The Marshall Plan – a model for ODA and other continents?

*www.kfw.de/DE_Home/Die_Bank/Unsere_Geschichte/Themenschwerpunkte/Marshallplan_und_ERP.jsp

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Start of Foreign (Economic) AssistanceStart of Foreign (Economic) Assistance

The Point Four Program (also known as the Bold New The Point Four Program (also known as the Bold New Program) was a program for foreign assistance to poor Program) was a program for foreign assistance to poor countries announced in 1949 by US President Truman.countries announced in 1949 by US President Truman.

In his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949, he stated the In his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949, he stated the

fourth objective of his foreign policy as follows:fourth objective of his foreign policy as follows:„„We must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits We must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits

of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. More the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. More than half the people of the world are living in conditions than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant.

Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve suffering of these possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve suffering of these people.” people.”

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The program was approved by the US Congress on June 5, The program was approved by the US Congress on June 5, 1950 in the Foreign Economic Assistance Act, which 1950 in the Foreign Economic Assistance Act, which allotted to the program a budget of $ 25,000,000 for allotted to the program a budget of $ 25,000,000 for fiscal year 1950/51.fiscal year 1950/51.

On October 27, 1950, the Technical Cooperation On October 27, 1950, the Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA) was established within the Administration (TCA) was established within the Department of State. IDepartment of State. In 1953 n 1953 it was merged with other it was merged with other foreign-aid programs > USforeign-aid programs > US AID. AID.

Although it was unclear at the outset what form aid to Although it was unclear at the outset what form aid to developing countries would take, emphasis quickly was developing countries would take, emphasis quickly was placed on technical assistance, largely in the fields of placed on technical assistance, largely in the fields of agriculture, public health, education. The program also agriculture, public health, education. The program also encouraged the flow of private investment capital to encouraged the flow of private investment capital to these nations. these nations.

Another interest > Containment policy - using military, Another interest > Containment policy - using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad influence abroad

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Other industrialized countries followed the US example:Other industrialized countries followed the US example:

In 1952, In 1952, W. GermanyW. Germany gave a financial contribution to gave a financial contribution to the Enlarged Stand-by Program of the UN.the Enlarged Stand-by Program of the UN.

In 1956 the German Bundestag decided to allocate in the In 1956 the German Bundestag decided to allocate in the Foreign Office 50 mio. DM for the advancement of Foreign Office 50 mio. DM for the advancement of “underdeveloped countries” “underdeveloped countries”

In 1961, the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation In 1961, the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation (and Development) was created – in the beginning (and Development) was created – in the beginning with narrow competencies.with narrow competencies.

Motivations and interests ranged from humanitarian to Motivations and interests ranged from humanitarian to economic and national objectives. economic and national objectives.

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Mixed outcomes of development cooperation,Mixed outcomes of development cooperation,unsatisfactory progress in many developing unsatisfactory progress in many developing

countries, countries, the end of the Cold War and the predominant the end of the Cold War and the predominant

failure of centrally planned economies,failure of centrally planned economies,new challenges as posed by globalization, the new challenges as posed by globalization, the

financial crisis, climates changes and “new financial crisis, climates changes and “new wars”wars”**

led to a review and rethinking of “development” led to a review and rethinking of “development” as a whole and of the international relations. as a whole and of the international relations.

**Mary Mary KKaldor (1999): aldor (1999): New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global EraNew and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Oxford, Oxford

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II. International Relations in the II. International Relations in the 21st Century should be shaped, i. a., 21st Century should be shaped, i. a., byby - the new development paradigm of - the new development paradigm of sustainable human development (Rio sustainable human development (Rio 1992)1992)

- The Millennium Declaration and - The Millennium Declaration and the MDGs (New York 2000/2001)the MDGs (New York 2000/2001)

2020

Resolution adopted by the General AssemblyResolution adopted by the General Assembly[[without reference to a Main Committee (A/55/L.2)without reference to a Main Committee (A/55/L.2)]]

55/2. United Nations Millennium Declaration55/2. United Nations Millennium DeclarationThe General Assembly Adopts The General Assembly Adopts the following Declaration:the following Declaration:United Nations Millennium DeclarationUnited Nations Millennium DeclarationI. Values and principlesI. Values and principlesWe, heads of State and Government, have gathered at United We, heads of State and Government, have gathered at United

Nations Headquarters in New York from 6 to 8 September Nations Headquarters in New York from 6 to 8 September 2000, at the dawn of a new millennium, to reaffirm our faith 2000, at the dawn of a new millennium, to reaffirm our faith in the Organization and its Charter as indispensable in the Organization and its Charter as indispensable foundations of a foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just worldmore peaceful, prosperous and just world..

2. We recognize that, in addition to our separate responsibilities 2. We recognize that, in addition to our separate responsibilities to our individual societies, to our individual societies, we have a collective we have a collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global levelequality and equity at the global level. As leaders we have a . As leaders we have a duty therefore to all the world’s people, especially the most duty therefore to all the world’s people, especially the most vulnerable and, in particular, the children of the world, to vulnerable and, in particular, the children of the world, to whom the future belongs.whom the future belongs.

2121

6. 6. We consider certain fundamental values to be essential to We consider certain fundamental values to be essential to internationalinternational

relations in the twenty-first century. These include:relations in the twenty-first century. These include:

1)1) Freedom Freedom

2)2) EqualityEquality

3)3) SolidaritySolidarity

4)4) ToleranceTolerance

5)5) Respect for natureRespect for nature

6)6) Shared responsibilityShared responsibility

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In order to translate these shared values into actions, In order to translate these shared values into actions, we have identified key objectives to which we assign we have identified key objectives to which we assign special significance:special significance:

I.I. Peace, security and disarmamentPeace, security and disarmament

II.II. Development and poverty eradicationDevelopment and poverty eradication

III.III. Protecting our common environmentProtecting our common environment

IV.IV. Human rights, democracy and good Human rights, democracy and good governancegovernance

V.V. Protecting the vulnerableProtecting the vulnerable

VI.VI. Meeting the special needs of AfricaMeeting the special needs of Africa

VII.VII. Strengthening the United NationsStrengthening the United Nations

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NGO + UNITED NATIONS:NGO + UNITED NATIONS: Article 71 of the UN Charter Article 71 of the UN Charter opened the door providing for suitable arrangements for opened the door providing for suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations. consultation with non-governmental organizations.

In 1946, 41 NGOs were granted consultative status by the In 1946, 41 NGOs were granted consultative status by the council; by 1992 more that 700 NGOs had attained council; by 1992 more that 700 NGOs had attained consultative status and the number has been steadily consultative status and the number has been steadily increasing ever since to more than 3,000 organizations today.increasing ever since to more than 3,000 organizations today.

To be eligible for consultative status, an NGO must have been in To be eligible for consultative status, an NGO must have been in existence (officially registered with the appropriate existence (officially registered with the appropriate government authorities as an NGO/non-profit) for at least two government authorities as an NGO/non-profit) for at least two years, must have an established headquarters, a democratically years, must have an established headquarters, a democratically adopted constitution, authority to speak for its members, a adopted constitution, authority to speak for its members, a representative structure, appropriate mechanisms of representative structure, appropriate mechanisms of accountability and democratic and transparent decision-accountability and democratic and transparent decision-making processes. Organizations established by governments making processes. Organizations established by governments or intergovernmental agreements are not considered NGOs.or intergovernmental agreements are not considered NGOs.

www.un.org/esa/coordination/ngowww.un.org/esa/coordination/ngo

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The eight MDGsThe eight MDGs 2000/2001, UN 2000/2001, UNGoal 1:Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2:Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3:Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4:Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Reduce child mortality

Goal 5:Goal 5: Improve maternal health Improve maternal health

Goal 6:Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7:Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityEnsure environmental sustainability

Goal 8:Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Develop a global partnership for development

Millennium Declaration, Sept. 2000: Peace, Security & Disarmament; Human Rights, Democracy and Good Governance # culture

The German government's contribution to the realization of these goals is enshrined in its cross-departmental Program of Action 2015, for which the BMZ is the lead ministry.

2525

The MDGs may pave the way to a more The MDGs may pave the way to a more

peaceful, prosperous and just world. peaceful, prosperous and just world.

They are a – restricted, faulty – vision for a better word. They are a – restricted, faulty – vision for a better word.

The MDGs do not directly address some important The MDGs do not directly address some important issues such as democracy or peace – and some issues such as democracy or peace – and some problems are underestimated (e.g. the instability of problems are underestimated (e.g. the instability of financial markets, population increase).financial markets, population increase).

Essential goals/targets/indicators are missing from the Essential goals/targets/indicators are missing from the MDGs – especially in areas of industrialized MDGs – especially in areas of industrialized countries’ commitments.countries’ commitments.

The goals are ambitious - but progress is possible.The goals are ambitious - but progress is possible.

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Goal 1Goal 1Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerEradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day 

Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, incl. women and young people

Target 3: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger 

2727UN: MDG Report 2010

GOAL 1Eradicate extreme poverty

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World Unemployment RateWorld Unemployment Rate

Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate: 30% (2007 est.) 30% (2007 est.)

note:note: combined unemployment and underemployment in many non- combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemploymentunemployment

Definition:Definition: This entry contains the percent of the labor This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.underemployment might be noted.

Source:Source: CIA World CIA World FactbookFactbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of September 17, 2009accurate as of September 17, 2009

www.indexmundi.com/world/unemployment_rate.htmlwww.indexmundi.com/world/unemployment_rate.html

2929

FAO, 2010

3030

Source: Millennium Development Goals: 2010 Progress Chart (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg)

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MDGs at 2010: Mixed ResultsMDGs at 2010: Mixed Results

The Millennium Development Goals

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Extreme poverty is lessening - joblessness and hunger are not.

2. Achieve universal primary education.

Despite encouraging progress, the goal may not be met by 2015, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.

3. Promote gender equality and empower women.

Poverty remains a barrier to education for girls; women remain less favoured than men in the employment market.

4. Reduce child mortality.

Child deaths are falling, but not fast enough to meet the 2015 target of a two-thirds reduction, compared with 1990, in the under-five mortality rate.

SourceSource www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/30/docs/policymakers_brief_GEI&MDG.pdf, 9.2010 www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/30/docs/policymakers_brief_GEI&MDG.pdf, 9.2010

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5. Improve maternal health. Most maternal deaths in child-birth could be avoided with the right medical care, but giving birth remains especially risky in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia and progress has slowed in reducing the number of teenage pregnancies.

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. The spread of HIV has stabilised in most regions, but the rate of infection continues to surpass the expansion of treatment. Procurement of antimalarial drugs is increasing, but poverty still limits the use of mosquito nets.

7. Ensure environmental sustainability. The rate of deforestation, though high, is slowing - but the world has missed the 2010 target for biodiversity conservation and the target of halving by 2015 the number of people without basic sanitation will be difficult to reach.

8. Develop a global partnership for development. Aid for the least developed countries continues to rise, despite the global economic crisis, but only five donor countries have reached the UN target for official aid. Developing and least developed countries are gaining greater access to developed markets, and debt burdens have been lightened - but they remain well behind rich countries in information and communications technology.

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Roles of NGOsRoles of NGOs

They address a gap in the relationship between people and They address a gap in the relationship between people and government. They are vibrant, dynamic parts of the civil society.government. They are vibrant, dynamic parts of the civil society.

Several types of NGOs, dealing with i.a.: development, advocacy, Several types of NGOs, dealing with i.a.: development, advocacy, financial cooperation or awareness-raisingfinancial cooperation or awareness-raising..

Development-type NGOs handle concerns involving refugees, Development-type NGOs handle concerns involving refugees, health activities or other basic human needs. health activities or other basic human needs.

Advocacy NGOs criticize government or international actors Advocacy NGOs criticize government or international actors policies (TNCs, World Bank, IMF…) based on their own research policies (TNCs, World Bank, IMF…) based on their own research and study. and study.

Financial cooperation-type NGOs specialize in collecting Financial cooperation-type NGOs specialize in collecting donations for the use of NGOs that implement actual projects. donations for the use of NGOs that implement actual projects.

Awareness-Raising and education-type NGOs implement Awareness-Raising and education-type NGOs implement educational programs in such areas as environment and educational programs in such areas as environment and development. development.

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Taisitiroo Satoo, president of the Japan Wildlife Research Taisitiroo Satoo, president of the Japan Wildlife Research Center, categorizes environmental NGOs as biting dogs, Center, categorizes environmental NGOs as biting dogs, barking dogs and working dogs barking dogs and working dogs ((www.gdrc.org/ngo/jpngo-face.html))::

1.1. Biting dogs are good at biting governments or industries Biting dogs are good at biting governments or industries concerning environmental policies. concerning environmental policies.

2.2. Barking dogs bark from a safe distance, issuing warnings Barking dogs bark from a safe distance, issuing warnings and appealing to the middle-class majority. and appealing to the middle-class majority.

3.3. Working dogs devote themselves to basic study and research Working dogs devote themselves to basic study and research [as well as to concrete projects].[as well as to concrete projects].

The typology the World Bank uses divides them The typology the World Bank uses divides them into Operational and Advocacy.into Operational and Advocacy.

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III. Development Cooperation / DCIII. Development Cooperation / DC

Source: BMZ (2008): Weißbuch zur Entwicklungspolitik, Berlin

Pilot project by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) in a Miao village in southern China: villagers use the newly built well to wash clothes and vegetables, collect water for cooking and drinking, and to water their animals.

3636

4 ODA principles:4 ODA principles:1.1. ODA should contribute to a sustainable, ODA should contribute to a sustainable,

human development conducive to the human development conducive to the improvement of people‘s living conditionsimprovement of people‘s living conditions

2.2. ODA should „do no harm“* ODA should „do no harm“* (Latin:(Latin: primum non nocere primum non nocere))

3.3. ODA should be an incentive for „good ODA should be an incentive for „good performers“ (performance-based allocation)performers“ (performance-based allocation)

4.4. Sometimes it is better to „stay engaged“ Sometimes it is better to „stay engaged“ instead of “let them fail”**instead of “let them fail”**

* Mary B. Anderson (1999): Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace - or War, Boulder/London ** Tobias Debiel et al. (2007): „Stay Engaged“ statt „Let Them Fail“ (INEF-Report 90/2007 - http://inef.uni-due.de/cms/files/report90.pdf

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OOfficial fficial DDevelopment evelopment AAssistance / co-operationssistance / co-operation

DC in the form of DC in the form of projectproject, , programprogram or or budget aidbudget aid (+ (+ debt reliefdebt relief))

For projects look at For projects look at http://aida.developmentgateway.orghttp://aida.developmentgateway.org ODA = grants or loans to countries and territories ODA = grants or loans to countries and territories

according to the DAC List of Aid Recipients (developing according to the DAC List of Aid Recipients (developing countries) and to multilateral institutions: countries) and to multilateral institutions:

(a) undertaken by the official sector; (a) undertaken by the official sector;

(b) with promotion of economic development and welfare (b) with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main objective (# military); as the main objective (# military);

(c) at concessional financial terms (if a loan, having a grant (c) at concessional financial terms (if a loan, having a grant element of at least 25 per cent). element of at least 25 per cent).

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Goal Goal - ODA / GNI Ratio = ODA as % of GNI- ODA / GNI Ratio = ODA as % of GNIODA goal:

The international goal for rich countries to devote 0.7% of their gross national income (previously: GDP) to official development assistance.

2009: 0.31 % = 119.6 billon USD [2008: 0.31 % = 121,5 billion; 2007: 0.28%; 2006: 0.31 %]

ODA/GNI ratio 2008 (ODA dependency):ODA/GNI ratio 2008 (ODA dependency): All developing countries: ca. 0.8 % All developing countries: ca. 0.8 % [2007: 0.85 %; [2007: 0.85 %;

2006: 1.1 %]2006: 1.1 %]

SSA: 4.2 % SSA: 4.2 % [2007: 4.32 %; 2006: 6.1 %][2007: 4.32 %; 2006: 6.1 %]

3939

Source: OECD / DAC, 4.2010

4040

4141

4242

Dialogue: U.H. - Charles Goerens, LUX, Ministre de la Dialogue: U.H. - Charles Goerens, LUX, Ministre de la coopération et de l‘action humanitaire 1999-2004, coopération et de l‘action humanitaire 1999-2004,

28.4.2009 in Strasbourg28.4.2009 in Strasbourg

Luxembourg‘s target: ODA increase up to auf 1%Luxembourg‘s target: ODA increase up to auf 1% Criteria/Preconditions:Criteria/Preconditions:

- Political will- Political will- Plan by stages (in 4 years from 0.4 to 0.8%) Plan by stages (in 4 years from 0.4 to 0.8%) - Parliamentary support Parliamentary support - Internal + external solidarityInternal + external solidarity

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DAC members: Net flows to developing countries in 2007DAC members: Net flows to developing countries in 2007USD billionUSD billion

Sources: OECD, World Bank, UNCTADSources: OECD, World Bank, UNCTAD

1. ODA 103

2. Private Flows at market terms incl. direct investments, equities/ assets,

export credits

306

3. Grants by Private Voluntary Agencies (NGOs) TOTAL 1-3

18

427

4. Migrants – Remittances (2006)some 200 million migrants around the world

250

5. Private (US) Foundations (2006)

3

6. Dev. Economies Exports “ Imports (2008)

5,07 trillion[= 31,4 % of total

16,13]

4,4 “ [total 16,3]

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4545

Some judgments and prejudices on development aidSome judgments and prejudices on development aid

James Shikwati, 2002 (www.africanliberty.org/?q=node/33- 17.10.10):James Shikwati, 2002 (www.africanliberty.org/?q=node/33- 17.10.10): The developing world needs trade, not aid, to help the poor. Aid undermines the The developing world needs trade, not aid, to help the poor. Aid undermines the democratic accountability of government. It also exacerbates cronyism. democratic accountability of government. It also exacerbates cronyism.

William Easterly, 2006:William Easterly, 2006: The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little GoodRest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good..

Dambisa Moyo, 2009: Dead AidDambisa Moyo, 2009: Dead Aid- When aid has not been stolen, it has been unproductive. Aid is not working.When aid has not been stolen, it has been unproductive. Aid is not working.- African governments view aid as a permanent source of income. There is no African governments view aid as a permanent source of income. There is no

incentive for long-term financial planning, no reason to seek alternatives to fund incentive for long-term financial planning, no reason to seek alternatives to fund development.development.

- Aid leads to a culture of dependency and corruption and therefore causes poverty.Aid leads to a culture of dependency and corruption and therefore causes poverty.- Africa’s era of private capital is only now beginning, and this trend has to be Africa’s era of private capital is only now beginning, and this trend has to be

nurtured in order for it to continue.nurtured in order for it to continue.

World Bank, 1998: Assessing Aid. A World Bank Policy Research Report, New World Bank, 1998: Assessing Aid. A World Bank Policy Research Report, New York-Washington, D.C: York-Washington, D.C: Foreign aid in different times and different places has been Foreign aid in different times and different places has been highly effective, totally ineffective, and everything in between. highly effective, totally ineffective, and everything in between.

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ConclusionsConclusions Development policy alone will not bring sufficient results; a

number of other policies and external as well as internal factors have a major impact.

Its objectives are

- to contribute to the improvement of the peoples’ living conditions in developing countries,

- to facilitate the flourishment – the “de-velopment” – of the partners’ own capabilities (help people to help themselves, ownership, empowerment),

- to work for an enabling national and international environment.

The own efforts of developing countries are critical – as well as the failures and shortcomings (learning lessons).

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Principles of the „Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness“, OECD, March 2005

1. OWNERSHIP: Partner countries will exercise effective leadership over their development policies and strategies and coordinate development actions.

2. ALIGNMENT: Donors will base their overall support on recipient countries’ national development strategies, institutions and procedures.

3. HARMONIZATION: Donors’ actions are more harmonized, transparent and collectively effective.

4. MANAGING FOR RESULTS: Managing resources and improving decision-making for results.

5. MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY: Donor and recipient countries are accountable for development results.

“Paris” was confirmed by the “Accra Agenda for Action” (2008)

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IV. German Development Co-operationIV. German Development Co-operation

An independent area of German foreign policyAn independent area of German foreign policy

Formulated and predominantlyFormulated and predominantly executed by the executed by the Federal Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development/BMZDevelopment/BMZ (with the corresponding Bundestag (with the corresponding Bundestag Committee as parliamentary counterpart/AWZ + Budget Committee as parliamentary counterpart/AWZ + Budget Committee) Committee)

Carried out by implementing organizationsCarried out by implementing organizations

Orientations and directions are stemming from Orientations and directions are stemming from internationally agreed goals (and own interests) internationally agreed goals (and own interests) (Millennium Declaration + MDGs, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, German “Action Programme 2015”…)

4949

The aims of government activities in the field of development cooperation are:

At the beginning of the 21st century, the roleof development policy has changed, partly as a reaction to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001.

Today, development cooperation is seen as global structural and peace policy.

It aims to help resolve crises and conflicts in a peaceful manner.

It aims to help ensure that scarce resources are more equitably shared, and that our environment is preserved for coming generations.

It aims to help reduce global poverty.

Foreign policy, trade policy, security policy and developmentForeign policy, trade policy, security policy and development

policy are today very closely linked.policy are today very closely linked. Source: www.bmz.de/en/ministry/index.html (14.11.10)

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BMZ/DAC: BMZ/DAC: In general, evaluations aim to assess In general, evaluations aim to assess development interventions according to five basic development interventions according to five basic

criteria:criteria:1.1. RRelevance (are project goals and targets in line with the elevance (are project goals and targets in line with the

partner country's needs?) partner country's needs?) 2.2. IImpact (what outputs benefits have people derived from the mpact (what outputs benefits have people derived from the

intervention?) intervention?) 3.3. SSustainability (will positive results continue after the ustainability (will positive results continue after the

development intervention has ceased? development intervention has ceased? – survival, lasting results– survival, lasting results) ) 4.4. EEffectiveness (have targets been reached and why or why ffectiveness (have targets been reached and why or why

not?) not?) 5.5. EEfficiency (cost-effectiveness of an intervention) fficiency (cost-effectiveness of an intervention) Code word: RISEE (+ coordination)Code word: RISEE (+ coordination)

The BMZ evaluation unit programmes, designs, and supervises the The BMZ evaluation unit programmes, designs, and supervises the evaluation activities of the Ministry. It provides a quality check on reports evaluation activities of the Ministry. It provides a quality check on reports and actively engages in disseminating findings and recommendations.and actively engages in disseminating findings and recommendations.

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BMZ Evaluation Report, 2005: Country Case Study BMZ Evaluation Report, 2005: Country Case Study "Tanga Integrated Rural Development "Tanga Integrated Rural Development Programme, Tanzania" - Summary Ex-Post Programme, Tanzania" - Summary Ex-Post EvaluationEvaluation, Bonn/Berlin):, Bonn/Berlin):

  

The German-Tanzanian „Tanga Integrated The German-Tanzanian „Tanga Integrated Rural Development Programme“ (TIRDEP):Rural Development Programme“ (TIRDEP):

In which way TIRDEP is a good example of the In which way TIRDEP is a good example of the paradigm change in development cooperation paradigm change in development cooperation and what are the lessons learnt from the and what are the lessons learnt from the positive effects and the deficiencies?positive effects and the deficiencies?

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Country Case Study "Country Case Study "TTanga anga IIntegrated ntegrated RRural ural DeDevelopment velopment PProgramme, rogramme, Tanzania" - Summary Ex-Post Evaluation, 2005Tanzania" - Summary Ex-Post Evaluation, 2005

www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/evaluation/Projektuebergreifend/BMZ_Eval-007e_print.pdf www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/evaluation/Projektuebergreifend/BMZ_Eval-007e_print.pdf

TIRDEP underwent several paradigm changes:TIRDEP underwent several paradigm changes:from top-down to bottom-up; from investing in infrastructure to from top-down to bottom-up; from investing in infrastructure to institutional capacity building and improvement of living conditionsinstitutional capacity building and improvement of living conditions

Achievements:Achievements:German DC and own efforts led to food security, incomes, housing German DC and own efforts led to food security, incomes, housing education…education…

Limits, failures, lessons learnt:Limits, failures, lessons learnt:- Target groupsTarget groups- Role of historyRole of history- Planning and co-ordinationPlanning and co-ordination- Framework conditionsFramework conditions- End of project promotion End of project promotion - AcceptanceAcceptance

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www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/evaluation/evaluation_reports_since_2006/BMZ_Eval-030e_web.pdf www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/evaluation/evaluation_reports_since_2006/BMZ_Eval-030e_web.pdf

Evaluation Reports 030

Rural Development Support Program, Philippines

summary version of the Evaluation, 2007The subject of this evaluation is a rural development

support program implemented by a Philippine nongovernmental organization (NGO). The NGO has been supported by the Catholic Central agency for Development aid (Katholische Zentralstelle für Entwicklungshilfe) with funds from BMZ since 1996.

Lessons learned? Lessons learned?

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Source: BMZ (2008): White Paper

5555

BMZ, GTZ, KfW, DED and InWent numbers of staff in 2009

Source: Data presented to the DAC peer review team by BMZ 2009

From 2011 on:

GTZ, InWEnt GTZ, InWEnt

+ DED > + DED > GIZGIZ

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Bilateral official development cooperation Bilateral official development cooperation two thirdstwo thirds of German ODA > to more than 100 developing countries of German ODA > to more than 100 developing countries

(from LLDCs to ‘anchor countries’)(from LLDCs to ‘anchor countries’) and to dev. countries related activities and to dev. countries related activities

The bilateral cooperation measures agreed upon in the The bilateral cooperation measures agreed upon in the government-to-government agreements form one government-to-government agreements form one pillar of German development co-operation with pillar of German development co-operation with partner countries. partner countries.

The second pillar consists of the activities proposed The second pillar consists of the activities proposed by non-governmental organizations and carried out in by non-governmental organizations and carried out in the partner countriesthe partner countries

The German Länder/States and municipalities are The German Länder/States and municipalities are supporting the German DC efforts by own supporting the German DC efforts by own contributions.contributions.

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German ODA by government department, 2008

Source: Data presented to the peer review by BMZ Notes: AA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs; *Ministries of: Environment (BMU); Education/Research (BMBF); Culture/Media (BKM); Agriculture (BMELV); Health (BMG); Economics/Technology (BMWi); Defence (BMVg); Labour/Social Affairs (BMAS); Finance (BMF); the Interior (BMI); Family, Seniors, Women, Youth (BMFSFJ); Justice (BMJ); Transport/Building/Urban Development (BMVBS) (all less than 1%) **Other ODA sources are: debt relief and

debt rescheduling; capital market funds; German Investment and Development Company; amounts received; other.

Net ODA 2008:

14 billion USD

5858

5959

BMZ budget 2010 - www.bmz.de/en/ministry/budget/index.htmlwww.bmz.de/en/ministry/budget/index.html

The budget of the BMZ is contained in the German national budget (individual budget plan The budget of the BMZ is contained in the German national budget (individual budget plan 23). In fiscal 2010, provision has been made for spending in the order of 6.070 billion euros. 23). In fiscal 2010, provision has been made for spending in the order of 6.070 billion euros. This is an increase of 4.4 per cent compared with fiscal 2009 (256 million euros more).This is an increase of 4.4 per cent compared with fiscal 2009 (256 million euros more).

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German development co-operation achieved German development co-operation achieved mixed resultsmixed results

Most of the projects and programmes are Most of the projects and programmes are successfulsuccessful (KfW Evaluation Report 2006 – 177 projects (KfW Evaluation Report 2006 – 177 projects in 57 countries / financing volume of EUR 6.3 bio: 71 % of in 57 countries / financing volume of EUR 6.3 bio: 71 % of the projects)the projects)

About one fifth did not reach the expected About one fifth did not reach the expected resultsresults (KfW: 17 % slightly insufficient despite having (KfW: 17 % slightly insufficient despite having

positive impacts; 12 % insufficient)positive impacts; 12 % insufficient) In some cases a total failureIn some cases a total failure (KfW: 1 project)(KfW: 1 project)

For projects look at For projects look at http://aida.developmentgateway.orghttp://aida.developmentgateway.org

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The Peer Review underlined 4 very The Peer Review underlined 4 very positive elements positive elements

1.1. Germany still is one of the world‘s largest donors Germany still is one of the world‘s largest donors (12 billion USD in 2009 = 10 % of total ODA) (12 billion USD in 2009 = 10 % of total ODA)

2.2. A specific ministry dedicated to development A specific ministry dedicated to development cooperation cooperation

3.3. A worldwide lead role in the area of environment A worldwide lead role in the area of environment and climate changeand climate change

4.4. Progress made since the last Peer Review (2005): Progress made since the last Peer Review (2005): a) Reduction of the number of partner countries a) Reduction of the number of partner countries b) Ways forward for reforming the development b) Ways forward for reforming the development cooperation systemcooperation systemc) Concentrating ODA for better results c) Concentrating ODA for better results

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4. a) Germany has narrowed its focus to 57 partner countries (down from 84 five years ago). This reduction has been achieved by applying tighter selection criteria and by prioritising. These 57 partner countries consequently benefit from more intensive co-operation; each has a country strategy in place which is generally aligned to the national development strategy.

In its anchor-country concept, Germany counts 15 states as anchor countries, of which 8 (in bold) are partner countries: Argentina, Egypt, Iran, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey. Its evolving cooperation with “anchor countries” focuses on regional strategies and global public goods.

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4. b) Germany’s development co-operation system is well established, large and complex, involving more than 40 different ministries,

federal states (Länder), agencies and organisations – now the fragmentation of the technical cooperation system will be reduced

DAC Peer Review: Germany, Oct. 2010 (www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/23/46287397.pdf - 14.11.10)

From 2011 on:

GTZ, InWEnt GTZ, InWEnt

+ DED > + DED > GIZGIZ

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4. c) Since October 2009 Germany’s development co-operation statements tend towards reducing the priority sectors from eleven to seven in order to achieve better results:

1. good governance; 2. education; 3. health; 4. protection of climate, environment and natural resources; 5. rural development; 6. private sector development (new); 7. sustainable economic development. # peace-building; water; energy; transport/communication; regional

concentration

However, it will take time for this prioritisation to be reflected in Germany’s development programming and aid disbursements.

6666

Peer Review: Criticism and 9 challenges for Peer Review: Criticism and 9 challenges for

Germany‘s Development CooperationGermany‘s Development Cooperation

1. Unclear new vision in the 2009 Coalition Agreement 2. Germany is off-track for meeting its ODA

commitment3. A stronger emphasis to sub-Saharan Africa4. A strategy for working with NGOs5. More efficient organization and management6. Better coherence for development7. Improve the aid effectiveness8. No clear strategy for capacity development9. A better parliamentary oversight

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Lecture of Stefan JahnLecture of Stefan Jahn (*1964, Koblenz)(*1964, Koblenz)

on on Deutsche WelthungerhilfeDeutsche Welthungerhilfe

Went to schools – i.a. in Stockholm, Tripolis, Went to schools – i.a. in Stockholm, Tripolis, Ankara, BonnAnkara, Bonn

1984-91 Studied agriculture at the University of 1984-91 Studied agriculture at the University of Bonn > Dipl.-Agro-EngineerBonn > Dipl.-Agro-Engineer

Professional experiences i. a.: Chamber of Professional experiences i. a.: Chamber of Agriculture/Rhineland, DED in Mali, in an Agriculture/Rhineland, DED in Mali, in an office of an MP in Bonn,office of an MP in Bonn,

Since 1999 Deutsche Welthungerhilfe –Since 1999 Deutsche Welthungerhilfe –

Head - Quality Management, Evaluation, Head - Quality Management, Evaluation, Controlling Controlling

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V. EU – Foreign and development policyV. EU – Foreign and development policyWhat is the EU about?What is the EU about?

The EU is not a federation like the United States. Nor The EU is not a federation like the United States. Nor is it simply an organisation for co-operation is it simply an organisation for co-operation between governments, like the United Nations. between governments, like the United Nations.

It is, in fact, unique. (German Federal Court of Justice: It is, in fact, unique. (German Federal Court of Justice: The EU is a “Staatenverbund” > joint federation of The EU is a “Staatenverbund” > joint federation of states) states)

The EU ‘member states’ remain independent The EU ‘member states’ remain independent sovereign nations. However, they pool their sovereign nations. However, they pool their sovereignty in order to gain an added value for sovereignty in order to gain an added value for mutual benefit and world influence none of them mutual benefit and world influence none of them could have on their own.could have on their own.

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EU as an alliance of States or a grouping of States

Lisbon Treaty, Art. 4 ”The Union shall respect the equality of Member States before the Treaties as well as their national identities…”

EU as a frontier-free Europe

Art. 1: “marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the

peoples of Europe”

EU as part of the world, …in the worldArt. 3, §5: “In its relations with the wider world, the Union shall uphold and promote its values and interests and contribute to the protection of its citizens. It shall contribute to peace, security, the sustainable development of the Earth, solidarity and mutual respect among peoples, free and fair trade, eradication of poverty

and the protection of human rights…”

The original Euro coins symbolizing targets and roles of the EUThe original Euro coins symbolizing targets and roles of the EU

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Europe as an actor on the global stageEurope as an actor on the global stage will be achieved by will be achieved by bringing together Europe's external policy tools, both when bringing together Europe's external policy tools, both when

developing and deciding new policies.developing and deciding new policies.

1.1. The Treaty of Lisbon gives Europe a The Treaty of Lisbon gives Europe a clear voiceclear voice in relations with its in relations with its partners worldwide. It harnesses Europe's economic, humanitarian, partners worldwide. It harnesses Europe's economic, humanitarian, political and diplomatic strengths to political and diplomatic strengths to promote European interests and promote European interests and values worldwidevalues worldwide, while respecting the particular interests of the Member , while respecting the particular interests of the Member States in Foreign Affairs. States in Foreign Affairs. (< theories of Realism and Idealism)(< theories of Realism and Idealism)

2.2. A new A new High Representative for the Union in Foreign Affairs and Security High Representative for the Union in Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (Lady Ashton)Policy (Lady Ashton),, also Vice-President of the Commission, will also Vice-President of the Commission, will increase the impact, the coherence and the visibility of the EU's external increase the impact, the coherence and the visibility of the EU's external action. action.

3.3. A new A new European External Action ServiceEuropean External Action Service will provide back up and will provide back up and support to the High Representative. support to the High Representative.

4.4. A A single legal personality for the Unionsingle legal personality for the Union will strengthen the Union's will strengthen the Union's negotiating power, making it more effective on the world stage and a more negotiating power, making it more effective on the world stage and a more visible partner for third countries and international organisations. visible partner for third countries and international organisations.

5.5. Progress in European Security and Defence PolicyProgress in European Security and Defence Policy will preserve special will preserve special decision-making arrangements but also pave the way towards reinforced decision-making arrangements but also pave the way towards reinforced cooperation amongst a smaller group of Member States.cooperation amongst a smaller group of Member States.

Source: http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/index_en.htm

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EU - a major global actor both economically EU - a major global actor both economically and politically and politically (?)(?)

- largest trading block in the world taking up more than one third of world exports - producing one third of the world’s GDP - financing 50 % of the World’s Foreign Direct

Investment - main financier contributor to the UN

- influential in global governance institutions such as the IMF, World Bank and WTO - the main trading partner to many developing countries

7272

Treaty on the EUTreaty on the EU, article 21.2, article 21.2: The Union shall define and pursue : The Union shall define and pursue common policies and actions, and shall work for a high degree of common policies and actions, and shall work for a high degree of cooperation in all fields of international relations, in order to: cooperation in all fields of international relations, in order to:

(a)(a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests, security, independence safeguard its values, fundamental interests, security, independence and integrity; and integrity;

(d) foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental (d) foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of developing countries, with the primary aim of development of developing countries, with the primary aim of eradicating poverty; eradicating poverty;

(e) encourage the integration of all countries into the world economy, (e) encourage the integration of all countries into the world economy, including through the progressive abolition of restrictions on including through the progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade; international trade;

(f) help develop international measures to preserve and improve the (f) help develop international measures to preserve and improve the quality of the environment and the sustainable management of quality of the environment and the sustainable management of global natural resources, in order to ensure sustainable global natural resources, in order to ensure sustainable development;development;

(g) assist populations, countries and regions confronting natural or (g) assist populations, countries and regions confronting natural or man-made disasters; and man-made disasters; and

(h) promote an international system based on stronger multilateral (h) promote an international system based on stronger multilateral cooperation and good global governance.cooperation and good global governance.

[Theory of Realism and Idealism and Regime TheoryTheory of Realism and Idealism and Regime Theory]

7373

Treaty on the functioning of the European Union COOPERATION WITH THIRD COUNTRIES AND HUMANITARIAN AID / COOPERATION WITH THIRD COUNTRIES AND HUMANITARIAN AID / CHAPTER CHAPTER

1 - DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION 1 - DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION

Art. 208Art. 208

Union policy in the field of development cooperation shall Union policy in the field of development cooperation shall be conducted within the framework of the principles be conducted within the framework of the principles and objectives of the Union's external action. The and objectives of the Union's external action. The Union's development cooperation policy and that of the Union's development cooperation policy and that of the Member States complement and reinforce each other.Member States complement and reinforce each other.

Union development cooperation policy shall have as its Union development cooperation policy shall have as its primary objective the reduction and, in the long term, primary objective the reduction and, in the long term, the eradication of poverty. The Union shall take the eradication of poverty. The Union shall take account of the objectives of development cooperation in account of the objectives of development cooperation in the policies that it implements which are likely to affect the policies that it implements which are likely to affect developing countries. developing countries. (< coherence)(< coherence)

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Article 210

1. In order to promote the complementarity and efficiency of their action, the Union and the Member States shall coordinate their policies on development cooperation and shall consult each other on their aid programmes, including in international organisations and during international conferences. They may undertake joint action. Member States shall contribute if necessary to the implementation of Union aid programmes.

•

2. The Commission may take any useful initiative to promote the coordination referred to in paragraph 1.

3 Cs: Complementarity , Co-ordination, Coherence

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EU Development co-operationEU Development co-operation The European Community - a unique donor

> triple role in development:

1. bilateral donor

2. multilateral donor

3. coordinating framework for European Union (EU) – nowadays 27 – Member States

The European Commission - the executive body, accountable to the European Parliament and its Development co-operation Committee as well as the Member States meeting in Councils

7676

DeliveryDelivery The Commission’s external assistance is implemented

through three main delivery modalities.The choices depend on a joint Commission/government analysis of the country and sector environment.

1. The project approach is used to support non-state actors, for regional programmes, or where conditions do not allow for use of government systems.

2. The sector approach aims to underpin a sector policy and a strategic framework monitored through performance criteria and indicators.

3. The EC also supports national or macro level goals expressed

in national policy and strategy documents through general budget support, with funds transferred to the national treasury of the beneficiary country. (2007 commitments for (2007 commitments for GBS: 1.8 bn € = 23%)GBS: 1.8 bn € = 23%)

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EU: Project examples in Mali, Sri Lanka and Brazil

[video]Climate Change

7878

““Evaluation of European Commission Co-operation Evaluation of European Commission Co-operation with El Salvador”,with El Salvador”, 2010 2010

http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/evaluation/evaluation_reports/ehttp://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/evaluation/evaluation_reports/evinfo/2010/1274_ev_en.pdfvinfo/2010/1274_ev_en.pdf

Main characteristics of EC cooperation:

Evolution from a) post-war phase, with project approach;

to b) consolidation of democracy and institutional reforms, with sector approach from 2002 , mainly focussed in technical education and juvenile delinquency ;

c) beginning switch towards budget support from 2006 for social infrastructure. Thematic budget lines accounted 22 % of commitments but significant number of interventions.

Two focal sectors from 2007:

(1) Fostering of social cohesion and human security

(2) Economic growth, regional integration and trade.

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Implementation Implementation The European Commission, Directorate-General for

Development; EuropeAid co-operation Office (the handling of the

entire project cycle, i.e. from project identification to the evaluation, is now fully in the hands of EuropeAid);

Other external services of the European Commission: ECHO (Humanitarian Aid), DG Relex, DG Trade…;

The European Investment Bank (EIB); the EC Delegations around the world; the 27 EU Member States; NGOs and the other actors of the European civil

society. [2007: Strategy for 2007–2010 Non State Actors and Local Authorities in Development]

8080

8181EC, 2010: Partnership for Change. The EU’s Development Cooperation withAfrican, Caribbean and Pacific countries

8282

8383

The ACP-EU partnership, signed on 23rd of June 2000 in Cotonou, The ACP-EU partnership, signed on 23rd of June 2000 in Cotonou, Benin, concluded for a twenty-year period from March 2000 to Benin, concluded for a twenty-year period from March 2000 to

February 2020, entered into force on April 1, 2003.February 2020, entered into force on April 1, 2003.

The Cotonou Agreement The Cotonou Agreement is based on five is based on five interdependent pillars interdependent pillars (4Ps+DC)(4Ps+DC): :

1.1. an enhanced an enhanced ppolitical dimension, olitical dimension,

2.2. increased increased pparticipation, articipation,

3.3. a more strategic approach to cooperation focusing a more strategic approach to cooperation focusing on on ppoverty reduction, overty reduction,

4.4. new economic and trade new economic and trade ppartnerships,artnerships,

5.5. improved improved ddevelopment evelopment cooperationcooperation..

8484

The co-operation with the African, Caribbean The co-operation with the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries is still primarily and Pacific (ACP) countries is still primarily funded under the European Development Fund funded under the European Development Fund (EDF), as the European Council decided in (EDF), as the European Council decided in December 2005 that the EDF should continue December 2005 that the EDF should continue to be financed separately from the budget.to be financed separately from the budget.

With € 22.7 billion worth of funding, the 10th With € 22.7 billion worth of funding, the 10th EDF (2008-2013) sets the basis for co-EDF (2008-2013) sets the basis for co-operation with the ACP countries. operation with the ACP countries.

The most controversial issue is the conclusion The most controversial issue is the conclusion of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the EU and the 6 ACP regions. between the EU and the 6 ACP regions.

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Cotonou ACP-EU Agreement, 2000-2020,Cotonou ACP-EU Agreement, 2000-2020,fafavours an integrated, holistic approach of development > the paradigm of vours an integrated, holistic approach of development > the paradigm of “sustainable development centred on the human person“ (Art. 9 § 1)“sustainable development centred on the human person“ (Art. 9 § 1)

cultural

environmental social

economic

political

development

U. Holtz: A human being – this animal rationale = zoon logon echon – is not just a „homo oeconomicus“, but also a „zoon politicon“ as well as homo socialis, oecologicus and culturalis.

http://bonnsustainabilityportal.de

8686

NGOsNGOs > > http://ec.europa.eu/development/how/relations/relnsas_en.cfmhttp://ec.europa.eu/development/how/relations/relnsas_en.cfm

Relations with Civil Society Relations with Civil Society

The The EU is committed to strengthening the role of civil societyEU is committed to strengthening the role of civil society  in development, see  in development, see e.g. Cotonou. e.g. Cotonou.

Development policy and programmes are generally Development policy and programmes are generally more effectivemore effective when the priorities when the priorities of the different development actors are consistent with those of civil society, as this of the different development actors are consistent with those of civil society, as this gives local populations a sense of ownershipgives local populations a sense of ownership of national development policy. of national development policy.

EU development policy encourages EU development policy encourages non-state actorsnon-state actors to play an active role. Recent EU to play an active role. Recent EU emphasis on participatory approaches emphasis on participatory approaches has resulted in many innovations, such as has resulted in many innovations, such as more decentralised management and empowering and involving a broad range of more decentralised management and empowering and involving a broad range of civil society bodies, e.g. NGOs, trade unions, political foundations, private civil society bodies, e.g. NGOs, trade unions, political foundations, private companies, universities and the media. companies, universities and the media.

Civil society involvement in ACP countriesCivil society involvement in ACP countries has recently been found to be patchy, has recently been found to be patchy, with significant country to country variation. In response the EU has made with significant country to country variation. In response the EU has made a a number of recommendationsnumber of recommendations that could help improve participation. that could help improve participation.

Civil society will also be participating in the international discussions on Civil society will also be participating in the international discussions on making aid making aid more effectivemore effective. .

As watchdog, implementer, donor and recipient, As watchdog, implementer, donor and recipient, civil society is a development actor civil society is a development actor in its own rightin its own right, distinct from governments and donors. If aid is to have the , distinct from governments and donors. If aid is to have the optimum impact, all 3 groups must examine how their policies and activities optimum impact, all 3 groups must examine how their policies and activities complement and/or undermine each other, and work together for bestcomplement and/or undermine each other, and work together for best effect. effect.

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DAC Peer Reviews – EC 2002 + 2007DAC Peer Reviews – EC 2002 + 2007 A major success with policy coherence has been A major success with policy coherence has been

achieved through the “Everything But Arms” achieved through the “Everything But Arms” initiative. initiative.

There are other coherence issues to address in the There are other coherence issues to address in the relations between development policy and the relations between development policy and the European Community’s internal policies, for example European Community’s internal policies, for example the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy.Fisheries Policy.

A pro-poor growth strategy could help integrate A pro-poor growth strategy could help integrate poverty eradication more directly into Economic poverty eradication more directly into Economic Partnership Agreements and aid-for-trade plans. Partnership Agreements and aid-for-trade plans.

Greater reliance on budget support requires Greater reliance on budget support requires systematic use of risk assessments and a good systematic use of risk assessments and a good understanding of the appropriateness of budget understanding of the appropriateness of budget support in the local context.support in the local context.

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In the field, better communication and co-In the field, better communication and co-ordination are required, both with headquarters ordination are required, both with headquarters and among EU Members and the country and among EU Members and the country delegations.delegations.

Increased Commission attention to more effective Increased Commission attention to more effective policy co-ordination in selected thematic areas. policy co-ordination in selected thematic areas. These include: These include: -- -- democratic governancedemocratic governance (clearer guidance on country (clearer guidance on country performance standards to facilitate policy dialogue, manage expectations and performance standards to facilitate policy dialogue, manage expectations and

enhance predictability)enhance predictability); ;

-- -- fragile states and security system reformfragile states and security system reform (need for (need for strategy and for resource allocation criteria, strengthened co-ordination on security strategy and for resource allocation criteria, strengthened co-ordination on security and defense policy instruments and better integration of missions to the field); and defense policy instruments and better integration of missions to the field);

-- -- gendergender (better mainstreaming into programmes and more effective (better mainstreaming into programmes and more effective performance measurement).performance measurement).

8989

2007 Evaluations The relevance of Commission programming and

implementation is generally good. The Commission response addresses the needs of partner countries and is coherent with EU goals.

Several major positive impacts have been noted, e.g. on the social sectors in India, economic stability in Jordan and Mozambique, the water sector in Jordan, food security in Mozambique, and economic integration in Central America.

However, delays in implementation, lack of flexibility and cumbersome procedures lead to recurrent efficiency weaknesses.

While the high quality of projects within some sectors (such as rural development) is recognised, impact on the sectoral policies of partner countries is often poor.

9090

The European Union and International Climate Politics

The Copenhagen World Climate Conference in December 2009 ended with a nonbinding declaration of intent. The Copenhagen Accord did not live up to the goals the EU had laid down.

The impasse in international climate negotiations continued in 2010, with the industrialized nations, on one side, and the developing and rapidly industrializing countries, on the other. Crucial issues remain unresolved.

The EU failed in its role of agenda-setter and was unable to implement its climate protection proposals. At the follow-up conference in Cancún at the end of 2010 the EU will concentrate on achieving partial successes with regard to specific issues with a revised strategy and modified goals.

While hopes of a legally binding climate protection agreement remain modest, numerous bilateral and multilateral projects initiated outside the official negotiations can function as catalysts. This could offer the EU a new role as the driving force of this development.

Cf. S. Fischer/J. Leinen (2010): The European Union and International Climate Politics (http://www.fes.de/cgi-bin/gbv.cgi?id=07636&ty=pdf)

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New Alliances for Climate Protection – „climate diplomacy“Probably the most important of these initiatives to date was launched by

Norway and France, whose governments succeeded in establishing agreements with a number of states whose forests are especially important for climate protection. Indonesia, Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo agreed to become partners in the preservation of the tropical rain forests, and will receive financial and technical support. Financial input from the participating Western industrialized countries was a decisive factor in establishing this REDD*-Plus initiative.

The German–South African technology cooperation initiative represents a step towards closer cooperation that could lead to rapid and substantial results outside the cumbersome and slow processes of the UNFCCC.

The environment ministers of the three largest member states – Germany, France and the United Kingdom – have called for Europe to increase its emissions-reduction target unilaterally to 30 per cent by 2020 in order to boost its international credibility and advance the development of new technologies. Sections of European business now share this argument. The new motto is »climate protection in our own economic interests«. *Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation

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VI. Relationship between VI. Relationship between democracy, good governance and democracy, good governance and

development development

Democracy promotionDemocracy promotion

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Freedom House, January 2010Freedom House, January 2010

green = free yellow = partly free blue = not free

194 countries: 89 58 47

Source: Source: www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2010 www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2010

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Democracy Index 2008 – Economist Intelligence Unit

Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy 2008 (http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy Index 2008.pdf - 12.11.10

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The international community about the linksThe international community about the linksWORLD CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS, Vienna, June 1993:WORLD CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS, Vienna, June 1993:

Democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms Democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. are interdependent and mutually reinforcing.

UNDP‘s HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2002:The links between democracy and human development are not automatic. Political freedom and participation are part of human development, both as development goals in their own right and as means for advancing human development.

COTONOU AGREEMENT, 2000:

The partnership shall actively support the promotion of human rights, processes of The partnership shall actively support the promotion of human rights, processes of democratisation, consolidation of the rule of law, and good governance.democratisation, consolidation of the rule of law, and good governance.

NEPAD, 2001, art. 71African leaders have learnt from their own experiences that peace, security, democracy, good governance, human rights and sound economic management are conditions for sustainable development.

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ACP-EU Partnership Agreement, ACP-EU Partnership Agreement, signed in Cotonou, 23 June 2000signed in Cotonou, 23 June 2000

Article 9Article 9Essential Elements and Fundamental ElementEssential Elements and Fundamental Element

(1) Cooperation shall be directed towards sustainable (1) Cooperation shall be directed towards sustainable development centred on the human person, who is the development centred on the human person, who is the main protagonist and beneficiary of development; this main protagonist and beneficiary of development; this entails respect for and promotion of all human rights.entails respect for and promotion of all human rights.

Respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, Respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including respect for fundamental social rights, including respect for fundamental social rights, democracy based on the rule of law and transparent and democracy based on the rule of law and transparent and accountable governance are an integral part of sustainable accountable governance are an integral part of sustainable development.development.

(2) The Parties (2) The Parties reaffirm that democratisation, development reaffirm that democratisation, development and the protection of fundamental freedoms and human and the protection of fundamental freedoms and human rights are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. rights are interrelated and mutually reinforcing.

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International Democracy PromotionInternational Democracy PromotionObjective:Objective:External IDP should contribute to the development and consolidation of External IDP should contribute to the development and consolidation of

democracy democracy Reasons:Reasons:- democracy is a universal value (A. Sen)- democracy is a universal value (A. Sen)- moral obligation - moral obligation - instrumental rationale grounded in the goals of universal peace, social justice - instrumental rationale grounded in the goals of universal peace, social justice

and global development and global development IDP – democracy building:IDP – democracy building:- promoting the (pre-)conditions for development - promoting the (pre-)conditions for development - assisting the democratisation- assisting the democratisation- in failed, weak states - for the time being - political stability may be a in failed, weak states - for the time being - political stability may be a

prioritypriorityMeans, approaches:Means, approaches:

A continuum from ‘soft power’ and other non-coercive form of influence to diplomatic A continuum from ‘soft power’ and other non-coercive form of influence to diplomatic pressure, political conditionalities and (threat of) sanctions (‘hard power’ - # war)pressure, political conditionalities and (threat of) sanctions (‘hard power’ - # war)

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Lise Rakner, Alina Rocha Menocal, Verena Fritz.: Lise Rakner, Alina Rocha Menocal, Verena Fritz.: Democratisation’s Third Wave and the Challenges of Democratisation’s Third Wave and the Challenges of Democratic Deepening: Assessing International Democracy Democratic Deepening: Assessing International Democracy Assistance and Lessons Learned, London 2007 Assistance and Lessons Learned, London 2007

(http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2761-democratisations-(http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2761-democratisations-third-wave-and-the-challenges-of.pdf); third-wave-and-the-challenges-of.pdf);

Democracy assistance: Lessons learned and remaining Democracy assistance: Lessons learned and remaining challenges.....................23challenges.....................23

3.2 Forms of democracy assistance3.2 Forms of democracy assistance3.2.1 Electoral assistance..................................... 3.2.1 Electoral assistance..................................... 3.2.2 Assistance to political parties ………………3.2.2 Assistance to political parties ………………3.2.3 Justice sector assistance............................. 3.2.3 Justice sector assistance............................. 3.2.4 Assistance to civil society.............................3.2.4 Assistance to civil society.............................3.2.5 Assistance to media.....................................3.2.5 Assistance to media.....................................----------[3.2.6 [3.2.6 Assistance to decentralization of a country + to local Assistance to decentralization of a country + to local

democracy………………………………………..]democracy………………………………………..]

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What worked?What worked?- In the 70ies: support to states transitioning from dictatorship to - In the 70ies: support to states transitioning from dictatorship to

democracy, incl. Portugal, Spain and Greece. (< German political democracy, incl. Portugal, Spain and Greece. (< German political foundations).foundations).

- 1993 Copenhagen criteria of the EC for accession countries > good - 1993 Copenhagen criteria of the EC for accession countries > good resultsresults

- Sanctions: apartheid South Africa; Cuba and Zimbabwe (mixed results)- Sanctions: apartheid South Africa; Cuba and Zimbabwe (mixed results)

Democracy assistance assessments (so difficult):Democracy assistance assessments (so difficult):- Political foundations: in some countries very successful, in others - Political foundations: in some countries very successful, in others

helpful (Indonesia, Chile) or poor results (China) helpful (Indonesia, Chile) or poor results (China) - Evaluation of the EU efforts in Ukraine, Indonesia, Angola and - Evaluation of the EU efforts in Ukraine, Indonesia, Angola and

Guatemala: The impact of external assistance has been modest.Guatemala: The impact of external assistance has been modest.- USAID: more than 100 countries between 1990-2003 achieved higher - USAID: more than 100 countries between 1990-2003 achieved higher

scores for democracy, but the overall democracy dividend was itself scores for democracy, but the overall democracy dividend was itself small, because the aid commitment has been smallsmall, because the aid commitment has been small

- Other studies (SIDA, DANIDA, GTZ, political foundations): both yes - Other studies (SIDA, DANIDA, GTZ, political foundations): both yes and no (promotion of parties, parliaments, civil society)and no (promotion of parties, parliaments, civil society)

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Since the end of Apartheid, South Africa has made considerable progress in building a democratic society with a growing economy.

Yet, major development problems such as high unemployment, widespread poverty, crime, HIV/AIDS and a big skills deficit, persist.

According to the concept of “developmental local government” (White Paper 1998), local government is intended to play a critical role in addressing these development challenges.

April 2009

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Total costs: 29 million EUR

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Assessment of impact: Significant progress has been made in implementing a new democratic and poverty oriented system of local government. However, the skills deficit is the main hindrance in implementing government programs at a faster pace.

In the field of public participation, apathy and a culture of entitlement are widespread.

The evaluation team consequently assesses the impact of the program as satisfactory and gives it an impact rating of 3.

----------- ----------- The program has no specific gender focus.Civil society is now generally weak and tends to lack the

managerial and intellectual resources to engage proactively and constructively in the process of development and building democracy.

The bigger challenge lies in the question of impact where the linkage between strengthened local governance and poverty reduction and development needs to be more firmly established.

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January 2009

The government of Ghana launched one of the most ambitious decentralization processes in Africa in 1998 as part of its strategy to address some of the key development challenges in the country and reduce poverty and inequalities.

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Total costs: 15 million EURTotal costs: 15 million EUR

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Effectiveness:During the first project phase, project activities produced

some positive results. However, their effectiveness on strengthening capacities of district assemblies was largely undermined by the project’s inability to strengthen the enabling environment for local public service provision.

However, key challenges remain such as the lack of national ownership and low demand for policy advisory services by the project.

Overall, the evaluation team rates the effectiveness of the project to date as unsatisfactory (level 4).

The project has to work with a variety of actors, such as ministries, district councils and administrations, traditional leaders and civil society, following a multi-level and multi-stakeholder approach > what a challenge!

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To be successful, democratisation processes need to be driven from To be successful, democratisation processes need to be driven from within and supported by (at least some) key domestic actors.within and supported by (at least some) key domestic actors.

Donors and international organisations may push for democratic reforms Donors and international organisations may push for democratic reforms and provide resources to strengthen domestic capacity. They should and provide resources to strengthen domestic capacity. They should provide a constituency that civil society, the political opposition, provide a constituency that civil society, the political opposition, courts and legislatures can depend on for support and protection. courts and legislatures can depend on for support and protection.

But too much aid and external involvement can negatively affect the But too much aid and external involvement can negatively affect the legitimacy of domestic actors and make them vulnerable to legitimacy of domestic actors and make them vulnerable to accusations of being ‘Western’ or foreign.accusations of being ‘Western’ or foreign.

Democracy assistance should therefore emphasise the strengthening and Democracy assistance should therefore emphasise the strengthening and formalisation of rules governing executive powers and duties (and formalisation of rules governing executive powers and duties (and other powers of individual members of the executive), as well as those other powers of individual members of the executive), as well as those of other branches of government, including the legislature, judiciary of other branches of government, including the legislature, judiciary and civil service. and civil service.

The aim should be to develop the independence and capacity of other The aim should be to develop the independence and capacity of other government branches and strengthen the accountability mechanisms government branches and strengthen the accountability mechanisms among them. among them.

At both the national and local levels, democracy assistance should also At both the national and local levels, democracy assistance should also seek to improve transparency by identifying innovative ways of seek to improve transparency by identifying innovative ways of building the autonomy and capacity of oversight institutions such as building the autonomy and capacity of oversight institutions such as freedom of freedom of information agencies and ombudsmen.information agencies and ombudsmen.

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The form of democracy support that helped end The form of democracy support that helped end the Cold War rested on three strategies relevant the Cold War rested on three strategies relevant to today:to today:

1.1. Strong civil society cooperation between Strong civil society cooperation between democratic and undemocratic countries to democratic and undemocratic countries to protect human rights defenders; protect human rights defenders;

2.2. Intensive efforts to defend emerging Intensive efforts to defend emerging democracies; democracies;

3.3. Recognition of international organizations as Recognition of international organizations as frameworks for dialogues over values frameworks for dialogues over values (CSCE) and protecting young democracies (CSCE) and protecting young democracies (EC).(EC).

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„„TransitologyTransitology“ - ELITES“ - ELITES

transition > liberalization > democratizationtransition > liberalization > democratization > c > consolidation of democracyonsolidation of democracy

Wolfgang Merkel (1999): Wolfgang Merkel (1999):

4 levels of consolidation: institutional (polity), representative (politics), 4 levels of consolidation: institutional (polity), representative (politics), behavioral (elites) and civic culture (masses)behavioral (elites) and civic culture (masses) [+ [+ integration of veto integration of veto actors > militaryactors > military]]

Juan J. Linz /Alfred Stepan (Juan J. Linz /Alfred Stepan (1996):1996):

3 dimensions: “Behaviorally” (societal actors), “Attitudionally” (broad 3 dimensions: “Behaviorally” (societal actors), “Attitudionally” (broad population), “Constitutionally”population), “Constitutionally”

5 arenas: “Civil society”, “Political society”, “Rule of law”, “State 5 arenas: “Civil society”, “Political society”, “Rule of law”, “State apparatus", ”Economic society”)apparatus", ”Economic society”)

Authoritarian regimes > elites: hardliners and softlinersAuthoritarian regimes > elites: hardliners and softliners > o > opposition: moderate and radical democratspposition: moderate and radical democrats

Schubert, Tetzlaff (1994): Strategische und konfliktfähige Gruppen Schubert, Tetzlaff (1994): Strategische und konfliktfähige Gruppen

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VII. Positive factors responsible or supportive for VII. Positive factors responsible or supportive for development progressdevelopment progress

1.1. A development-oriented behaviour of governments A development-oriented behaviour of governments and elites, which includes the participation of the and elites, which includes the participation of the population and its ownership population and its ownership

2.2. Functioning governments and administrations incl. Functioning governments and administrations incl. the rule of law (good governance)the rule of law (good governance)

3.3. Fight against poverty by a national framework Fight against poverty by a national framework setting, which promotes the private sector and setting, which promotes the private sector and doesn’t gag itdoesn’t gag it

4.4. Mobilization of domestic (financial) resourcesMobilization of domestic (financial) resources

5.5. Material and immaterial infrastructure equipment Material and immaterial infrastructure equipment incl. ICT and capacity buildingincl. ICT and capacity building

Cf. U. Holtz: Die Millenniumsziele – eine gemischte Bilanz, in: Aus Politik und Cf. U. Holtz: Die Millenniumsziele – eine gemischte Bilanz, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte/APuZ Zeitgeschichte/APuZ 10/2010, p. 3-8. 10/2010, p. 3-8. (www.bpb.de/publikationen/D37YQ5,0,Entwicklungspolitik.html)(www.bpb.de/publikationen/D37YQ5,0,Entwicklungspolitik.html)

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6. 6. Development of a favourable mental and cultural Development of a favourable mental and cultural enabling environment enabling environment

7. 7. Acknowledgment of the important role of womenAcknowledgment of the important role of women

8.8. Industrialization and making use of the Industrialization and making use of the international division of labourinternational division of labour

9.9. Containment of the population riseContainment of the population rise

10.10. Efficient use of ODA in the sense of help for self-Efficient use of ODA in the sense of help for self-help help

11. External and internal peace11. External and internal peace

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Two cause bundles are responsible for lagging behind:Two cause bundles are responsible for lagging behind:

A. Factors, which were particularly virulent after the adoption of A. Factors, which were particularly virulent after the adoption of the Millennium Declaration in 2000 the Millennium Declaration in 2000

B. Factors, which were always of great importanceB. Factors, which were always of great importance A. A.

1. After the terrorist attacks from September 2001 some 1. After the terrorist attacks from September 2001 some industrialized countries prioritized rather military and industrialized countries prioritized rather military and geopolitical aspects than civilian and socio-economic geopolitical aspects than civilian and socio-economic developmentdevelopment

2. The significant increase of failed, collapsed states and 2. The significant increase of failed, collapsed states and of violent conflicts of violent conflicts

3. The climate change with its growing negative effects 3. The climate change with its growing negative effects

4. The energy, food and financial, economic crises 4. The energy, food and financial, economic crises

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B. Factors, which were always of great importance and must be B. Factors, which were always of great importance and must be considered, if a turn to the better is intendedconsidered, if a turn to the better is intended

1. The population growth (the earth population - 1990 5,3 bn - 2010 6,9 1. The population growth (the earth population - 1990 5,3 bn - 2010 6,9 billion - 2050 9 bn) billion - 2050 9 bn)

2. Corrupt, cleptocratic elites2. Corrupt, cleptocratic elites3. Bad governance and poor performance3. Bad governance and poor performance4. The neglect of the rural areas, (traditional) agriculture and the 4. The neglect of the rural areas, (traditional) agriculture and the

informal sectorinformal sector5. A development-hostile environment (the non-recognition of 5. A development-hostile environment (the non-recognition of

education, training and knowledge as well as of tolerant cultures education, training and knowledge as well as of tolerant cultures open for change)open for change)

6. Difficult internal situations (land locked, military conflicts, hostile 6. Difficult internal situations (land locked, military conflicts, hostile ecological systems, relying on fossil energies instead of renewables) ecological systems, relying on fossil energies instead of renewables)

7. The developed countries unwilling to build up a truly fair trade and 7. The developed countries unwilling to build up a truly fair trade and financial global systemfinancial global system

8. Despite some efforts to increase ODA and its efficiency the 8. Despite some efforts to increase ODA and its efficiency the unwillingness of the industrialised countries to undertake serious, unwillingness of the industrialised countries to undertake serious, strong steps in the direction of a quantitatively higher and strong steps in the direction of a quantitatively higher and qualitatively better development policy.qualitatively better development policy.

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VIII. What must happen so the elites in developing VIII. What must happen so the elites in developing countries pursue development paths favouring countries pursue development paths favouring

poor people?poor people?

A. A. Elites: Elites: 1.1. function/sectoral elites (managers, NGOs); position function/sectoral elites (managers, NGOs); position

(party, religious leaders); power (government, state (party, religious leaders); power (government, state bureaucracy, parliaments, judiciary, military); bureaucracy, parliaments, judiciary, military); educational (scientists, teachers); mass media (radio, educational (scientists, teachers); mass media (radio, tv, newspapers, web)tv, newspapers, web)

2.2. Regional/local/informal elites or “heroes” – influential Regional/local/informal elites or “heroes” – influential women, chiefs, successful farmers women, chiefs, successful farmers

3.3. Development pioneers / drivers or agents of changeDevelopment pioneers / drivers or agents of change B.B. Development paths? path towards sustainable, human Development paths? path towards sustainable, human

development – MDGs, Rio >Jo‘burg, PRSPs etc.development – MDGs, Rio >Jo‘burg, PRSPs etc.

Source: Society for International Development, Chapter Bonn, 13.1.2009: Discussion on elites (resumed by Uwe Holtz)

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What must happen? How? By whom?What must happen? How? By whom?

A.A. Pressure from inside and outside a countryPressure from inside and outside a country

1.1. Inside: Inside: - the more democratic and participatory a country is - the more democratic and participatory a country is structured (good governance), the more successful the structured (good governance), the more successful the pressure will be (performed by trade unions, NGOs, MPs pressure will be (performed by trade unions, NGOs, MPs etc.)etc.)- capacity and willingness to understand the development - capacity and willingness to understand the development necessities, in particular to promote poverty eradication and necessities, in particular to promote poverty eradication and pro-poor growth (PPG)pro-poor growth (PPG)- no willingness of the power elites > coercion- no willingness of the power elites > coercion

2.2. Outside: donor countries/national and international agencies; Outside: donor countries/national and international agencies; diplomatic means - sanctions: African leaders must pressure diplomatic means - sanctions: African leaders must pressure Mugabe, the EU stopped ODA for Zimbabwe; Mugabe, the EU stopped ODA for Zimbabwe; conditionalisation of development co-operation (but conditionalisation of development co-operation (but consider ODA-GNI-ratio) # ownershipconsider ODA-GNI-ratio) # ownership

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B. DC instruments:B. DC instruments:

11.. political dialogue; political dialogue; development projects, budget support; development projects, budget support; micro-financing; micro-financing; enhancing the advancement of rural areas;enhancing the advancement of rural areas; capacity building – empowerment (> capacity building – empowerment (>

enrichment).enrichment).

Governmental DC has to negotiate ODA with Governmental DC has to negotiate ODA with the state elites – the aid channeling the state elites – the aid channeling organizations like GTZ have often to deal organizations like GTZ have often to deal with regional and local eliteswith regional and local elites

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Challenges for DCChallenges for DC

1.1. How to deal with undemocratic, cleptocratic How to deal with undemocratic, cleptocratic regimes and with failed states?regimes and with failed states?

2.2. Danger of getting into the omnipotence trapDanger of getting into the omnipotence trap3.3. The dialectic relationship between ownership The dialectic relationship between ownership

and the donors’ “expectations”and the donors’ “expectations”4.4. Too many donors > increased need for co-Too many donors > increased need for co-

ordination ordination 5.5. Dialogue with “Non DAC Donors” Dialogue with “Non DAC Donors”

(BRIC/BASIC) (BRIC/BASIC) 6.6. Development rather a marathon than a 100-Development rather a marathon than a 100-

metre sprintsmetre sprints

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Making globalisation a positive force for all Making globalisation a positive force for all of humankind – the European model?of humankind – the European model?

Politics: Democracy, human rights and the rule of law Politics: Democracy, human rights and the rule of law guiding the political sphereguiding the political sphere

Economy: The Social and Ecological Market Economy Economy: The Social and Ecological Market Economy – an order that seeks to combine the freedom of the – an order that seeks to combine the freedom of the market market – – the law of supply and demand and of competition the law of supply and demand and of competition between free enterprisesbetween free enterprises – with the imperative of social balance and – with the imperative of social balance and environmental viability.environmental viability.

Leading paradigm: sustainable human development Leading paradigm: sustainable human development

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IX. What to do in the future?IX. What to do in the future?A. BasisA. Basis

I. Making use of the experiences and the thinking of Willy Brandt, Amartya Sen I. Making use of the experiences and the thinking of Willy Brandt, Amartya Sen and Wangari Maathaiand Wangari Maathai

2. The UN Millennium Declaration and the MDGs being a good road map for 2. The UN Millennium Declaration and the MDGs being a good road map for international politics and development cooperation in the 21st centuryinternational politics and development cooperation in the 21st century

B. Implementation imperativesB. Implementation imperatives

1. Creation of more nuclear-weapon-free zones / world – disarmament 1. Creation of more nuclear-weapon-free zones / world – disarmament

2. Strengthening of regional organizations in a multipolar world 2. Strengthening of regional organizations in a multipolar world

3. More Global Governance, stronger institutions and stronger United Nations3. More Global Governance, stronger institutions and stronger United Nations

4. UN-Security Council for economic, social and environmental issues4. UN-Security Council for economic, social and environmental issues

5. International social and ecological market economy instead of wild, barbarian 5. International social and ecological market economy instead of wild, barbarian capitalism > a fair, human globalization capitalism > a fair, human globalization

6. Strengthening of parliamentary oversight and influence in global affairs — a 6. Strengthening of parliamentary oversight and influence in global affairs — a UN Parliamentary AssemblyUN Parliamentary Assembly

7. New alliances — coalition of the willing (States, Regional Grouping, private 7. New alliances — coalition of the willing (States, Regional Grouping, private sectors, trade unions, NG0s, international political party organizations...)sectors, trade unions, NG0s, international political party organizations...)

120120120120

Look at the future of IRLook at the future of IRLauren M. Phillips, LSE, 2008: International relations in 2030. The transformative Lauren M. Phillips, LSE, 2008: International relations in 2030. The transformative

power of large developing countries, Bonn power of large developing countries, Bonn (www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3.nsf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/ANES-7FFHZ9/$FILE/DP(www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3.nsf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/ANES-7FFHZ9/$FILE/DP

%203.2008.pdf)%203.2008.pdf)

1. The realist view of current international relations and 1. The realist view of current international relations and (balance of) power (balance of) power theory. theory. US economic, military and social / US economic, military and social / ideological power is unrivalled by any other nation state. (“soft” and “hard” power – Nye)ideological power is unrivalled by any other nation state. (“soft” and “hard” power – Nye)

2. The world through institutions. 2. The world through institutions. (but international institutions are facing (but international institutions are facing

a crisis of legitimacy and a severe democratic deficit, rise of large developing countries)a crisis of legitimacy and a severe democratic deficit, rise of large developing countries) 3. Three contrasting visions for 2030: 3. Three contrasting visions for 2030: a)a) conflictual bipolarity between China and the US; conflictual bipolarity between China and the US; b)b) conflictual multipolarity amongst China, the US and conflictual multipolarity amongst China, the US and

a number of other states including potentially a more a number of other states including potentially a more unified Europe; unified Europe;

c)c) non-conflictual multipolarity > considered by non-conflictual multipolarity > considered by Philipps to be the most probable outcomePhilipps to be the most probable outcome..

Bipolarity > Unipolarity > MultipolarityBipolarity > Unipolarity > Multipolarity

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Thank you Thank you very much very much

for your attention and active for your attention and active participationparticipation

All the best for you!All the best for you!